Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

An Enquiry on the Masculinity of Beşiktaş Çarşı as a Supporter Group

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 46, 70 - 85, 30.06.2020

Öz

In Turkey, football has been associated with a variety of fields. Football is an inseparable part of everyday life for a lot of men in Turkey. Football in Turkey is mainly formed with a supporter identity turning around “The Big Three” (Beşiktaş, Fenerbahçe, and Galatasaray ). The role of football in the construction and reproduction of hegemonic masculinity is also extremely important. The Çarşı group, founded and managed by the fans of the Beşiktaş team, was examined for the research. In the research, firstly, the relationship between sports and hegemonic masculinity was examined. Then, it was analyze the topic of the study with regards to the studies carried out both in the world and in Turkey on sports, football, partiality, and hegemonic masculinity. In this study, although Çarşı football group is more a dissident group of supporters, this study claims that masculinity in Turkey is reproduced by fans social media activities.

Kaynakça

  • Akbaş, E. (2012). Türkiye'de sosyal medyada futbol taraftarlarının erkeklik söylemleri. [PhD Thesis] İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Akca, E. B. & Ergül, S. (2014). Televizyon dizilerinde erkeklik temsili: kuzey güney dizisinde hegemonik erkeklik ve farklı erkekliklerin mücadelesi. Global Media Journal: TR Edition, 4(8), 13-39.
  • Arslan, C., Bingölbalı, A. & Ramazanoğlu, F. (1997). Futbol seyircisini fanatik olmaya yönelten motivasyonel ve psikolojik etkenler. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Futbol Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 6, 3-10.
  • Bale, J. (2000). The changing face of football: stadiums and communities. Soccer & Society, 1(1), 91-101.
  • Bora, T. (2007). Erkeklik ve futbol: beşlik yeme kaygısı. Kaos GL, 32, 16-17.
  • Bora, T. (2013). Futbolda erkeklik, militarizm, milliyetçilik. Masculinity, Militarism, and Nationalism in Football”). In Erkek millet asker millet (Manly Nation, Military Nation), edited by Nurseli Yeşim Sünbüloğlu, 487-512.
  • Bozok, M. (2011). Soru ve cevaplarla erkeklikler. İstanbul: Altan Basım.
  • Caudwell, J. (2011). ‘Does your boyfriend know you’re here?’ The spatiality of homophobia in men’s football culture in the UK. Leisure Studies, 30(2), 123–138.
  • Çepe, K. (1992). Futbol müsabakalarında seyircilerin saldırganlıkları ve şiddet sebepleri üzerine bazı araştırmalar [Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Gazi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Anabilim Dalı, Ankara.
  • Chandler, T. J. L. & Nauright, J. (Eds.). (1999). Making the rugby world: Race, gender, commerce (No. 10). Taylor & Francis.
  • Connell R. W. (1995). Masculinities, UK: Polity Press.
  • Connell, R. W. (1990). Iron man. In M. A. Messner & D. F. Sabo (Eds.), Sport, men and the gender order: Critical feminist perspectives, 83-95. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Connell, R. W. (2013). Gender and power: Society, the person and sexual politics. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Connell, R. W. & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. Gender & society, 19(6), 829-859.
  • Crawford, G. (2003). The career of the sport supporter: The case of the Manchester Storm. Sociology, 37(2), 219-237.
  • Crawford, G. (2004). Consuming sport: Fans, sport and culture. London: Routledge.
  • Dunning, E. (1999). Sport matters: Sociological studies of sport, violence and civilization. London, UK: Roudedge.
  • Erhart, I. (2013). Ladies of Besiktas: A dismantling of male hegemony at Inönü Stadium. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 48(1), 83-98.
  • Garland, J. & Rowe, M. (2001). Racism and anti-racism in football. Springer.
  • Giulianotti, R. (1995). Participant observation and research into football hooliganism: Reflections on the problems of entrée and everyday risks. Sociology of Sport Journal, 12(1), 1–20.
  • Giulianotti, R. (1999). Built by the two Varelas: The rise and fall of football culture and national identity in Uruguay. Culture, Sport Society, 2(3), 134-154.
  • Göllü, E. (2012). Impact of the financial performances of incorporations of football clubs in the domestic league on their sportive performances: A study covering four major football clubs in Turkey. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, 3(1), 20-29.
  • Kian, E. M., Clavio, G., Vincent, J. & Shaw, S. D. (2011). Homophobic and sexist yet uncontested: Examining football fan postings on internet message boards. Journal of Homosexuality, 58(5), 680-699.
  • King, A. (1997). The lads: Masculinity and the new consumption of football. Sociology, 31(2), 329-346.
  • McManus, J. (2013). Been there, done that, bought the t-shirt: Beşiktaş fans and the commodification of football in Turkey. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 45(1), 3-24.
  • Mewett, P. & Toffoletti, K. (2008). Rogue men and predatory women: Female fans' perceptions of Australian footballers' sexual conduct. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 43(2), 165-180.
  • Miller, T. (1990). Sport, media, and masculinity in Rowe, D. ve Lawrance, G. (Eds.), Sport and leisure: Trends in Australian popular culture, 74-95. Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich: Sydney, Australia.
  • Nash, R. (2000). Contestation in modern English professional football: The independent supporters association movement. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 35(4), 465-486.
  • Nuhrat, Y. (2017). Fair to swear? Gendered formulations of fairness in football in Turkey. Journal of Middle East Women's Studies, 13(1), 25-46.
  • Oktan, A. (2008). Türk sinemasında hegemonik erkeklikten erkeklik krizine: Yazı-tura ve erkeklik bunalımının sınırları. Selçuk İletişim, 5(2), 152-166.
  • Orta, L. (2014). Women and football in Turkey. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 4(7), 85-93.
  • Özbay, C. & Baliç, İ. (2004). Erkekliğin ev halleri! Toplum ve Bilim, 101, 89‐103.
  • Plummer, D. (1999). One of the Boys: Masculinity, Homophobia and Modern Manhood. New York: Harrington Park Press.
  • Richard, G. (1999). Football. Sociology of the global game. Polity, Cambridge.
  • Rowe, D. (1997). Big defence: Sport and hegemonic masculinity. Gender, Sport and Leisure: Continuities and Challenge, Aachen: Meyer & Meyer.
  • Rowe, D. & Kültürler, P. (1996). Rock ve sporda haz politikaları. Çev: Mehmet Küçük. İstambul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Sancar, S. (2011). Erkeklik: İmkansız iktidar: Ailede, piyasada ve sokakta erkekler. İstanbul: Metis.
  • Sen, H. (2013). Futbolun değişen yapısı üzerine sosyolojik bir analiz. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(1), 88-106.
  • Talimciler, A. (2008). Futbol değil iş: endüstriyel futbol. İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi, 26, 89-114.
  • Theberge N. (1993). The construction of gender in sport: Women, coaching, and the naturalization of difference. Social Problems, 40(3), 301-313.
  • Yarar, B. (2005). Hegemonic struggle, the state and popular culture: The case of football in Turkey. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 8(2), 197-216.
  • Yüksel, H., Doğan, B., Moralı, S. & Acar, M. F. (1998). Futbolda şiddetin toplum bilimsel boyutları. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Futbol Bilim ve Teknolojisi Dergisi, 5(1), 22-26.

