Port waste reception facilities in iron-steel industry: A case study from Türkiye

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 42 Sayı: 3, 845 - 853, 12.06.2024

İsmail Özbay , Cenk Aksoy , Bilge Özbay Fatma Ece Sayın

Öz

Maritime transport is one of the traditional alternatives for moving heavy loads around the world. Providing long ranges with high capacity and low costs are regarded to be the most important superficies of the marine transport. However, similar to the other transporting facilities some environmental impacts arise from shipping and port operations. Waste reception facilities are essential in order to minimize and manage the environmental impacts on marine ecosystems. This work aims to evaluate the practices at a waste reception plant serving for iron and steel industry. In the study, the maximum waste amounts were determined individually for all types of vessels handled at the port. The calculated quantities of ship sewage, solid waste, bilge, sludge, and waste oil were approximately 17483, 59, 616, 1715, and 123 m3/month, respectively. The actual and calculated amounts of ship-sourced solid waste were found to be 607 and 708 m3/year, respectively. The closer values indicate that the current disposal facility is sufficient for the management of solid wastes. On the other hand, a significant difference was found between the actual and calculated data for liquid waste. The present situation and ways to improve the overall efficiency of the plant were evaluated in detail within the study.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Iron and Steel Industry, Marine Pollution, Maritime Transport, Ship Waste, Waste Management

Kaynakça

• [1] Deniz C, Kilic A, Cıvkaroglu G. Estimation of shipping emissions in Candarli Gulf, Turkey. Environ Monit Assess 2010;171:219–228. [CrossRef]
• [2] Stopka O, Kampf R. Determining the most suitable layout of space for the loading units’ handling in the maritime port. Transport. 2018;33:280–290. [CrossRef]
• [3] Abelando M, Bobinac M, Fiore JC. Assessment of the efficiency of controls to prevent biologic invasions at the San Lorenzo Port, Argentina. 2020. [CrossRef]
• [4] Iduk U, Samson N. Effects and Solutions of Marine Pollution from Ships in Nigerian Waterways. Int J Sci Eng Res 2015;6:81–90.
• [5] Florin N, Roman I, Cotorcea A. Air pollution from the maritime Transport in the Romanian Black Sea Coast. Cercet Mar 2017:260–266.
• [6] Alam MW, Xiangmin X. Marine pollution prevention in Bangladesh: A way forward for ımplement comprehensive national legal framework. Thalassas Int J Maritime Sci 2019;35:1727. [CrossRef]
• [7] Küçük YK. The impact of ballast water management convention on combating invasive species in Turkey (Black Sea). World Marit Univ Diss 2019:1125.
• [8] Tangahu BV, Titah HS, Purwanti IF, Arliyani I, Wardhani WK, Hidayat K, et al. Anticipation methods for management of ship oil spills on the sea. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 2022;24:1718–1726. [CrossRef]
• [9] Barron MG, Vivian DN, Heintz RA, Yim UH. Long-term ecological impacts from oil spills: Comparison of exxon valdez, hebei spirit, and deepwater horizon. Environ Sci Technol 2020;54:6456–6467. [CrossRef]
• [10] Peterson CH, Rice SD, Short JW, Esler D, Bodkin JL, Ballachey BE, et al. Long-Term Ecosystem Response to the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill. Science 2003;302:2082–2086. [CrossRef]
• [11] Hassanzadeh S, Hajrasouliha O, Rezaei Latifi A, Nohegar A. The Impact of Physical Processes on Oil Pollution Diffusion in the Persian Gulf. Environ Forensics. 2013;14:312–323. [CrossRef]
• [12] Donateo A, Gregoris E, Gambaro A, Merico E, Giua R, Nocioni A, et al. Contribution of harbour activities and ship traffic to PM2.5, particle number concentrations and PAHs in a port city of the Mediterranean Sea (Italy). Environ Sci Pollut Res 2014;21:9415–9429. [CrossRef]
• [13] Xie S, Jiang W, Sun Y, Yu K, Feng C, Han Y, et al. Interannual variation and sources identification of heavy metals in seawater near shipping lanes: Evidence from a coral record from the northern South China Sea. Sci Total Environ. 2023;854:158755. [CrossRef]
• [14] International Maritime Organization (IMO). International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), 1978.
• [15] European Parliament and Council. Directive 2000/59/EC on port reception facilities for ship-generated waste and cargo residues, 2000.
• [16] Wilewska-Bien M, Anderberg S. Reception of sewage in the Baltic Sea – The port´s role in the sustainable management of ship wastes. Mar Policy. 2018;93:207–213. [CrossRef]
• [17] Republic of Turkey. Regulation on waste collection and control of wastes from ships, 2004.
• [18] Dashan ES, Apaydin O. An investigation on waste amount from ships in Istanbul. Glob Nest J 2013;15:49–56. [CrossRef]
• [19] Hua C, Chen J, Wan Z, Xu L, Bai Y, Zheng T, et al. Evaluation and governance of green development practice of port: A sea port case of China. J Clean Prod 2020;249:119434. [CrossRef]
• [20] Suykens F, Van De Voorde E. A quarter a century of port management in Europe: objectives and tools. Marit Policy Manag 1998;25:251261. [CrossRef]
• [21] Aksoy C. Iron-steel factory harbours and sustainable waste management [Master Thesis]. Kocaeli: Kocaeli University; 2019. [Turkish]
• [22] Ulniković VP, Vukić M, Jančić-Heinemann R, Antonović D. Ship waste quantities prediction model for the port of Belgrade. Chem Ind Chem Eng Q 2011;17:239–248. [CrossRef]
• [23] Bialystocki N, Konovessis D. On the estimation of ship’s fuel consumption and speed curve: A statistical approach. J Ocean Eng Sci 2016;1:157–166. [CrossRef]
• [24] To NT, Kato T. Solid waste generated from ships: a case study on ship-waste composition and garbage delivery attitudes at Haiphong ports, Vietnam. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 2017;19:988. [CrossRef]
• [25] Vaneeckhaute C, Darveau O. Current state and potential valorisation of ship-generated organic waste in Quebec, Canada. Waste Manag 2020;118:62–67. [CrossRef]
• [26] Vaneeckhaute C, Fazli A. Management of ship-generated food waste and sewage on the Baltic Sea: A review. Waste Manag 2020;102:12–20. [CrossRef]
• [27] Özdoğan N, Albahnasawi AM, Ağır H, Arslan S, Gunaydin O, Gürbulak E, et al. Demulsifying of waste oils in a port reception facility by ultrasound with a new coagulant: techno- economic evaluation. Energy Sources, Part A Recover Util Environ Eff 2021:1–15. [CrossRef]
• [28] Singh V, Mishra V. Enhanced biomass production and nutrient removal efficiency from urban wastewater by chlorella pyrenoidosa in batch bioreactor system: Optimization and model simulation. Desalin Water Treat 2020;197:52–66. [CrossRef]
• [29] Singh V, Mishra V. Evaluation of the effects of input variables on the growth of two microalgae classes during wastewater treatment. Water Res 2022;213:118165. [CrossRef]
• [30] Butt N. The impact of cruise ship generated waste on home ports and ports of call: A study of Southampton. Mar Policy. 2007;31:591–598. [CrossRef]