Electricity production from piezoelectric patches mounted over flexible membrane wing at low reynolds numbers

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 39 Sayı: 1, 70 - 79, 01.03.2021

Nihal Bayramoğlu Mustafa Serdar Genç Kemal Koca Ahmet Altunal

Öz

One of the most necessities of our age is undoubtfully to supply the ever increasing energy demand. The world population is growing correspondingly with the developing technology and it causes more energy demand. Furthermore, when the f act that fossil fuel which is the most used energy source in the world in our age will inevitably come to an end is taken into consideration; the need to search for new energy sources has become an obligation. A piezoelectric effect is a crucial option tha t is used as a new energy conversion method and the researchers are trying to find ways to develop it. Thanks to their special molecular structure, the mechanical force applied to the piezoelectric materials creates an electric charge. In this way, the con version of environmental vibrations into electrical energy can be achieved with piezoelectric materials. This experimental study aims to turn deformations and vibrational motions caused by the air on a flexible membrane wing into electrical energy thanks t o piezoelectric materials. In this respect, a flexible membrane Zimmerman wing with a 1.5 aspect ratio was used. Smoke wire experiments were performed on the wing at 2.8x10 4 and 5.6x10 4 Reynolds numbers to capture and understand how the characteristics for m of the flow over the flexible membrane surface is. Afterward, three different types of 4 piezoelectric materials were used over the flexible membrane wing and energy calculation was made over 470 ohm resistor at various Reynolds numbers and angles of att ack.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Flexible membrane wings, piezoelectric patches, energy harvesting, low reynolds number f low