An Enquiry on the Masculinity of Beşiktaş Çarşı as a Supporter Group

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 46, 70 - 85, 30.06.2020

Öz

In Turkey, football has been associated with a variety of fields. Football is an inseparable part of everyday life for a lot of men in Turkey. Football in Turkey is mainly formed with a supporter identity turning around “The Big Three” (Beşiktaş, Fenerbahçe, and Galatasaray ). The role of football in the construction and reproduction of hegemonic masculinity is also extremely important. The Çarşı group, founded and managed by the fans of the Beşiktaş team, was examined for the research. In the research, firstly, the relationship between sports and hegemonic masculinity was examined. Then, it was analyze the topic of the study with regards to the studies carried out both in the world and in Turkey on sports, football, partiality, and hegemonic masculinity. In this study, although Çarşı football group is more a dissident group of supporters, this study claims that masculinity in Turkey is reproduced by fans social media activities. 

Kaynakça

  • Akbaş, E. (2012). Türkiye'de sosyal medyada futbol taraftarlarının erkeklik söylemleri. [PhD Thesis] İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Akca, E. B. & Ergül, S. (2014). Televizyon dizilerinde erkeklik temsili: kuzey güney dizisinde hegemonik erkeklik ve farklı erkekliklerin mücadelesi. Global Media Journal: TR Edition, 4(8), 13-39.
  • Arslan, C., Bingölbalı, A. & Ramazanoğlu, F. (1997). Futbol seyircisini fanatik olmaya yönelten motivasyonel ve psikolojik etkenler. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Futbol Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 6, 3-10.
  • Bale, J. (2000). The changing face of football: stadiums and communities. Soccer & Society, 1(1), 91-101.
  • Bora, T. (2007). Erkeklik ve futbol: beşlik yeme kaygısı. Kaos GL, 32, 16-17.
  • Bora, T. (2013). Futbolda erkeklik, militarizm, milliyetçilik. Masculinity, Militarism, and Nationalism in Football”). In Erkek millet asker millet (Manly Nation, Military Nation), edited by Nurseli Yeşim Sünbüloğlu, 487-512.
  • Bozok, M. (2011). Soru ve cevaplarla erkeklikler. İstanbul: Altan Basım.
  • Caudwell, J. (2011). ‘Does your boyfriend know you’re here?’ The spatiality of homophobia in men’s football culture in the UK. Leisure Studies, 30(2), 123–138.
  • Çepe, K. (1992). Futbol müsabakalarında seyircilerin saldırganlıkları ve şiddet sebepleri üzerine bazı araştırmalar [Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Gazi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Anabilim Dalı, Ankara.
  • Chandler, T. J. L. & Nauright, J. (Eds.). (1999). Making the rugby world: Race, gender, commerce (No. 10). Taylor & Francis.
  • Connell R. W. (1995). Masculinities, UK: Polity Press.
  • Connell, R. W. (1990). Iron man. In M. A. Messner & D. F. Sabo (Eds.), Sport, men and the gender order: Critical feminist perspectives, 83-95. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Connell, R. W. (2013). Gender and power: Society, the person and sexual politics. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Connell, R. W. & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. Gender & society, 19(6), 829-859.
  • Crawford, G. (2003). The career of the sport supporter: The case of the Manchester Storm. Sociology, 37(2), 219-237.
  • Crawford, G. (2004). Consuming sport: Fans, sport and culture. London: Routledge.
  • Dunning, E. (1999). Sport matters: Sociological studies of sport, violence and civilization. London, UK: Roudedge.
  • Erhart, I. (2013). Ladies of Besiktas: A dismantling of male hegemony at Inönü Stadium. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 48(1), 83-98.
  • Garland, J. & Rowe, M. (2001). Racism and anti-racism in football. Springer.
