Ütopyanın Kırılgan Yüzü: Blochçu Perspektifle Üç Sinemasal Anlatının Karşılaştırmalı Analizi

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 2025 10. Yıl Özel Sayısı, 73 - 91, 30.10.2025

Yaşar Suveren

https://doi.org/10.31122/sinefilozofi.1750401

Öz

Bu çalışma, Ernst Bloch’un “somut ütopya” teorisi bağlamında The Beach (2000), Fight Club (1999) ve Captain Fantastic (2016) filmlerini karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz etmektedir. Geç kapitalist kültürel bağlamda sinemasal ütopya temsillerinin dönüştürücü bir praksis potansiyeli taşıyıp taşımadığını sorgulayan çalışma, Bloch’un ‘henüz-olmayan’, ‘henüz-bilincine-varılmamış’ ve ‘praksis’ kavramlarından hareketle, ütopya tahayyüllerinin hem distopik sapmalara dönüşme eğilimini hem de sınıfsal-tarihsel sınırlarla çatışmasını inceliyor. The Beach, bireysel anlam arayışının zamanla gerçeklikten kopuk bir kaçış fantazisine dönüştüğünü; Fight Club, kapitalizm karşıtı öfkenin nasıl otoriter bir şiddet sarmalına evrildiğini; Captain Fantastic ise alternatif eğitim yöntemleriyle inşa edilen ütopik bir yaşamın hem imkanlarını hem de sınıfsal ayrıcalıklar nedeniyle karşılaştığı sınırları gözler önüne sermektedir. Çalışma, çağdaş sinemada ütopya fikrinin iki karşıt eğilim arasındaki gerilimini incelemektedir: bir yanda yalnızca nostaljik bir arzu nesnesine dönüşen ütopya temsilleri, diğer yanda tarihsel ve toplumsal dönüşümü hedefleyen somut bir praksis olarak ütopya. Bu ikili yapı çerçevesinde, sinemanın söz konusu gerilimi nasıl görünür kıldığını eleştirel bir bakışla ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Somut Ütopya , Ernst Bloch , Sinema , Praksis , Distopya

The Fragile Face of Utopia: A Comparative Analysis of Three Cinematic Narratives from a Blochian Perspective

Öz

This study offers a comparative analysis of the films The Beach (2000), Fight Club (1999), and Captain Fantastic (2016) within the context of Ernst Bloch’s “concrete utopia” theory. Questioning whether cinematic representations of utopia in the late capitalist cultural context possess transformative praxis potential, the study draws on Bloch’s concepts of the ‘not-yet’, the ‘not-yet-conscious’, and ‘praxis’ to examine how utopian imaginaries tend to both shift toward dystopian deviations and come into conflict with class-based and historical boundaries. The Beach demonstrates how the search for individual meaning gradually transforms into an escapist fantasy disconnected from reality; Fight Club reveals how anti-capitalist anger evolves into an authoritarian spiral of violence, and Captain Fantastic highlights both the possibilities and the limitations arising from class privileges of a utopian life constructed through alternative educational methods. This study explores the tension of the utopian idea in contemporary cinema between two opposing tendencies: on the one hand, utopian representations that become merely objects of nostalgic longing, and on the other, utopia as a concrete praxis aimed at historical and social transformation. Within this dual framework, this study offers a critical perspective on how cinema makes this tension visible.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Concrete Utopia , Ernst Bloch , Cinema , Praxis , Dystopia

