E-Ticaretin Kentsel Alana Etkisi: Fenomenolojik Bir Analiz ve Ankara Üzerine Tartışmalar

Öz

Literatürde e-ticaretin lojistik, depolama ve mobilite gibi doğrudan mekânsal etkilerinin yanı sıra kent ekonomisi ve atık üretimi gibi dolaylı mekânsal etkileri de vurgulanmaktadır. Buna rağmen, kent planlama süreçleri e-ticareti ve ilgili faaliyetleri büyük ölçüde göz ardı etmektedir. Bu açığı kapatmak için bu çalışmada e-ticaretin mekânsal etkilerinin fenomenolojik bir analizi yapılmakta ve Ankara bağlamında kent planlarının e-ticarete uyumlanması için öneriler sunmaktadır. E-ticaret faaliyetlerinden etkilenen veya bu faaliyetleri etkileyen bireylerin deneyim ve içgörülerini planlama stratejilerine entegre etmeyi amaçlayan analiz, dokuz paydaşla yapılan görüşmelere dayanmaktadır. Birincil odak noktası e-ticaretin kentsel alanlardaki etkisi olmakla birlikte, Ankara ile ilgili görüşler de alınmıştır. Sonuçlar, e-ticaretin mekânsal doğasını doğrulamaktadır ve paydaşlar tarafından paylaşılan sorun alanlarının mevcut literatürle örtüştüğünü göstermektedir. Katılımcılar, coğrafi boyutları olan e-ticaret olgusunun kent planlamaya entegre edilmesi gerektiğini vurgulamışlardır. Ankara bağlamında, e-ticaretin kent planlamaya etkili bir şekilde entegre edilmesi için çevresel etkilerinin azaltılması ve sürdürülebilir ekonomik kalkınmaya öncelik verilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu yaklaşım, kentsel lojistiğin verimliliğini artıracak ve farklı bölgelerde e-ticaretin sunduğu avantajlara eşit erişimi teşvik edecektir. Bu sorunları gidererek Ankara, teknolojik ilerlemeyi sürdürülebilir kentsel büyümeyle uyumlu hale getirmeyi hedefleyen diğer şehirler için bir model oluşturabilir. Sonuç olarak, arazi kullanımı, ulaşım, altyapı ve çevresel sürdürülebilirlik gibi temel kent planlama unsurlarının e-ticaret faaliyetleriyle bütünleştirilmesi önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• elektronik ticaret
• kent planlama
• fenomenolojik analiz

Teşekkür

Bu makale, Prof. Dr. Çiğdem VAROL'un danışmanlığında Gizem HAYRULLAHOĞLU tarafından hazırlanan doktora tezinden derlenmiştir. Yazarlar, görüşlerini cömertçe paylaşan dokuz paydaşa teşekkürlerini sunarlar.

The Impact of E-Commerce on Urban Area: A Phenomenological Analysis and Discussions on Ankara

Öz

The literature highlights both the direct spatial impacts of e-commerce—such as logistics, warehousing, and mobility—and the indirect spatial impacts, including urban economy and waste generation. Despite this, urban planning processes largely overlook e-commerce and related activities. To address this gap, this study conducts a phenomenological analysis of the spatial implications of e-commerce and offers recommendations for adapting urban planning practices in the context of Ankara. The analysis is based on interviews with nine stakeholders, aiming to capture the experiences of individuals affected by or affecting e-commerce activities and to integrate their insights into planning strategies. While the primary focus is on the impact of e-commerce in urban areas, remarks were also obtained regarding Ankara. The results confirm the spatial aspect of e-commerce and demonstrate that stakeholders’ concerns align closely with the current literature. Participants emphasized that the geographical dimensions of e-commerce necessitate integrating the phenomenon into urban planning. In the context of Ankara, effectively integrating e-commerce into urban planning requires prioritizing sustainable economic development while mitigating environmental impacts. This approach will enhance the efficiency of urban logistics and promote equitable access to e-commerce benefits across different regions. By addressing these concerns, Ankara can serve as a model for other cities aiming to harmonize technological advancement with sustainable urban growth. Consequently, it is recommended that key urban planning elements—such as land use, transportation, infrastructure, and environmental sustainability—be integrated with e-commerce activities.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• electronic commerce
• urban planning
• phenomenological analysis

Teşekkür

This paper is derived from the dissertation prepared by Gizem HAYRULLAHOĞLU under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Çiğdem VAROL. The authors express their gratitude to the nine stakeholders who generously provided their insights.

