District metered areas for water loss management in distribution systems
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 38 Sayı: 1, 149 - 170, 27.03.2020
Fatih Mehmet Durmuşçelebi
Özgür Özdemir
Mahmut Fırat
Öz
Reducing and managing the leaks and identifying the most appropriate strategy could be seen as the most fundamental problem for water administrations. The aim of this study is to discuss the importance of DMA for the management, reduction and control of water losses based on the system components and to evaluate the advantages of the DMA and the expected benefits. The answer to the question of “Why is DMA necessary in water management?” has been investigated based on the results emphasized from the literature studies and the field application. It may be emphasized that DMA could be an important tool in terms of accurate and sustainable measurement of data required for monitoring the system performance. It could be said that DMA is necessary to provide customer management, to recognize, detect the unreported leaks, to determine the most appropriate pressure management and to define the most appropriate strategy in water management.
Kaynakça
- [1] Farley M., (2003) Non Revenue Water - International Best Practice for Assessment, Monitoring and Control. 12th Annual CWWA Water, Wastewater & Solid Waste 1–18.
- [2] Farley, M. Wyeth, G. Ghazali, ZBM. Istandar, A. and Singh S., (2008). The Manager's Non-Revenue Water Handbook. A Guide to Understanding Water Losses. (Editors: van Dijk, N., Raksakulthai, V., Kirkwood, E.). 110.
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- [7] Mutikanga, HE, Sharma, SK and Vairavamoorthy K., (2013) Methods and Tools for Managing Losses in Water Distribution Systems. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 139(2): 166-174.
- [8] Vicente, DJ, Garrote, L, Sánchez, R and Santillán D., (2016). Pressure Management in Water Distribution Systems: Current Status, Proposals, and Future Trends. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 142(2): 04015061.
- [9] Lambert A., (2003) Assessing non-revenue water and its components : a practical approach. Water21. 5(4): 50–51.
- [10] Farley, M and Trow S., (2003) Losses in water distribution networks : a practitioner’s guide to assessment, monitoring and control. IWA Publishing. pp296.
- [11] Durmuşçelebi FM., (2018) Rehabilitation of Water Distribution Systems For Water Loss Reduction And Cos-Benefit Analysis. MSc Thesis. Inonu University. p 113.
- [12] Rahman A, Wu ZY., (2018) Multistep Simulation-Optimization Modeling Approach for Partitioning Water Distribution System into District Meter Areas. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 144(5), 04018018.
- [13] Liemberger, R and Farley M., (2004) Developing a Non-Revenue Water Reduction Strategy, Part 1: Investigating and Assessing Water Losses. In: Proceeding of IWA WWC 2004 Conference. Marrakech, Morocco.
- [14] Aydogdu, M and Firat M., (2015). Estimation of Failure Rate in Water Distribution Network Using Fuzzy Clustering and LS-SVM Methods. Water Resources Management. 29: 1575-1590.
- [15] Kanakoudis, V, Tsitsifli, S and Demetriou G., (2016) Applying an integrated methodology towards Non-Revenue Water reduction: the case of Nicosia, Cyprus. Desalination and Water Treatment. 57(25): 11447-11461.
- [16] Latchoomun, L, Ah King RTF and Busawon K., (2015) A new approach to model development of water distribution networks with high leakage and burst rates. Procedia Engineering. 119: 690-699.
- [17] Tabesh, M and Saber H., (2012) A Prioritization Model for Rehabilitation of Water Distribution Networks Using GIS. Water Resources Management. 26: 225-241.
- [18] Choi, T, Han, J and Koo J., (2015). Decision method for rehabilitation priority of water distribution system using ELECTRE method. Desalination and Water Treatment. 53: 2369-2377.
- [19] Loureiro, D, Amado, C, Martins, A, Vitorino, D, Mamade, A and Coelho ST., (2014) Water distribution systems flow monitoring and anomalous event detection: A practical approach. Urban Water Journal. 13(3): 242-252.
- [20] Salomons, E, Skulovich O and Ostfeld A., (2017) Battle of Water Networks DMAs: Multistage Design Approach. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 143(10): 04017059.
- [21] Tabesh, M, Asadiyani, AH and Burrows R., (2009). An Integrated Model to Evaluate Losses in Water Distribution Systems. Water Resources Management. 23: 477–492.
- [22] Cheung, PB, Girol, GV, Abe, N and Propato M., (2010). Night flow analysis and modeling for leakage estimation in a water distribution system. Integrating Water Systems. Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-54851-9. 509-513.
