AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON DETECTING AND IMAGING CAVITY REGIONS INSIDE TREE TRUNK USING CIRCULAR BACK PROJECTION FOCUSING ALGORITHM
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 37 Sayı: 3, 737 - 746, 01.09.2020
Serhat Gökkan
Betül Yılmaz
Caner Özdemir
Öz
In this work, we have presented experimental study for detecting cavity regions inside a tree trunk using circular back projection focusing algorithm (CBPA). First, the validity of CBPA was questioned and then checked by the help of a simulation scenario that were generated using perfect point-scatterers in Matlab programming environment. After achieving perfect reconstruction of the simulated cavity structure together with the tree-body in the simulated scenario, the implementation of CBPA was applied to a real tree-interior imaging radar (TIIR) experiments that were conducted in the laboratory. The resultant focused TIIR radar images of measured data have demonstrated that CBPA can be a strong candidate and successfully utilized for migrating the raw backscattered data for TIIR applications.
Kaynakça
- [1] A. Brookes. (2007) Preventing death and serious injury from falling trees and branches, Australian Journal of Outdoor Education, 11(2), 50-59.
- [2] J. Watt and D. J. Ball. (2009) Trees and the Risk of Harm, Report for the National Tree Safety Group.
- [3] V. Bucur. (1995) Acoustics of Wood. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
- [4] S.A. Al Hagrey. (2006) Electrical resistivity imaging of wooden tree trunks,” Near Surface Geophysics, vol. 4, 177-185.
- [5] G. Catena, M. Catalano, and L. Palla. (1990) Thermal infrared detection of cavities in trees,” European Journal of Forest Pathology, 20,
201–210.
- [6] H. Berndt, A.P. Schniewind, G.C. Johnson. (2000) Ultrasonic energy propagation trough wood: where, when, how much, Proc. Of 12th
Int. Symposium on NDT of Wood, Sopron 13-15, 57-66.
- [7] M. Hasegawa, M. Takata, J. Matsumara and K. Oda. (2011) Effect of wood properties on within-tree variation in ultrasonic wave
velocity in softwood, Ultrasonics 51, 296-302.
- [8] J. R. Butnor, J. A. Doolittle, L. Kress, S. Cohen and K. H. Johnsen. (2001) Use of ground-penetrating radar to study tree roots in the
southeastern United States, Tree Physiology 21, 1269–1278.
- [9] C. Özdemir, Ş. Demirci, E. Yiğit and B. Yılmaz. (2014) A Review on Migration Methods in B-scan Ground Penetrating Radar Imaging,
Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Volume,1-16.
- [10] B. Yılmaz, Ş. Demirci, E. Yiğit and C. Özdemir. (2013) An Experimental Study of Through-the-Wall Radar for Life sign Detection,
Proceedings of Progress in Electromagn, Research Symposium (PIERS 2013),1602-1604.
- [11] M. G. Amin, Through-the-Wall Radar Imaging. (2010) Taylor and Francis, Bocaraton, FL, 2010.
- [12] N.J. Redding and G.N. Newsam. (2001) Inverting the Circular Radon Transform,” DTSO Research Report DTSO-RR-0211.
- [13] L.Zhou, C.Huang and Y.Su. (2012) A Fast back projection algorithm based on cross correlation for GPR imaging,” IEEE Geoscience and
Remote Sensing Letters, vol.9, no.2, pp.228-232.
- [14] H.Zhang, S.Ouyang, G.Wang, J.Li, S.Wu and F.Zhang. (2015) Back projection algorithm based on self correlation for ground penetrating
radar imaging, Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, vol.9, 095059.
- [15] S.Sardar and A.K.Mishra. (2011) “A UBW based Improved Imaging of Breast Tumors,” IEEE Applied Electromagnetics Conference
(AEMC). DOI: 10.1109/AEMC.2011.6256909
- [16] D.Oloumi, P. Boulanger, A.Kordzadeh and K. Rambabu.(2015) Breast Tumor Detection Using UWB Circular-SAR Tomograptic
Microwave Imaging, IEEE 37th Annual International Conference in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). DOI: 10.1109/EMBC.2015.7320019
- [17] B. Yılmaz, C. Özdemir and S. Gökkan. (2016) A focusing algorithm for tree-penetrating radar imaging: An experimental study and
concept evaluation, Radar Symposium (IRS), 2016 17th International, Krakow, Poland.
- [18] C. Özdemir. (2012) Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging with Matlab Algorithms, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA.
- [19] R. Bhalla, J. Moore and H. Ling. (1997) A global scattering center representation of complex targets using the shooting and bouncing
ray technique,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 45, pp. 1850–1856.
- [20] C. Özdemir, R. Bhalla, H. Ling. (2000) A radiation center representation of antenna radiation patterns on a complex platform,” IEEE
Trans. Antennas Propagat., 48, 992-1000.
