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İlksellik ve Durumsalcılık Bağlamında Milliyetçiliğin Felsefi Temelleri: Mirka ve Amerikan Rhapsody Filmlerinin Karşılaştırmalı Analizi

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 2025 10. Yıl Özel Sayısı, 92 - 107, 30.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.31122/sinefilozofi.1751964

Öz

Bu çalışma Mirka ve Amerikan Rhapsody filmlerini ilksellik (primordialism) ve durumsalcılık (circumstantialism) kuramları çerçevesinde karşılaştırarak etnik ve ulusal kimlik kavrayışlarını analiz etmektedir. İlksellik yaklaşımı, kimliği tarihsel ve kültürel kökenlere dayalı, doğuştan gelen ve değişmez bir yapı olarak değerlendirirken; durumsalcı yaklaşım, kimliği sosyal ve siyasal bağlamlara göre şekillenen, değişken ve inşa edilen bir olgu olarak görür. Mirka, kimliği kalıtsal ve sabit olarak sunarak ilksellik yaklaşımı yansıtır. Filmde ana karakterin Macar kimliği, göç sürecinde karşılaştığı zorluklara rağmen değişmeden kalır; bu durum, aidiyetin tarihsel olarak sabit ve dirençli bir biçimde korunduğunu gösterir. Buna karşılık, Amerikan Rhapsody, kimliğin bağlamsal olarak yeniden üretilebildiğini ortaya koyar. Karakterlerin hem Macar hem Amerikan kültürleri içinde büyümesi, kimliğin bireysel deneyim ve sosyal ilişkiler doğrultusunda şekillenebileceğini gösterir. Her iki film, kimliğin esnekliği, stratejik kullanımı ve göçle ilişkisi bakımından farklı perspektifler sunar. Mirka, kimliği değişmeyen, stratejik olarak yönlendirilemeyen bir yapı olarak sunarken; Amerikan Rhapsody, kimliğin farklı sosyal koşullarda müzakere edilebileceğini ve yeniden tanımlanabileceğini vurgular. Göç, ilksellik çerçevede kimliği sınayan ancak değiştirmeyen bir unsur iken; durumsalcı bakış açısında kimliğin dönüşümüne imkân tanıyan bir süreçtir. Sonuç olarak, bu iki film, kimliğe ilişkin iki farklı ama birbirini tamamlayıcı yaklaşımı temsil eder: biri tarihsel ve sabit, diğeri toplumsal olarak inşa edilen ve dönüşen bir yapı. Bu karşılaştırma, etnik kimliğin hem durağan hem de değişken yönlerini, tarihsel ve toplumsal bağlamlarda daha kapsamlı biçimde değerlendirmemize olanak tanır.