- [23] Farah, E and Shahrour I., (2017) Leakage Detection Using Smart Water System: Combination of Water Balance and Automated Minimum Night Flow. Water Resources Management. 31: 4821-4833.
- [24] Peters, EJ and Ben-Ephraim Y., (2012) System leakage by night flow analysis: A case study in Guyana. Water Management. 165(8): 451-457.
- [25] Xin, K, Tao, T, Lu, Y, Xiong, X and Li F., (2014). Apparent Losses Analysis in District Metered Areas of Water Distribution Systems. Water Resources Management. 28: 683-696.
- [26] Alkasseh, JMA, Adlan, MN, Abustan, I, Abdul Aziz, H and Hanif ABM., (2013). Applying Minimum Night Flow to Estimate Water Loss Using Statistical Modeling: A Case Study in Kinta Valley, Malaysia. Water Resources Management. 27: 1439-1455.
- [27] Verde, D, Cima, E, Ferrante, M, Brunone, B and Meniconi S., (2014). The Dependence of District Minimum Night Flow on Pressure Head: The Case Study of Lenola. Procedia Engineering. 89: 1224-1230.
- [28] Xu, Q, Chen, Q, Ma, J, Blanckaert, K and Wan Z., (2014). Water Saving and Energy Reduction through Pressure Management in Urban Water Distribution Networks. Water Resources Management. 28: 3715-3726.
- [29] Fantozzi, M, Calza, F and Lambert A., (2009). Experience and results achieved in introducing District Metered Areas (DMA) and Pressure Management Areas (PMA) at Enia utility (Italy). IWA Specialist Conference ‘Waterloss 2009’, South Africa.
- [30] Nazif, S, Karamouz, M, Tabesh, M and Moridi A., (2010) Pressure Management Model for Urban Water Distribution Networks. Water Resources Management. 24: 437-458.
- [31] Wu, ZY, Sage, P and Turtle D., (2010). Pressure-Dependent Leak Detection Model and Its Application to a District Water System. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 136(1): 116-128.
- [32] Mutikanga, HE, Sharma, SK and Vairavamoorthy K., (2010) Assessment of apparent losses in urban water systems. Water and Environmental Journal. 25: 327-335.
- [33] Gilbert, D, Abraham, E, Montalvo, I and Piller O., (2018). Iterative Multistage Method for a Large Water Network Sectorization into DMAs under Multiple Design Objectives. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 143(11): 04017067.
- [34] Rizzo, A and Cilia J., (2005) Quantifying meter under-registration caused by the ball valves of roof tanks (for indirect plumbing systems). Proceedings of the Leakage 2005 Conference, Halifax, Canada.
- [35] Arregui, F, Cabrera, Jr E and Cobacho R., (2006). Integrated water meter management. London: IWA Publishing.
- [36] Criminisi, A, Fontanazza, CM, Freni, G and La Loggia G., (2009). Evaluation of the apparent losses caused by water meter under-registration in intermittent water supply. Water Science & Technology—WST. 60.9. 2373-2382.
- [37] Fallis, P, Hübschen, K, Oertle, E, Ziegler, D, Kingel, P, Baader, J, Trujilo, R and Laures C., (2011). Guidelines for water loss reduction: A focus on pressure management. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit. Germany, 228.
- [38] Gomes, R, Sousa, J and Sa Marques A., (2014). Influence of future water demand patterns on the district metered areas design and benefits yielded by pressure management. Procedia Engineering. 70: 744–752
- [39] Hajibandeh, E and Nazif S., (2018) Pressure Zoning Approach for Leak Detection in Water Distribution Systems Based on a Multi Objective Ant Colony Optimization. Water Resources Management. 32: 2287-2300.
- [40] Boztaş F., (2017) Analysis of Leakages on Building (Service) Connections at Water Distribution Systems. MSc Thesis. Inonu University. p 92.
- [41] MASKİ (2018) Malatya Water and Sewerage Administration General Directorate.
- [42] Karadirek, IE, Kara, S, Yilmaz, G, Muhammetoglu A and Muhammetoglu H., (2012) Implementation of Hydraulic Modelling for Water-Loss Reduction Through Pressure Management. Water Resources Management. 26: 2555-2568.
- [43] Wu, S, Yang, L, Zhou, C, and Zhang J., (2013a). Analysis of Benefits Yielded by Pressure Management in the Area based on Temperature Revision. ICPTT 2013 ASCE, 127-140.
- [44] Wu, S, Yang, L, Zhou, C, and Zhang J., (2013b). Leakage Modeling And Leakage Control Analysis By Pressure Management In Water Supply System Of DMA. ICPTT 2013 ASCE, 141-150.
