"Yaralı Bir Dünyada" Hayatta Kalmak: David Greig'in Outling Island Oyununda Çevresel Etik

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 441 - 454, 30.08.2022

İsmail Serdar Altaç

https://doi.org/10.29110/soylemdergi.1116681

Öz

Çağdaş İskoç tiyatrosunun önde gelen yazarlarından David Greig, oyunlarında İskoç kimliği, küreselleşme, savaş ve çevre gibi konuları ele alır. Outlying Islands adlı oyunu bu konuları bir araya getirerek insanların doğa ile olan ilişkilerini etik bağlamında sorgular. Oyun, İkinci Dünya Savaş öncesinde askeri amaçlarla bir adada gerçekleştirilmesi planlanan şarbon deneyi üzerinden insan faaliyetlerinin doğa üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerini ortaya koyar. Bu çalışmanın amacı da Outlying Islands oyununda karakterlerin çevresel etik bağlamındaki duruşlarını ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaçla, bu çalışmada Aldo Leopold’ün ‘toprak etiği’ kavramı ve Arne Naess’in Derin Ekoloji düşüncesi kuramsal çerçeve olarak kullanılacaktır. Doğadan bağımsız bir insan tasavvurunu reddetmeleri bakımından bu iki düşünürün görüşleri oyunun yorumlanması için elverişli bir kuramsal bakış açısı sunmaktadır. Bu çerçevede karakterlerin insan olmayan varlıklara yaklaşımında içsel bir değer sistemi benimseyip benimsemedikleri tartışılacak ve bu değer sistemlerinin oluşumunda bilimin ve dinin rolü ortaya koyulacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

David Greig, Outlying Islands, Çevre, Etik, Bilim, Din

Surviving in "A World of Wounds": Environmental Ethics in David Greig's Outlying Islands

Öz

David Greig, one of the pioneering playwrights of the contemporary Scottish theater, deals with such issues as Scottish identity, globalization, war, and the environment in his plays. His play Outlying Islands mobilizes these issues together to question the ethics of the human-nature relationship. It demonstrates humanity’s adverse impact on nature through a military anthrax test to be conducted on an island before the WWII. The aim of this paper is to display the stances of the characters in terms of environmental ethics by using Aldo Leopold’s ‘land ethic’ and Arne Naess’ deep ecological thought as a theoretical framework. Their notions provide a convenient perspective for the exegesis of the play, for they deny the image of humanity as independent of nature. Within this framework, this paper discusses whether the characters adopt an intrinsic value system for the nonhuman beings, and the role of science and religion in the formation of their value systems is demonstrated.

Anahtar Kelimeler

David Greig, Outlying Islands, Environment, Ethics, Science, Religion

Kaynakça

• Callicott, J. Baird (2001). “The Land Ethic”. A Companion to Environmental Philosophy. Ed. Dale Jamieson. Malden: Blackwell. 204- 217.
• Capra, Fritjof (1995). “Deep Ecology: A New Paradigm”. Deep Ecology for the Twenty-First Century Ed. George Sessions. Boston: Shambhala. 19- 25.
• Darwin, Charles (1981). The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
• Fox, Michael Allen (2015). “Reflections on Violence”. The Peace of Nature and the Nature of Peace: Essays on Ecology, Nature, Nonviolence, and Peace. Ed. Adrew Fiala. Leiden: Brill. 31-40.
• Garrard, Greg (2012). Ecocriticism. Oxon: Routledge.
• Gay, William (2015). “Negative Effects of Militarism on the Environment”. The Peace of Nature and the Nature of Peace: Essays on Ecology, Nature, Nonviolence, and Peace. Ed. Adrew Fiala. Leiden: Brill. 51-59.
• Greig, David (2010). Selected Plays 1999- 2009: San Diego, Outlying Islands, Pyrenees, The American Pilot, Being Norwegian, Kyoto, Brewers Fayre. London: Faber and Faber.
• Holdsworth, Nadine (2008). “The Landscape of Contemporary Scottish Drama: Place, Politics and Identity”. A Concise Companion to Contemporary British and Irish Drama. Eds. Nadine Holdsworth and Mary Luckhurst. Malden: Blackwell. 125- 145.
• Leopold, Aldo (1953). Round River: From the Journals of Aldo Leopold. London: Oxford University Press.
• Leopold, Aldo (1968). A Sand County Almanac. New York: Oxford University Press.
• MacIver, R. M. and Charles H. Page (1959). Society: An Introductory Analysis. London: Macmillan.
• Manes, Christopher (1996). “Nature and Silence”. The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology. Ed. Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm. Athens: The University of Georgia Press. 15-29.
• McLaughlin, Andrew (1995). “The Heart of Deep Ecology”. Deep Ecology for the Twenty-First Century. Ed. George Sessions. Boston: Shambhala. 85- 93.
• Moore, Jason (2016). “The Rise of Cheap Nature”. Anthropocene or Capitalocene?: Nature, History and the Crisis of Capitalism. Ed. Jason Moore. Oakland: PM. 78- 115.
• Naess, Arne (1995a). “The Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movements. A Summary”. Deep Ecology for the Twenty-First Century. Ed. George Sessions. Boston: Shambhala. 151- 155.
• Naess, Arne (1995b). “The Deep Ecological Movement: Some Philosophical Aspects”. Deep Ecology for the Twenty-First Century. Ed. George Sessions. Boston: Shambhala. 64- 84.
• Naess, Arne (1995c). “Self-Realization: An Ecological Approach to Being in the World”. Deep Ecology for the Twenty-First Century. Ed. George Sessions. Boston: Shambhala. 225- 239.
• Nardin, Terry (1983). Law, Morality and the Relations of States. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
• Özata, Cüneyt (2020). “Binary Oppositions, Otherness, and Borders in David Greig's Europe”. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cumhuriyet Armağan Sayısı, pp. 237-247. DOI: 10.18026/cbayarsos.669875.
• Özdağ, Ufuk (2005). Amerikan Doğa Yazınında Leopold’cu Düşünce. Ankara: Ürün Yayınları.
• Rodríguez, Veronica (2019). David Greig's Holed Theatre: Globalization, Ethics and the Spectator. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Sessions, George (1995). “Ecocentricism and the Anthropocentric Detour”. Deep Ecology for the Twenty-First Century. Ed. George Sessions. Boston: Shambhala. 156- 183.
• Şenlen Güvenç, Sıla (2018). “‘Biz De, Kendi Çapımızda Avrupayız’: Küreselleşme Işığında David Greig’in "Avrupa" Adlı Oyunu”. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi Vol. 58 No. 1, pp. 187-202. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.33171/dtcfjournal.2018.58.1.10
• Şenlen Güvenç, Sıla (2020). Çağdaş İskoç Tiyatrosu. İstanbul: Mitos-Boyut.
• Tan, Cenk (2022). “Reinterpreting the Anthropocene: Towards an Ecocentric Worldview”. Post-Theories in Literary and Cultural Studies. Ed. Zekiye Antakyalıoğlu. Lanham: Lexington Books (Rowman & Littlefield). 113- 123.
• White Jr., Lynn (1996). “The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis”. The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology. Ed. Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm. Athens: The University of Georgia Press. 3-14.