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, B. (2006). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism.
  • Barth, F. (1969). Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference. Bergen: Universitetsforlageti.
  • Barthes, R. (1977). Image-Music-Text. London: Fontana Press.
  • Bordwell, D., Smith, J., & Thompson, K. (2017). Film Art: An Introduction (11th ed). New York: McGraw Hill Higher Education.
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 77-101.
  • Brubaker, R. (2004). Ethnicity without Groups. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Burgoyne, R. S., & Flitterman-Lewis, S. (1992). New Vocabularies in Film Semiotics: Structurakism, Post-Structuralism and Beyond. London: Routledge .
  • Butler, J. (1999). Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity . New York: Routledge.
  • Chatman, S. B. (2009). Öykü ve Söylem: Filmde ve Kurmacada Anlatı Yapısı. Ankara: De Ki Basım Yayım.
  • Connor, W. (1994). Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Cornell, S. E., & Hartmann, D. (2006). Ethnicity and Race: Making Identities in a Changing World. Minneapolis : Sage Publications.
  • Culter, J. D. (2001). The Pursuit of Signs: Semiotics, Literature, Deconstruction. London: Routledge.
  • Ebert, R. (2001, 08). Reviews An American Rhapsody. RogerEbert.com: https://www.rogerebert. com/reviews/an-american-rhapsody-2001?utm adresinden alındı
  • Eller, J. D., & Coughlan, R. M. (1993). The Poverty of Primordialism: The Demystification of Ethnic Attachments. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 16(2), 183-202.
  • Filmitalia. (2000, 03 09). MIRKA Promoting Italian Contemporary Cinema Filmitalia. Promoting Italian Contemporary Cinema Filmitalia: https://filmitalia.org/en/film/27285/?utm adresinden alındı
  • Geertz, C. (2000). The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Books.
  • Guibernau, M., & Rex, J. (2010). The Ethnicity Reader: Nationalism, Multiculturalism and Migration. Cambridge.
  • Hobsbawm, E., & Range, T. (1990). The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
  • Hutchinson, J., & Smith, A. D. (1996). Ethnicity. Oxford New York : Oxford University Press.
  • Jenkins, R. (2008). Rethinking Ethnicity. Sage Publications.
  • Kuhn, A., & Westwell, G. (2012). A Dictionary of Film Studies . IRL Press at Oxford University Press.
  • McKay, J. (2010). An Exploratory Synthesis of Primordial and Mobilizationist Approaches to Ethnic Phenomena. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 395-420.
  • Nagel, J. (1994). Constructing Ethnicity: Creating and Recreating Ethnic Identity and Culture. Social Problems 41/1, 152-176.
  • Ricoeur, P. (1992). Oneself as Another. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Shils, E. (1957). Primordial, Personal, Sacred and Civil Ties: Some Particular Observations on the Relationships of Sogiological Research and Theory . The British Journal of Sociology, 130-145.
  • Smith, A. D. (1993). National Identity. London: Penguin Books.
  • Sollors, W. (1989). The Invention of Ethnicity. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Stam, R. (2017). Film Theory: An Introduction. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Taylor, C., Gutman, A., Kwame Anthony Appiah, J. H., Rockefeller, S., & Michael Walzer, S. W. (1994). Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Waters, M. C. (1990). Ethnic Options Choosing Identities in America. Berkeley : University of California Press.
  • Weber, M. (1996). The Origins of Ethnic Groups. J. Hutchinson, & A. D. Smith içinde, Ethnicity (s. 35-40). Oxford · New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Yinger, J. M. (1994). Ethnicity: Source of Strength? Source of Conflict? Albany NY: State University of New York Press.

The Philosophical Foundations of Nationalism in the Context of Primordialism and Circumstantialism: A Comparative Analysis of Mirka and An American Rhapsody

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 2025 10. Yıl Özel Sayısı, 92 - 107, 30.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.31122/sinefilozofi.1751964

Öz

This study compares the films Mirka and An American Rhapsody through the theories of primordialism and circumstantialism to explore ethnic and national identity. Primordialism views identity as fixed, innate, and rooted in history and culture, while circumstantialism sees identity as flexible, shaped by social and political contexts. Mirka exemplifies the primordialist view, showing identity as deeply connected to heritage and resistant to change despite migration challenges. The protagonist’s Hungarian identity remains stable, reflecting an inherited and unchanging sense of belonging. In contrast, An American Rhapsody illustrates the circumstantialist perspective, portraying identity as fluid and adaptable. Suzy’s experience growing up between Hungarian and American cultures demonstrates how identity can be reconstructed through social interactions and personal choice. The films differ in how they present identity’s flexibility, strategic use, and relationship to migration. While Mirka emphasizes the stability of identity and rejects strategic manipulation of ethnic belonging, An American Rhapsody highlights identity’s adaptability and its negotiation in new social environments. Migration, from a primordialist view, tests the strength of identity but does not change it; from a circumstantialist angle, it offers opportunities for identity’s redefinition. Overall, Mirka and An American Rhapsody represent two contrasting but complementary views on identity: one fixed and rooted, the other dynamic and constructed. Together, they deepen our understanding of ethnic identity as both stable and evolving within historical and social frameworks.