- [45] Kanakoudis, V and Gonelas K., (2014) Applying Pressure management to reduce water losses in two Greek cities’ WDSS: Expectations, Problems, Results and Revisions. Procedia Engineering. 89: 318-325.
- [46] De Paola, F, Giugni, M and Portolano D., (2017). Pressure Management Through Optimal Location and Setting of Valves in Water Distribution Networks Using a Music-Inspired Approach. Water Resources Management. 31: 1517-1533.
- [47] Mazzolania, G, Berardi, L, Laucelli, D, Martino, R, Simone, A and Giustolisi O (2016) A methodology to estimate leakages in water distribution networks based on inlet flow data analysis. Procedia Engineering. 162: 411 – 418.
- [48] Mazzolania, G, Berardi, L, Laucelli, D, Simone, A, Martino, R and Giustolisi O., (2017) Estimating Leakages in Water Distribution Networks Based Only on Inlet Flow Data. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 143(6): 04017014.
- [49] Christodoulou, SE, Kourti, E and Agathokleou A., (2017). Waterloss Detection in Water Distribution Networks using Wavelet Change-Point Detection. Water Resources Management. 31: 979-994.
- [50] Wu, Y, Liu, S, Smith, K and Wang Y., (2018). Using Correlation between Data from Multiple Monitoring Sensors to Detect Bursts in Water Distribution Systems. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 144(2): 04017084.
- [51] Di Nardo, A and Di Natale M., (2011). A heuristic design support methodology based on graph theory for district metering of water supply networks. Engineering Optimization. 43(2): 193-211.
- [52] Liu, J and Han R., (2018) Spectral Clustering and Multicriteria Decision for Design of District Metered Areas. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 144(5): 04018013.
- [53] Rahmani, F, Muhammed, K, Behzadian, K and Farmani R., (2018). Optimal Operation of Water Distribution Systems Using a Graph Theory–Based Configuration of District Metered Areas. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 144(8): 04018042.
- [54] Samir, N, Kansoh, R, Elbarki, W and Fleifle A., (2017) Pressure control for minimizing leakage in water distribution systems. Alexandria Engineering Journal. 56: 601-612.
- [55] MacDonald, G and Yates CD., (2005) DMA Design and Implementation, a North American Context. Leakage 2005 - Conference Proceedings. 1-8.
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 38 Sayı: 1, 149 - 170, 27.03.2020
Fatih Mehmet Durmuşçelebi
Özgür Özdemir
Mahmut Fırat
Kaynakça
- [1] Farley M., (2003) Non Revenue Water - International Best Practice for Assessment, Monitoring and Control. 12th Annual CWWA Water, Wastewater & Solid Waste 1–18.
- [2] Farley, M. Wyeth, G. Ghazali, ZBM. Istandar, A. and Singh S., (2008). The Manager's Non-Revenue Water Handbook. A Guide to Understanding Water Losses. (Editors: van Dijk, N., Raksakulthai, V., Kirkwood, E.). 110.
- [3] Simbeye I., (2010) Managing Non-Revenue Water: Non-Revenue Water Sourcebook for Trainers. WAVE Pool. InWEnt. Germany, pp101.
- [4] Karathanasi, I and Papageorgakopoulos C., (2016) Development of a leakage control system at the water supply network of the city of Patras. Procedia Engineering. 162: 553-558.
- [5] Laucelli, DB, Simone, A, Berardi, L and Giustolisi O., (2017) Optimal Design of District Metering Areas for the Reduction of Leakages. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 143(6): 04017017.
- [6] Morrison, J, Tooms, S and Rogers D., (2007) District metered areas: Guidance notes, IWA Publishing, London.
- [7] Mutikanga, HE, Sharma, SK and Vairavamoorthy K., (2013) Methods and Tools for Managing Losses in Water Distribution Systems. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 139(2): 166-174.
- [8] Vicente, DJ, Garrote, L, Sánchez, R and Santillán D., (2016). Pressure Management in Water Distribution Systems: Current Status, Proposals, and Future Trends. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 142(2): 04015061.
- [9] Lambert A., (2003) Assessing non-revenue water and its components : a practical approach. Water21. 5(4): 50–51.
- [10] Farley, M and Trow S., (2003) Losses in water distribution networks : a practitioner’s guide to assessment, monitoring and control. IWA Publishing. pp296.
- [11] Durmuşçelebi FM., (2018) Rehabilitation of Water Distribution Systems For Water Loss Reduction And Cos-Benefit Analysis. MSc Thesis. Inonu University. p 113.
