Hand warmer types, silica and zeolite 4A as potential hand warmers

Abstract

Hand warmers are used in cold environmental conditions to warm hands. Disposable air ac-tivated hand warmers and reusable hand warmers which generate heat by crystallization are present in the market. In the present study utilizing heat of wetting of silica gel and zeolites in warming hands was tested in a system simulated to warm hands by inserting warmer packages in knitted wool gloves. Sodium acetate solution was also tested as a reusable hand warmer by melting and recrystallization. While the commercial warmers released heat slowly for long period, dry silica gel and dry zeolite 4A released heat fast. Around 25% water and inert dilu-tion materials should be used to limit the temperature rise in silica gel and zeolite 4A within reasonable limits.

Keywords

• Air Activated Hand Warmers; Reusable Hand Warmers
• Silica Gel
• Zeolite 4A
• Sodium Acetate Trihydrate

References

1. REFERENCES
2. [1] Ağar E, Sütaş İ, Öztaş G. Beton yollar: rijit yol üstyapıları; malzeme-tasarım-üretim-yapım-bakım teknikleri. İstanbul: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi; 1998.
3. [2] Bolat H, Subaşi S, Çullu M, Akkaya U. Beton Yolları Bekleyen Tehlikeler. Yapı Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi 2010;6:3037.
4. [3] Monteiro P, Mehta P. Concrete: Structure, properties, and materials. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall; 1993.
5. [4] Neville AM. Properties of concrete. Vol. 4. London: Longman; 1995.
6. [5] Baş Fİ. Bozulmuş BSK yol üzeri derzli donatısız beton yolların mekanistik değerlendirilmesi [Dissertation Thesis]. Erzurum: Atatürk Üniversitesi; 2020. p. 202
7. [6] Affan M, Ali M. Experimental investigation on mechanical properties of jute fiber reinforced concrete under freeze-thaw conditions for pavement applications. Constr Build Mater 2022;323:126599. [CrossRef]
8. [7] Kazemi M, Golsorkhtabar H, Beygi M, Gholamitabar M. Fracture properties of stee l fiber reinforced high strength concrete using work of fracture and size effect methods. Constr Build Mater 2017;142:482489. [CrossRef]