Kaynakça

• Adam, B. (2024). Tempering the not-yet: Towards a social theory for the Anthropocene. European Journal of Social Theory, 27, 191-208. https://doi.org/10.1177/13684310231221251.
• Anderson, B. (2006). Transcending without transcendence: utopianism and an ethos of hope. Antipode, 38, 691-710. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-8330.2006.00472.X.
• Annesley, J. (2004). Pure shores: Travel, consumption, and Alex Garland’s The Beach. Modern Fiction Studies, 50(3), 551-569. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26286308
• Aronson, R. (1991). [Review of The Principle of Hope, by E. Bloch, N. Plaice, S. Plaice, & P. Knight]. History and Theory, 30(2), 220–232. https://doi.org/10.2307/2505540
• Berlant, L. (2024). Zalim İyimserlik. (M. Ç. Atmaca, Çev.). Minotor.
• Bloch, E. (1995). The Principle of Hope (Vol 1) N. Plaice, S. Knight, & P. Daniel, Trans.). MIT Press.
• Boyle, D. (Yönetmen). (2000). The Beach. [Sinema Filmi]. ABD: Twentieth Century Fox.
• Burgess, O. (2012). Revolutionary Bodies in Chuck Palahniuk’s Fight Club. Utopian Studies, 23(1), 263–280. https://doi.org/10.5325/utopianstudies.23.1.0263
• Campbell, J. (2017). Kahramanın Sonsuz Yolculuğu. (S. Gürses, Çev.). İthaki.
• Claeys, G. (2017). Dystopia: A Natural History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Clark, S. (2001). “Fight Club”: Historicizing the Rhetoric of Masculinity, Violence, and Sentimentality. JAC, 21(2), 411–420. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20866410
• Copson, L., & Boukli, A. (2020). Queer utopias and queer criminology. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 20, 510-522. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895820932210.
• Davidson, J. (2021). A Dash of Pessimism? Ernst Bloch, Radical Disappointment and the Militant Excavation of Hope. Critical Horizons, 22, 420-437. https://doi.org/10.1080/14409917.2021.1957364.
• Dinçsoy, Z. (2025). Ernst Bloch’ta ütopya ve ütopyanın içkin eleştirisi: Felaketler, savaşlar, çoklu krizler çağında distopyalaşan bir ütopya mı? ViraVerita, 21, 41-70.
• Fincher, D. (Yönetmen). (1999). Fight Club. [Sinema Filmi]. ABD: Twentieth Century Fox.
• Foucault, M. (2005). Özne ve İktidar, (I. Ergüden ve O. Akınhay, Çev.). Ayrıntı.
• Friberg, A. (2021). On the need for (con) temporary utopias: Temporal reflections on the climate rhetoric of environmental youth movements. Time & Society, 31, 48-68. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X21998845.
• Fuchs, T. (2022). The not-yet-conscious. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-022-09869-9.
• Ganjavie, A. (2015). On the future of urban design: Fabricating the future through Bloch’s utopians. Planning Theory, 14, 108-90. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473095213513256. Giroux, H. A. (2001). Private Satisfactions and Public Disorders: “Fight Club”, Patriarchy, and the Politics of Masculine Violence. JAC, 21(1), 1–31. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20866386
• Goldman, L. (2024). The miraculous end of political hope. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 27, 974-990. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2024.2344385.
• Grønstad, A. (2003). One-Dimensional Men: “Fight Club” and the Poetics of the Body. Film Criticism, 28(1), 1–23. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44019197
• Jameson, F. (2005). Archaeologies of the Future: The Desire Called Utopia and Other Science Fictions. Verso.
• Jaster, D. (2021). Pragmatic Utopianism: from Place to Process. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 35, 545-565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-021-09409-4.
• Kashima, Y., & Fernando, J. (2020). Utopia and ideology in cultural dynamics. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 34, 102-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.01.002.
• Levitas, R. (1991). Educated Hope: Ernst Bloch on Abstract and Concrete Utopia. Utopian Studies, 1(2), 13–26. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20718998
• Levitas, R. (2013). Utopia as Method: The Imaginary Reconstitution of Society. Palgrave Macmillan.
• Moylan, T. (2000). Scraps of the Untainted Sky: Science Fiction, Utopia, Dystopia. Westview Press.
• Murtola, A. (2010). Commodification of utopia: The lotus eaters revisited. Culture and Organization, 16(1), 37–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/14759550903558078
• Roberts, R. (1987). Review Article An Introductory Reading Of Ernst Bloch’s The Principle Of Hope. Literature and Theology, 1, 89-112. https://doi.org/10.1093/LITTHE/1.1.89.
• Ross, M. (Yönetmen). (2016). Kaptan Fantastik [Sinema Filmi]. ABD: Electric City Entertainment ShivHans Pictures.
• Sculos, Bryant W. (2016) Parenting for Progress: Reflections on Matt Ross’s Captain Fantastic, Class, Race and Corporate Power: Vol. 4: Iss. 2, Article 6. https://doi.org/10.25148/CRCP.4.2.001665
• Shahar, K. (2024). The No-Where and The Now-Here: Ernst Bloch’s Concrete Utopia. Critical Horizons, 25, 315-328. https://doi.org/10.1080/14409917.2024.2431789.
• Thaler, M. (2023). Utopia, Breakdown, Repair: Failure and Success in Social Dreaming. New Political Science, 45(3), 431–447. https://doi.org/10.1080/07393148.2023.2235211
• Thompson, P. (2011). Ernst Bloch and Western Marxism: Hope and Utopia in the Dialectic. Pelgrave Macmillan.
• Thompson, P. (2016). Ernst Bloch and the Spirituality of Utopia. Rethinking Marxism, 28, 438-452. https://doi.org/10.1080/08935696.2016.1243417.
• Trombeta, G., & Cox, S. (2022). The Textual-Visual Thematic Analysis: A Framework to Analyze the Conjunction and Interaction of Visual and Textual Data. The Qualitative Report. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2022.5456.
• Tseng, C., Laubrock, J., & Bateman, J. (2021). The impact of multimodal cohesion on attention and interpretation in film. Discourse, Context & Media. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2021.100544.
• Vuolajärvi, N. (2023). The discipline of hope: abolishing the prison of immobility in post-Deportation narratives. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 49, 4907-4927. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2222916.
• Wilson, J. (2023). Apocalypse and utopia in the salvagepunk metropolis. City, 27(1–2), 39–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2023.2169558
• Yüceer Berker, D., & Yıldırım, C. (2023). Kaptan Fantastik (2016): Kapitalizm kıskacında başka bir hayat mümkün mü? SineFilozofi, 8(14), 31-51. https://doi.org/10.31122/sinefilozofi.1159345