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, B. (2006). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism.
  • Barth, F. (1969). Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference. Bergen: Universitetsforlageti.
  • Barthes, R. (1977). Image-Music-Text. London: Fontana Press.
  • Bordwell, D., Smith, J., & Thompson, K. (2017). Film Art: An Introduction (11th ed). New York: McGraw Hill Higher Education.
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 77-101.
  • Brubaker, R. (2004). Ethnicity without Groups. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Burgoyne, R. S., & Flitterman-Lewis, S. (1992). New Vocabularies in Film Semiotics: Structurakism, Post-Structuralism and Beyond. London: Routledge .
  • Butler, J. (1999). Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity . New York: Routledge.
  • Chatman, S. B. (2009). Öykü ve Söylem: Filmde ve Kurmacada Anlatı Yapısı. Ankara: De Ki Basım Yayım.
  • Connor, W. (1994). Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Cornell, S. E., & Hartmann, D. (2006). Ethnicity and Race: Making Identities in a Changing World. Minneapolis : Sage Publications.
  • Culter, J. D. (2001). The Pursuit of Signs: Semiotics, Literature, Deconstruction. London: Routledge.
  • Ebert, R. (2001, 08). Reviews An American Rhapsody. RogerEbert.com: https://www.rogerebert. com/reviews/an-american-rhapsody-2001?utm adresinden alındı
  • Eller, J. D., & Coughlan, R. M. (1993). The Poverty of Primordialism: The Demystification of Ethnic Attachments. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 16(2), 183-202.
  • Filmitalia. (2000, 03 09). MIRKA Promoting Italian Contemporary Cinema Filmitalia. Promoting Italian Contemporary Cinema Filmitalia: https://filmitalia.org/en/film/27285/?utm adresinden alındı
  • Geertz, C. (2000). The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Books.
  • Guibernau, M., & Rex, J. (2010). The Ethnicity Reader: Nationalism, Multiculturalism and Migration. Cambridge.
  • Hobsbawm, E., & Range, T. (1990). The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
  • Hutchinson, J., & Smith, A. D. (1996). Ethnicity. Oxford New York : Oxford University Press.
  • Jenkins, R. (2008). Rethinking Ethnicity. Sage Publications.
  • Kuhn, A., & Westwell, G. (2012). A Dictionary of Film Studies . IRL Press at Oxford University Press.
  • McKay, J. (2010). An Exploratory Synthesis of Primordial and Mobilizationist Approaches to Ethnic Phenomena. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 395-420.
  • Nagel, J. (1994). Constructing Ethnicity: Creating and Recreating Ethnic Identity and Culture. Social Problems 41/1, 152-176.
  • Ricoeur, P. (1992). Oneself as Another. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Shils, E. (1957). Primordial, Personal, Sacred and Civil Ties: Some Particular Observations on the Relationships of Sogiological Research and Theory . The British Journal of Sociology, 130-145.
  • Smith, A. D. (1993). National Identity. London: Penguin Books.
  • Sollors, W. (1989). The Invention of Ethnicity. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Stam, R. (2017). Film Theory: An Introduction. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Taylor, C., Gutman, A., Kwame Anthony Appiah, J. H., Rockefeller, S., & Michael Walzer, S. W. (1994). Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Waters, M. C. (1990). Ethnic Options Choosing Identities in America. Berkeley : University of California Press.
  • Weber, M. (1996). The Origins of Ethnic Groups. J. Hutchinson, & A. D. Smith içinde, Ethnicity (s. 35-40). Oxford · New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Yinger, J. M. (1994). Ethnicity: Source of Strength? Source of Conflict? Albany NY: State University of New York Press.
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Film Eleştirisi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Şenay Eray Sarıtaş 0000-0002-9973-8974

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ekim 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Temmuz 2025
Kabul Tarihi 20 Ekim 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 2025 10. Yıl Özel Sayısı

Kaynak Göster

APA Eray Sarıtaş, Ş. (2025). The Philosophical Foundations of Nationalism in the Context of Primordialism and Circumstantialism: A Comparative Analysis of Mirka and An American Rhapsody. SineFilozofi(2025 10. Yıl Özel Sayısı), 92-107. https://doi.org/10.31122/sinefilozofi.1751964