[21] D. J. Daniels, Surface-Penetrating Radar, IEEE Press, 1996.
- [22] R. Mersereau and A. Oppenheim. (1974) Digital reconstruction of multidimensional signals from their projections, Proceedings of the
IEEE, vol. 62, no. 10, pp. 1319–1338.
- [23] MATLAB, R2015a, MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA, 2015.
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 37 Sayı: 3, 737 - 746, 01.09.2020
Serhat Gökkan
Betül Yılmaz
Caner Özdemir
Kaynakça
- [1] A. Brookes. (2007) Preventing death and serious injury from falling trees and branches, Australian Journal of Outdoor Education, 11(2), 50-59.
- [2] J. Watt and D. J. Ball. (2009) Trees and the Risk of Harm, Report for the National Tree Safety Group.
- [3] V. Bucur. (1995) Acoustics of Wood. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
- [4] S.A. Al Hagrey. (2006) Electrical resistivity imaging of wooden tree trunks,” Near Surface Geophysics, vol. 4, 177-185.
- [5] G. Catena, M. Catalano, and L. Palla. (1990) Thermal infrared detection of cavities in trees,” European Journal of Forest Pathology, 20,
201–210.
- [6] H. Berndt, A.P. Schniewind, G.C. Johnson. (2000) Ultrasonic energy propagation trough wood: where, when, how much, Proc. Of 12th
Int. Symposium on NDT of Wood, Sopron 13-15, 57-66.
- [7] M. Hasegawa, M. Takata, J. Matsumara and K. Oda. (2011) Effect of wood properties on within-tree variation in ultrasonic wave
velocity in softwood, Ultrasonics 51, 296-302.
- [8] J. R. Butnor, J. A. Doolittle, L. Kress, S. Cohen and K. H. Johnsen. (2001) Use of ground-penetrating radar to study tree roots in the
southeastern United States, Tree Physiology 21, 1269–1278.
- [9] C. Özdemir, Ş. Demirci, E. Yiğit and B. Yılmaz. (2014) A Review on Migration Methods in B-scan Ground Penetrating Radar Imaging,
Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Volume,1-16.
- [10] B. Yılmaz, Ş. Demirci, E. Yiğit and C. Özdemir. (2013) An Experimental Study of Through-the-Wall Radar for Life sign Detection,
Proceedings of Progress in Electromagn, Research Symposium (PIERS 2013),1602-1604.
- [11] M. G. Amin, Through-the-Wall Radar Imaging. (2010) Taylor and Francis, Bocaraton, FL, 2010.
- [12] N.J. Redding and G.N. Newsam. (2001) Inverting the Circular Radon Transform,” DTSO Research Report DTSO-RR-0211.
- [13] L.Zhou, C.Huang and Y.Su. (2012) A Fast back projection algorithm based on cross correlation for GPR imaging,” IEEE Geoscience and
Remote Sensing Letters, vol.9, no.2, pp.228-232.
- [14] H.Zhang, S.Ouyang, G.Wang, J.Li, S.Wu and F.Zhang. (2015) Back projection algorithm based on self correlation for ground penetrating
radar imaging, Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, vol.9, 095059.
- [15] S.Sardar and A.K.Mishra. (2011) “A UBW based Improved Imaging of Breast Tumors,” IEEE Applied Electromagnetics Conference
(AEMC). DOI: 10.1109/AEMC.2011.6256909
- [16] D.Oloumi, P. Boulanger, A.Kordzadeh and K. Rambabu.(2015) Breast Tumor Detection Using UWB Circular-SAR Tomograptic
Microwave Imaging, IEEE 37th Annual International Conference in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). DOI: 10.1109/EMBC.2015.7320019
- [17] B. Yılmaz, C. Özdemir and S. Gökkan. (2016) A focusing algorithm for tree-penetrating radar imaging: An experimental study and
concept evaluation, Radar Symposium (IRS), 2016 17th International, Krakow, Poland.
- [18] C. Özdemir. (2012) Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging with Matlab Algorithms, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA.
- [19] R. Bhalla, J. Moore and H. Ling. (1997) A global scattering center representation of complex targets using the shooting and bouncing
ray technique,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 45, pp. 1850–1856.
- [20] C. Özdemir, R. Bhalla, H. Ling. (2000) A radiation center representation of antenna radiation patterns on a complex platform,” IEEE
Trans. Antennas Propagat., 48, 992-1000.
[21] D. J. Daniels, Surface-Penetrating Radar, IEEE Press, 1996.
- [22] R. Mersereau and A. Oppenheim. (1974) Digital reconstruction of multidimensional signals from their projections, Proceedings of the
IEEE, vol. 62, no. 10, pp. 1319–1338.
- [23] MATLAB, R2015a, MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA, 2015.