- [12] Rahman A, Wu ZY., (2018) Multistep Simulation-Optimization Modeling Approach for Partitioning Water Distribution System into District Meter Areas. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 144(5), 04018018.
- [13] Liemberger, R and Farley M., (2004) Developing a Non-Revenue Water Reduction Strategy, Part 1: Investigating and Assessing Water Losses. In: Proceeding of IWA WWC 2004 Conference. Marrakech, Morocco.
- [14] Aydogdu, M and Firat M., (2015). Estimation of Failure Rate in Water Distribution Network Using Fuzzy Clustering and LS-SVM Methods. Water Resources Management. 29: 1575-1590.
- [15] Kanakoudis, V, Tsitsifli, S and Demetriou G., (2016) Applying an integrated methodology towards Non-Revenue Water reduction: the case of Nicosia, Cyprus. Desalination and Water Treatment. 57(25): 11447-11461.
- [16] Latchoomun, L, Ah King RTF and Busawon K., (2015) A new approach to model development of water distribution networks with high leakage and burst rates. Procedia Engineering. 119: 690-699.
- [17] Tabesh, M and Saber H., (2012) A Prioritization Model for Rehabilitation of Water Distribution Networks Using GIS. Water Resources Management. 26: 225-241.
- [18] Choi, T, Han, J and Koo J., (2015). Decision method for rehabilitation priority of water distribution system using ELECTRE method. Desalination and Water Treatment. 53: 2369-2377.
- [19] Loureiro, D, Amado, C, Martins, A, Vitorino, D, Mamade, A and Coelho ST., (2014) Water distribution systems flow monitoring and anomalous event detection: A practical approach. Urban Water Journal. 13(3): 242-252.
- [20] Salomons, E, Skulovich O and Ostfeld A., (2017) Battle of Water Networks DMAs: Multistage Design Approach. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 143(10): 04017059.
- [21] Tabesh, M, Asadiyani, AH and Burrows R., (2009). An Integrated Model to Evaluate Losses in Water Distribution Systems. Water Resources Management. 23: 477–492.
- [22] Cheung, PB, Girol, GV, Abe, N and Propato M., (2010). Night flow analysis and modeling for leakage estimation in a water distribution system. Integrating Water Systems. Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-54851-9. 509-513.
- [23] Farah, E and Shahrour I., (2017) Leakage Detection Using Smart Water System: Combination of Water Balance and Automated Minimum Night Flow. Water Resources Management. 31: 4821-4833.
- [24] Peters, EJ and Ben-Ephraim Y., (2012) System leakage by night flow analysis: A case study in Guyana. Water Management. 165(8): 451-457.
- [25] Xin, K, Tao, T, Lu, Y, Xiong, X and Li F., (2014). Apparent Losses Analysis in District Metered Areas of Water Distribution Systems. Water Resources Management. 28: 683-696.
- [26] Alkasseh, JMA, Adlan, MN, Abustan, I, Abdul Aziz, H and Hanif ABM., (2013). Applying Minimum Night Flow to Estimate Water Loss Using Statistical Modeling: A Case Study in Kinta Valley, Malaysia. Water Resources Management. 27: 1439-1455.
- [27] Verde, D, Cima, E, Ferrante, M, Brunone, B and Meniconi S., (2014). The Dependence of District Minimum Night Flow on Pressure Head: The Case Study of Lenola. Procedia Engineering. 89: 1224-1230.
- [28] Xu, Q, Chen, Q, Ma, J, Blanckaert, K and Wan Z., (2014). Water Saving and Energy Reduction through Pressure Management in Urban Water Distribution Networks. Water Resources Management. 28: 3715-3726.
- [29] Fantozzi, M, Calza, F and Lambert A., (2009). Experience and results achieved in introducing District Metered Areas (DMA) and Pressure Management Areas (PMA) at Enia utility (Italy). IWA Specialist Conference ‘Waterloss 2009’, South Africa.
- [30] Nazif, S, Karamouz, M, Tabesh, M and Moridi A., (2010) Pressure Management Model for Urban Water Distribution Networks. Water Resources Management. 24: 437-458.
- [31] Wu, ZY, Sage, P and Turtle D., (2010). Pressure-Dependent Leak Detection Model and Its Application to a District Water System. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 136(1): 116-128.
- [32] Mutikanga, HE, Sharma, SK and Vairavamoorthy K., (2010) Assessment of apparent losses in urban water systems. Water and Environmental Journal. 25: 327-335.
- [33] Gilbert, D, Abraham, E, Montalvo, I and Piller O., (2018). Iterative Multistage Method for a Large Water Network Sectorization into DMAs under Multiple Design Objectives. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 143(11): 04017067.