  • Giulianotti, R. (1995). Participant observation and research into football hooliganism: Reflections on the problems of entrée and everyday risks. Sociology of Sport Journal, 12(1), 1–20.
  • Giulianotti, R. (1999). Built by the two Varelas: The rise and fall of football culture and national identity in Uruguay. Culture, Sport Society, 2(3), 134-154.
  • Göllü, E. (2012). Impact of the financial performances of incorporations of football clubs in the domestic league on their sportive performances: A study covering four major football clubs in Turkey. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, 3(1), 20-29.
  • Kian, E. M., Clavio, G., Vincent, J. & Shaw, S. D. (2011). Homophobic and sexist yet uncontested: Examining football fan postings on internet message boards. Journal of Homosexuality, 58(5), 680-699.
  • King, A. (1997). The lads: Masculinity and the new consumption of football. Sociology, 31(2), 329-346.
  • McManus, J. (2013). Been there, done that, bought the t-shirt: Beşiktaş fans and the commodification of football in Turkey. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 45(1), 3-24.
  • Mewett, P. & Toffoletti, K. (2008). Rogue men and predatory women: Female fans' perceptions of Australian footballers' sexual conduct. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 43(2), 165-180.
  • Miller, T. (1990). Sport, media, and masculinity in Rowe, D. ve Lawrance, G. (Eds.), Sport and leisure: Trends in Australian popular culture, 74-95. Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich: Sydney, Australia.
  • Nash, R. (2000). Contestation in modern English professional football: The independent supporters association movement. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 35(4), 465-486.
  • Nuhrat, Y. (2017). Fair to swear? Gendered formulations of fairness in football in Turkey. Journal of Middle East Women's Studies, 13(1), 25-46.
  • Oktan, A. (2008). Türk sinemasında hegemonik erkeklikten erkeklik krizine: Yazı-tura ve erkeklik bunalımının sınırları. Selçuk İletişim, 5(2), 152-166.
  • Orta, L. (2014). Women and football in Turkey. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 4(7), 85-93.
  • Özbay, C. & Baliç, İ. (2004). Erkekliğin ev halleri! Toplum ve Bilim, 101, 89‐103.
  • Plummer, D. (1999). One of the Boys: Masculinity, Homophobia and Modern Manhood. New York: Harrington Park Press.
  • Richard, G. (1999). Football. Sociology of the global game. Polity, Cambridge.
  • Rowe, D. (1997). Big defence: Sport and hegemonic masculinity. Gender, Sport and Leisure: Continuities and Challenge, Aachen: Meyer & Meyer.
  • Rowe, D. & Kültürler, P. (1996). Rock ve sporda haz politikaları. Çev: Mehmet Küçük. İstambul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Sancar, S. (2011). Erkeklik: İmkansız iktidar: Ailede, piyasada ve sokakta erkekler. İstanbul: Metis.
  • Sen, H. (2013). Futbolun değişen yapısı üzerine sosyolojik bir analiz. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(1), 88-106.
  • Talimciler, A. (2008). Futbol değil iş: endüstriyel futbol. İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi, 26, 89-114.
  • Theberge N. (1993). The construction of gender in sport: Women, coaching, and the naturalization of difference. Social Problems, 40(3), 301-313.
  • Yarar, B. (2005). Hegemonic struggle, the state and popular culture: The case of football in Turkey. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 8(2), 197-216.
  • Yüksel, H., Doğan, B., Moralı, S. & Acar, M. F. (1998). Futbolda şiddetin toplum bilimsel boyutları. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Futbol Bilim ve Teknolojisi Dergisi, 5(1), 22-26.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Esra Gedik 0000-0003-3192-2107