9. [8] Lankard DR, Newell JK. Preparation of highly reinforced steel fiber reinforced concrete composites. ACI Spec Publ 1984;81:287306.
10. [9] Lee J-H. Influence of concrete strength combined with fiber content in the residual flexural strengths of fiber reinforced concrete. Compos Struct 2017;168:216225. [CrossRef]
11. [10] Lee J-H, Cho B, Choi E. Flexural capacity of fiber reinforced concrete with a consideration of concrete strength and fiber content. Constr Build Mater 2017;138:222231. [CrossRef]
12. [11] Sirijaroonchai K, El-Tawil S, Parra-Montesinos G. Behavior of high performance fiber reinforced cement composites under multi-axial compressive loading. Cement Concrete Compos 2010;32:6272. [CrossRef]
13. [12] Song P, Hwang S. Mechanical properties of high-strength steel fiber-reinforced concrete. Constr Build Mater 2004;18:669673. [CrossRef]
14. [13] Iqbal S, Ali A, Holschemacher K, Bier TA. Mechanical properties of steel fiber reinforced high strength lightweight self-compacting concrete (SHLSCC). Constr Build Mater 2015;98:325333. [CrossRef]
15. [14] Sharbatdar MK, Rahmati F. Experimental evaluation of multi-functional effects of fibers on mechanical and performance properties of Roller-compacted concrete pavements (RCCP). Constr Build Mater 2022;316:125890. [CrossRef]
16. [15] Kaloush KE, Biligiri KP, Zeiada WA, Rodezno MC, Reed JX. Evaluation of fiber-reinforced asphalt mixtures using advanced material characterization tests. J Test Eval 2010;38. [CrossRef]
17. [16] Yildirim ST, Ekinci CE, Findik F. Properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete under repeated impact loads. Russ J Nondestruct Test 2010;46:538546. [CrossRef]
18. [17] Bhogone M, Subramaniam KV. Improvement in early-age cracking performance of concrete with hybrid steel-macropolypropylene fiber blends. Mater Today Proc 2022. [CrossRef]
19. [18] Scorza D, Luciano R, Mousa S, Vantadori S. Fracture behaviour of hybrid fibre-reinforced roller-compacted concrete used in pavements. Constr Build Mater 2021;271:14. [CrossRef]
20. [19] Yousefieh N, Joshaghani A, Hajibandeh E, Shekarchi M. Influence of fibers on drying shrinkage in restrained concrete. Constr Build Mater 2017;148:833845. [CrossRef]
21. [20] Sukontasukkul P, Pongsopha P, Chindaprasirt P, Songpiriyakij S. Flexural performance and toughness of hybrid steel and polypropylene fibre reinforced geopolymer. Constr Build Mater 2018;161:3744. [CrossRef]
22. [21] Almusallam TH, Siddiqui NA, Iqbal RA, Abbas H. Response of hybrid-fiber reinforced concrete slabs to hard projectile impact. Int J Impact Eng 2013;58:1730. [CrossRef]
23. [22] Khamar N, Kumar RV. Properties of hybrid fibre reinforced geopolymer concrete under ambient curing. Int J Sci Res 2013;4:729734.
24. [23] Banthia N, Majdzadeh F, Wu J, Bindiganavile V. Fiber synergy in Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete (HyFRC) in flexure and direct shear. Cement Concrete Compos 2014;48:9197. [CrossRef]
25. [24] Cattaneo S, Biolzi L. Assessment of thermal damage in hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete. J Mater Civ Eng 2009;22:836845. [CrossRef]
26. [25] Yang K-H. Tests on concrete reinforced with hybrid or monolithic steel and polyvinyl alcohol fibers. ACI Mater J 2011;108. [CrossRef]
27. [26] Chan Y-W, Chu S-H. Effect of silica fume on steel fiber bond characteristics in reactive powder concrete. Cement Concrete Res. 2004;34:11671172. [CrossRef]
28. [27] Hınıslıoğlu S, Bayrak OÜ. Optimization of early flexural strength of pavement concrete with silica fume and fly ash by the Taguchi method. Civ Eng Environ Syst 2004;21:7990. [CrossRef]
29. [28] Hınıslıoğlu S, Bayrak OÜ. A robust approach for evaluating modulus of elasticity of pavement concrete. Indian J Eng Mater Sci 2005;12:111116.
30. [29] Richard P, Cheyrezy M. Composition of reactive powder concretes. Cement Concrete Res 1995;25:15011511. [CrossRef]
31. [30] Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü. Beton Yol Kaplamaları Teknik Şartnamesi. 2016, Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü: Ankara.
32. [31] Bayrak OU, Hınıslıoğlu S. A new approach to the design of rigid pavement: single-axle loading. Road Mater Pavement Des 2017;18:573589. [CrossRef]
33. [32] Bayrak OU, Hattatoglu F, Hinislioglu S. Determination of modulus of rupture of pavement concrete with silica fume and fly ash using taguchi technique. Int J Civ Struct Eng 2010;1:518533.
34. [33] Joshaghani A, Ramezanianpour AA, Ataei O, Golroo A. Optimizing pervious concrete pavement mixture design by using the Taguchi method. Constr Build Mater 2015;101:317325. [CrossRef]
35. [34] Peace GS, Peace GS. Taguchi methods: a hands-on approach. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley; 1993.
36. [35] Roy RK. A primer on the Taguchi method, competitive manufacturing series. New York; 1990. p. 780.
37. [36] Mola E. Kevlar ve Çelik Liflerin Yol Betonlarında Kullanılabilirliğinin Araştırılması. [Master Thesis]. Erzurum: Atatürk Üniversitesi; 2019. p. 84. [Turkish]
38. [37] Rao GA. Long-term drying shrinkage of mortar-influence of silica fume and size of fine aggregate. Cement Concrete Res 2001;31:171175. [CrossRef]
39. [38] Caf M. Polipropilen ve Çelik Lifli Betonların Darbe Dayanımı. [Master Thesis]. Erzurum: Atatürk Üniversitesi; 2012. [Turkish]
40. [39] Yaka S. Konya bölgesi agregaları ile çelik lif kullanılarak üretilen yol betonlarının mekanik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Konya: Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2011. [Turkish]
41. [40] Yerlikaya M. Çelik tel donatılı betonların deprem etkisi altında davranışları. Kocaeli Deprem Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, 2003. p. 302304. [Turkish]
42. [41] Fanella DA, Naaman AE. Stress-strain properties of fiber reinforced mortar in compression. J Proc 1985.