Kaynakça

1. Aditantri, R., Mahliza, F., & Wibisono, A. D. (2021). Urban planning and e-commerce: Understanding the impact during pandemic covid-19 in Jakarta. International Journal of Business, Economics, and Social Development, 2(3), 135-142. https://doi.org/10.46336/ijbesd.v2i3.160
2. AliResearch. (2021, February 08). China Taobao Village Research Report 2020. http://www.aliresearch.com/en/Reports/Reportsdetails?articleCode=167153834769125376
3. Allen, J., Piecyk, M., Piotrowska, M., McLeod, F., Cherrett, T., Ghali, K., ..., & Austwick, M. (2018). Understanding the impact of e-commerce on last-mile light goods vehicle activity in urban areas: The case of London. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 61, 325-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.07.020
4. Anderson, W. P., Chatterjee, L., & Lakshmanan, T. R. (2003). E‐commerce, transportation, and economic geography. Growth and change, 34(4), 415-432. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0017-4815.2003.00228.x
5. Ankara Chamber of Commerce. (2023). Ankara Ticaret Odası Kayıtlı Üyeler. Retrieved May 23, 2023. https://www.atonet.org.tr/IcerikDetay/41_ucretsiz-e-belge-hizmeti/ft
6. Ankara Development Agency. (2011). Ankara Uluslararası Lojistik Sektörünün Yapısal Analizi, Potansiyelinin Ortaya Konulması. Report No: TR51-10-DFD-0133. https://www.kalkinmakutuphanesi.gov.tr/dokuman/ankara-uluslararasi-lojistik-sektorunun-yapisal-analizi-potansiyelinin-ortaya-konulmasi/39,
7. Attar, R. W., Almusharraf, A., Alfawaz, A., & Hajli, N. (2022). New trends in e-commerce research: Linking social commerce and sharing commerce: A systematic literature review. Sustainability, 14(23), 16024. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142316024
8. Bekar, S., & Sağlam, M. (2022). Z Kuşağının E-Ticaret Algısı Üzerine Bir Derleme. International Social Mentality and Researcher Thinkers Journal, 8(55), 183-192. http://dx.doi.org/10.31576/smryj.1297