- [34] Rizzo, A and Cilia J., (2005) Quantifying meter under-registration caused by the ball valves of roof tanks (for indirect plumbing systems). Proceedings of the Leakage 2005 Conference, Halifax, Canada.
- [35] Arregui, F, Cabrera, Jr E and Cobacho R., (2006). Integrated water meter management. London: IWA Publishing.
- [36] Criminisi, A, Fontanazza, CM, Freni, G and La Loggia G., (2009). Evaluation of the apparent losses caused by water meter under-registration in intermittent water supply. Water Science & Technology—WST. 60.9. 2373-2382.
- [37] Fallis, P, Hübschen, K, Oertle, E, Ziegler, D, Kingel, P, Baader, J, Trujilo, R and Laures C., (2011). Guidelines for water loss reduction: A focus on pressure management. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit. Germany, 228.
- [38] Gomes, R, Sousa, J and Sa Marques A., (2014). Influence of future water demand patterns on the district metered areas design and benefits yielded by pressure management. Procedia Engineering. 70: 744–752
- [39] Hajibandeh, E and Nazif S., (2018) Pressure Zoning Approach for Leak Detection in Water Distribution Systems Based on a Multi Objective Ant Colony Optimization. Water Resources Management. 32: 2287-2300.
- [40] Boztaş F., (2017) Analysis of Leakages on Building (Service) Connections at Water Distribution Systems. MSc Thesis. Inonu University. p 92.
- [41] MASKİ (2018) Malatya Water and Sewerage Administration General Directorate.
- [42] Karadirek, IE, Kara, S, Yilmaz, G, Muhammetoglu A and Muhammetoglu H., (2012) Implementation of Hydraulic Modelling for Water-Loss Reduction Through Pressure Management. Water Resources Management. 26: 2555-2568.
- [43] Wu, S, Yang, L, Zhou, C, and Zhang J., (2013a). Analysis of Benefits Yielded by Pressure Management in the Area based on Temperature Revision. ICPTT 2013 ASCE, 127-140.
- [44] Wu, S, Yang, L, Zhou, C, and Zhang J., (2013b). Leakage Modeling And Leakage Control Analysis By Pressure Management In Water Supply System Of DMA. ICPTT 2013 ASCE, 141-150.
- [45] Kanakoudis, V and Gonelas K., (2014) Applying Pressure management to reduce water losses in two Greek cities’ WDSS: Expectations, Problems, Results and Revisions. Procedia Engineering. 89: 318-325.
- [46] De Paola, F, Giugni, M and Portolano D., (2017). Pressure Management Through Optimal Location and Setting of Valves in Water Distribution Networks Using a Music-Inspired Approach. Water Resources Management. 31: 1517-1533.
- [47] Mazzolania, G, Berardi, L, Laucelli, D, Martino, R, Simone, A and Giustolisi O (2016) A methodology to estimate leakages in water distribution networks based on inlet flow data analysis. Procedia Engineering. 162: 411 – 418.
- [48] Mazzolania, G, Berardi, L, Laucelli, D, Simone, A, Martino, R and Giustolisi O., (2017) Estimating Leakages in Water Distribution Networks Based Only on Inlet Flow Data. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 143(6): 04017014.
- [49] Christodoulou, SE, Kourti, E and Agathokleou A., (2017). Waterloss Detection in Water Distribution Networks using Wavelet Change-Point Detection. Water Resources Management. 31: 979-994.
- [50] Wu, Y, Liu, S, Smith, K and Wang Y., (2018). Using Correlation between Data from Multiple Monitoring Sensors to Detect Bursts in Water Distribution Systems. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 144(2): 04017084.
- [51] Di Nardo, A and Di Natale M., (2011). A heuristic design support methodology based on graph theory for district metering of water supply networks. Engineering Optimization. 43(2): 193-211.
- [52] Liu, J and Han R., (2018) Spectral Clustering and Multicriteria Decision for Design of District Metered Areas. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 144(5): 04018013.
- [53] Rahmani, F, Muhammed, K, Behzadian, K and Farmani R., (2018). Optimal Operation of Water Distribution Systems Using a Graph Theory–Based Configuration of District Metered Areas. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 144(8): 04018042.
- [54] Samir, N, Kansoh, R, Elbarki, W and Fleifle A., (2017) Pressure control for minimizing leakage in water distribution systems. Alexandria Engineering Journal. 56: 601-612.
- [55] MacDonald, G and Yates CD., (2005) DMA Design and Implementation, a North American Context. Leakage 2005 - Conference Proceedings. 1-8.