Kaynakça

• [1] Curie J, Curie P. Sur l’électricité polaire dans les cristaux hémièdres ‘ faces inclinées. C R Acad Sci Gen, 1880;9:383–386.
• [2] Dahiya, R. S., Valle, M. Appendix A Fundamentals of piezoelectricity. Robotic Tactile Sensing, Springer, 2013;79-136.
• [3] Roshani, H., Dessouky, S., Montoya, A., Papagiannakis, A. T. Energy harvesting from asphalt pavement roadways vehicle-induced stresses: A feasibility study. Applied Energy, 2016;182:210-218.
• [4] Xiong, H. Piezoelectric energy harvesting for public roadways. PHD Other Dissertation, Civil Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, 2014.
• [5] Zhao, H., Tao, Y., Niu, Y., Ling, J. Harvesting energy from asphalt pavement by piezoelectric generator. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Materials Science Edition. 2014;29(5):933-937.
• [6] Sodano, H. A., Granstrom, J., Feenstra, J., Farinholt, K. Harvesting of electrical energy from a backpack using piezoelectric shoulder straps. In Active and Passive Smart Structures and Integrated Systems 2007, San Diego, California, United States, April 27, 2007;6525:652502).
• [7] Saripalli, S., Montgomery, J. F., Sukhatme, G. S. Visually guided landing of an unmanned aerial vehicle. IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation, 2003;19 (3):371-380.
• [8] Ifju, P., Albertani, R., Stanford, B., Claxton, D., Sytsma, M. Flexible wing micro air vehicles. Introduction to the Design of Fixed-Wing Micro Air Vehicles. (Eds: Thomas J. Mueller, James C. Kellog, Peter G. Ifju e Sergey Shkarayev). Amer Inst of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Virginia, 2006.
• [9] Abdelkefi, A. Aeroelastic energy harvesting: A review. International Journal of Engineering Science, 2016;100:112-135.
• [10] Anton, S. R., Inman, D. J. Vibration energy harvesting for unmanned aerial vehicles. In active and passive smart structures and ıntegrated systems, San Diego, California, United States, April 18, 2008. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2008;6928:692824.
• [11] Büyükkeskin İ. Tekin, S. A., Gurel, S., Genç M.S. Electricity Production from Wind Energy By Piezoelectric Material. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development-IJRED, 2019;8 (1): 41-46.
• [12] Shyy, W., Berg, M., Ljungqvist, D. Flapping and flexible wings for biological and micro air vehicles. Progress in Aerospace Sciences,1999;35(5):455- 505.
• [13] Genç M.S. Numerical Simulation of Flow over an Thin Aerofoil at High Reynolds Number using a Transition Model, Proc IMechE, Part C- Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 2010;224 (10):2155-2164.
• [14] Genç, M. S., Karasu İ., Açıkel H. H., An experimental study on aerodynamics of NACA2415 aerofoil at low Re numbers. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 2012;39:252-264.
• [15] Genç, M. S., Koca, K., Açıkel, H. H., Özkan, G., Kırış, M. S., Yıldız, R. Flow characteristics over NACA4412 airfoil at low Reynolds number. EPJ Web of Conferences, 2016;114:02029.
• [16] Genç M. S., Özkan G., Açıkel H. H., Kırış M. S., Yıldız R. Effect of tip vortices on flow over NACA4412 aerofoil with different aspect ratios. EPJ Web of Conferences, 2016;114: 02027.
• [17] Demir H., Özden M., Genç M. S., Çağdaş M. Numerical investigation of flow on NACA4412 aerofoil with different aspect ratios. EPJ Web of Conferences. 2016;114:02016.
• [18] Genç, M.S., Özkan, G., Özden, M., Kırış, M. S., Yıldız, R. Interaction of tip vortex and laminar separation bubble over wings with different aspect ratios under low Reynolds numbers, Proc IMechE, Part C- Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 2018;232(22):4019-4037.
• [19] Karasu, I. Özden M., Genç, M. S. Performance Assessment of Transition Models for Three-Dimensional Flow Over NACA4412 Wings at Low Reynolds Numbers. Journal of Fluids Engineering-Transactions of The ASME, 2018;140(12):121102.
• [20] Koca, K., Genç, M. S., Açıkel, H. H., Çağdaş, M., Bodur, T. M. Identification of flow phenomena over NACA 4412 wind turbine airfoil at low Reynolds numbers and role of laminar separation bubble on flow evolution. Energy, 2018;144:750-764.
• [21] Karasu, İ., Açıkel, H. H., Koca, K., Genç, M.S. Effects of Thickness and Camber Ratio on Flow Characteristics over Airfoils. Journal of Thermal Engineering, 2020;6(3):242-252.
• [22] Genç M. S., Lock G., Kaynak U. An experimental and computational study of low Re number transitional flows over an aerofoil with leading edge slat, 8th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration and Operations (ATIO) Conference, Anchorage, Alaska, September 14-19,2008;8877.
• [23] Genç, M. S., Kaynak, Ü., Lock, G. D. Flow over an aerofoil without and with a leading-edge slat at a transitional Reynolds number. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 2009;223(3): 217-231.
• [24] Genç M. S., Kaynak Ü., Yapici H., Performance of Transition Model For Predicting Low Reynolds Aerofoil Flows Without/With Single And Simultaneous Blowing and Suction. European Journal of Mechanics B-Fluids. 2011;30:218-235.
• [25] Genç, M. S. Açıkel, H. H. Akpolat, M. T. Özkan, G., Karasu İ. Acoustic Control of Flow over NACA 2415 Airfoil at Low Reynolds Numbers. Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 2016;29(6):04016045.
• [26] Açıkel, H. H., Genç, M. S., Flow control with perpendicular acoustic forcing on NACA 2415 aerofoil at low Reynolds numbers. Proc IMechE, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 2016; 230:2447-2462.
• [27] Genç, M. S., Koca, K., Açıkel, H. H. Investigation of pre-stall flow control on wind turbine blade airfoil using roughness element. Energy, 2019;176:320-334.
• [28] Karasu İ. Flow control over a diamond-shaped cylinder using slits, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 2020;112:109992.
• [29] Rojratsirikul, P., Genç, M.S., Wang, Z., Gursul, I. Flow-Induced Vibrations of Low Aspect Ratio Rectangular Membrane Wings, Journal of Fluids and Structures, 2011;27:1296–1309.
• [30] Genç, M.S. Unsteady aerodynamics and flow-induced vibrations of a low aspect ratio rectangular membrane wing with excess length. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 2013;44:749-759.
• [31] Genç M. S., Açıkel H. H., Demir H., Özden M., Çağdaş M., Isabekov I. Effect of tip vortices on membrane vibration of flexible wings with different aspect ratios. EPJ Web of Conferences, March 28, 2016;114:02028. EDP Sciences, 2016.
• [32] Genç M. S., Özden M., Açıkel H. H., Demir H., Isabekov I. Unsteady flow over flexible wings at different low Reynolds numbers. EPJ Web of Conferences, March 28, 2016;114:02030. EDP Sciences, 2016.
• [33] Waszak, M. R., Jenkins, L. N., Ifju, P. Stability and control properties of an aeroelastic fixed wing micro aerial vehicle. AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference, August 6-9 2001, Montreal, Canada.
• [34] Demir, H., Genç, M. S. An experimental investigation of laminar separation bubble formation on flexible membrane wing. European Journal of Mechanics-B/Fluids, 2017;65:326-338.
• [35] Açıkel, H. H., Genç, M. S. Control of laminar separation bubble over wind turbine airfoil using partial flexibility on suction surface. Energy, 2018;165:176-190.
• [36] https://www.piceramic.com/en/piezo-technology/fundamentals/
• [37] Heywang, W., Lubitz, K., Wersing, W. (Eds.). Piezoelectricity: evolution and future of a technology. Springer Science & Business Media, 2008.
• [38] https://www.smart-material.com/media/Datasheets/MFC_V2.3-Web-full-brochure.pdf.
• [39] Gabriel, E. T., Mueller, T. J. Low-aspect-ratio wing aerodynamics at low Reynolds number. AIAA Journal, 2004;42(5): 865-873.
• [40] Arivoli, D., Singh, I. Self-adaptive flaps on low aspect ratio wings at low Reynolds numbers. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2016;59:78-93.
• [41] Karasu, İ. Experimental and numerical investigations of transition to turbulence and laminar separation bubble over aerofoil at low Reynolds number flows. M.Sc. Thesis, Erciyes University, Turkey, 2011.
• [42] Bayramoğlu, N. Experimental investigation on capacity of energy generation of piezoelectric patches mounted over flexible membrane wing. Master Thesis, Erciyes University, Turkey, 2019.