9. Cardenas, I., Borbon-Galvez, Y., Verlinden, T., Van de Voorde, E., Vanelslander, T., & Dewulf, W. (2017). City logistics, urban goods distribution and last mile delivery and collection. Competition and Regulation in Network Industries, 18(1-2), 22-43. https://doi.org/10.1177/1783591717736505
10. Cheba, K., Kiba-Janiak, M., Baraniecka, A., & Kołakowski, T. (2021). Impact of external factors on e-commerce market in cities and its implications on environment. Sustainable Cities and Society, 72, 103032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103032
11. Delventhal, M. J., Kwon, E., & Parkhomenko, A. (2022). JUE Insight: How do cities change when we work from home?. Journal of Urban Economics, 127, 103331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2021.103331
12. Dost, F., & Maier, E. (2018). E‐Commerce effects on energy consumption: A multi‐year ecosystem‐level assessment. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 22(4), 799-812. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12639
13. Dowlatshahi, S. (2000). Developing a theory of reverse logistics. Interfaces, 30(3), 143-155. https://doi.org/10.1287/inte.30.3.143.11670
14. E-Ticaret Bilgi Platformu. (2024). Türkiye’de E-Ticaretin Görünümü. T.C. Ticaret Bakanlığı. Retrieved January 03, 2025. https://etbis.ticaret.gov.tr/tr/Post/postturkiyede-e-ticaretin-gorunumu-raporu-yayinlanmistir
15. Escudero-Santana, A., Muñuzuri, J., Lorenzo-Espejo, A., & Muñoz-Díaz, M. L. (2022). Improving e-commerce distribution through last-mile logistics with multiple possibilities of deliveries based on time and location. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 17(2), 507-521. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer17020027
16. Graham, S., & Marvin, S. (2002). Splintering urbanism: networked infrastructures, technological mobilities and the urban condition. Routledge.
17. Guo, A., Wu, G., Miao, Z., & Chen, X. (2024). E-commerce and air pollution: Evidence from China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 480, 144030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.144030
18. Iyzico. (2022). Türkiye e-ticaret ekosistemi. Retrieved September 07, 2023.https://media.iyzico.com/b/2023/07/2022-e-ticaret-ekosistemi-raporu.pdf
19. Jaller, M., Qian, X., & Zhang, X. (2020). E-commerce, warehousing and distribution facilities in California: A dynamic landscape and the impacts on disadvantaged communities. ITS Reports (No: UC-ITS-2018-47). University of California Institute of Transportation Studies. https://doi.org/10.7922/G2FJ2F2W
20. Jennex, M. E., Amoroso, D., & Adelakun, O. (2004). E-commerce infrastructure success factors for small companies in developing economies. Electronic Commerce Research, 4(3), 263-286. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:ELEC.0000027983.36409.d4
21. Kim, S., & Park, H. (2013). Effects of various characteristics of social commerce (s-commerce) on consumers’ trust and trust performance. International journal of information management, 33(2), 318-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2012.11.006
22. Mangiaracina, R., Marchet, G., Perotti, S., & Tumino, A. (2015). A review of the environmental implications of B2C e-commerce: a logistics perspective. International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management, 45(6), 565-591. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-06-2014-0133
23. Nahiduzzaman, K. M., Aldosary, A. S., & Mohammed, I. (2019). Framework analysis of E-commerce induced shift in the spatial structure of a city. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 145(3), 04019006. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000512
24. Nanda, A., Xu, Y., & Zhang, F. (2021). How would the COVID-19 pandemic reshape retail real estate and high streets through acceleration of E-commerce and digitalization?. Journal of Urban Management, 10(2), 110-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jum.2021.04.001
25. OECD. (2023). ICT Access and Usage by Businesses. Retrieved September 23, 2023. https://stats.oecd.org/
26. Pettersson, F., Winslott Hiselius, L., & Koglin, T. (2018). E-commerce and urban planning–comparing knowledge claims in research and planning practice. Urban, Planning and Transport Research, 6(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650020.2018.1428114
27. Pokharel, S., & Mutha, A. (2009). Perspectives in reverse logistics: a review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 53(4), 175-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2008.11.006
28. Pålsson, H., Pettersson, F., & Hiselius, L. W. (2017). Energy consumption in e-commerce versus conventional trade channels-Insights into packaging, the last mile, unsold products and product returns. Journal of cleaner production, 164, 765-778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.242
29. Rahmanifar, G., Mohammadi, M., Golabian, M., Sherafat, A., Hajiaghaei-Keshteli, M., Fusco, G., & Colombaroni, C. (2024). Integrated location and routing for cold chain logistics networks with heterogeneous customer demand. Journal of Industrial Information Integration, 38, 100573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jii.2024.100573
30. Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Commerce. (2023). İstatistikler. Retrieved May 26, 2023. https://www.eticaret.gov.tr/istatistikler
31. Siegfried, P., Michel, A., Tänzler, J., & Zhang, J. J. (2021). Analyzing Sustainability Issues in Urban Logistics in the Context of Growth of E-Commerce (No. 111396). University Library of Munich. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/111396/
32. Şimşek, A. (Ed.). (2012). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri. Anadolu Üniversitesi Açık Öğretim Fakültesi Yayını. https://canvas.anadolu.edu.tr/courses/105015/files/4449608, 19th October 2024.
33. Tang, W., & Zhu, J. (2020). Informality and rural industry: Rethinking the impacts of E-Commerce on rural development in China. Journal of Rural Studies, 75, 20-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.02.010
34. Tao, T., & Qian, S. (2024). Do Smart Loading Zones help reduce traffic congestion? A causal analysis in Pittsburgh. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 192, 103796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2024.103796
35. Van Wee, B., Geurs, K., & Chorus, C. (2013). Information, communication, travel behavior and accessibility. Journal of Transport and Land Use, 6(3), 1-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.v6i3.282
36. Weltevreden, J. W., & Rotem-Mindali, O. (2009). Mobility effects of B2C and C2C e-commerce in the Netherlands: a quantitative assessment. Journal of Transport Geography, 17(2), 83-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2008.11.005
37. Wong, P. K. (2003). Global and national factors affecting e-commerce diffusion in Singapore. The Information Society, 19(1), 19-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240309471
38. Yertüm, U., & Balcı, B. (2023). Motor-kurye çalışanlarının çalışma koşullarına yönelik bir araştırma: İstanbul örneği. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 18(2), 328-350. https://doi.org/10.17550/akademikincelemeler.1307683
39. Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (9th Edition). Ankara: Seçkin Yayınevi, 66-68.
40. Zhang, D., Zhu, P., & Ye, Y. (2016). The effects of E-commerce on the demand for commercial real estate. Cities, 51, 106-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2015.11.012
41. Zhang, X. (2019). Investigation of e‐commerce in China in a geographical perspective. Growth and Change, 50(3), 1062-1084. https://doi.org/10.1111/grow.12307
42. Zumstein, D., Oswald, C., & Brauer, C. (2021). Online Retailer Survey 2021: Empirical findings on the e-commerce boom in Switzerland and Austria. ZHAW School of Management and Law. https://doi.org/10.21256/zhaw-2414
43. Zukin, S. (2009). Naked city: The death and life of authentic urban places. Oxford University Press.