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Mayıs 2020
Kabul Tarihi 9 Haziran 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 46

Kaynak Göster

APA Gedik, E. (2020). An Enquiry on the Masculinity of Beşiktaş Çarşı as a Supporter Group. Sosyal Ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 21(46), 70-85.
AMA Gedik E. An Enquiry on the Masculinity of Beşiktaş Çarşı as a Supporter Group. SOBBİAD. Haziran 2020;21(46):70-85.
Chicago Gedik, Esra. “An Enquiry on the Masculinity of Beşiktaş Çarşı As a Supporter Group”. Sosyal Ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi 21, sy. 46 (Haziran 2020): 70-85.
EndNote Gedik E (01 Haziran 2020) An Enquiry on the Masculinity of Beşiktaş Çarşı as a Supporter Group. Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi 21 46 70–85.
IEEE E. Gedik, “An Enquiry on the Masculinity of Beşiktaş Çarşı as a Supporter Group”, SOBBİAD, c. 21, sy. 46, ss. 70–85, 2020.
ISNAD Gedik, Esra. “An Enquiry on the Masculinity of Beşiktaş Çarşı As a Supporter Group”. Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi 21/46 (Haziran 2020), 70-85.
JAMA Gedik E. An Enquiry on the Masculinity of Beşiktaş Çarşı as a Supporter Group. SOBBİAD. 2020;21:70–85.
MLA Gedik, Esra. “An Enquiry on the Masculinity of Beşiktaş Çarşı As a Supporter Group”. Sosyal Ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 21, sy. 46, 2020, ss. 70-85.
Vancouver Gedik E. An Enquiry on the Masculinity of Beşiktaş Çarşı as a Supporter Group. SOBBİAD. 2020;21(46):70-85.

Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi (SOBBİAD) Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı CC BY-NC 4.0 ile lisanslanmıştır.