BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

THE CHALLENGE OF REENTRY FOR FEMALE INMATES

Yıl 2014, Sayı: 32, - , 01.01.2014

Öz

Incarcerated women return to their communities from prison has been an enduring focus of interest in Criminal
Justice. In this study, the author used academic literature about reentry to investigate the challenges regarding female
reentry process and programs in the United States. The results of this study provide strong support for policy
implications, which include investing in community resources that strengthen the capacity of neighborhoods to
work with this population, the need of making parole supervision more flexible to reduce the risk that women fail
to meet their parole requirements, and providing comprehensive services to female offenders after their release.
Finally, reentry programs for women offenders in order to provide better and more efficient service features are
suggested. Directions for future research are discussed so as to evaluate the different policy initiatives.

Kaynakça

  • Aebi, M. and Delgrande, N. (2008). SPACE I. Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics.
  • Survey 2006. http://www.coe.int/t/e/legal_affairs/legal_cooperation/
  • prisons_and_alternatives /statistics_space_i Erişim tarihi 10.11. 2008.
  • Agnew, R. (2001). Building on the foundation of general strain theory: Specifying the
  • types of strain most likely to lead to crime and delinquency. Journal of
  • Research in Crime and Delinquency, 319-361.
  • Agnew, R., Broidy, L. (1997). Gender and crime: A general strain theory perspective.
  • Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American
  • Psychologist, 37, 122-147.
  • Berman, J. (2005). Women offender transition and reentry: Gender responsive
  • approaches to transitioning women offenders from prison to the
  • community. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Corrections, National
  • Institute of Corrections. ss. 1-44.
  • Bloom, B., Owen, B., & Covington, S. (2003).Gender-responsive strategies: Research,
  • practice, and guiding principles for women offenders. Washington, DC:
  • U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Corrections. ss. 1-12.
  • Bloom, B., & Covington, S. (2009). Addressing the mental health needs of women
  • offenders. American Psychological Association, 160-176.
  • Bui, H. N., & Morash, M. (2010). The impact of network relationships, prison
  • experiences, and internal transformation on women's success after prison
  • release. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 49(1), 1-22.
  • Cardelli, A.P., (1997), Violence And Intimacy, An Owerview, Violence Between
  • Intimate Partners, Patterns, Causes, And Effects, Ed. Cardelli, A.P. Alyn
  • & Bacon, Needham Heights, Ma.
  • Carlson, B., Shafer, M., & Duffee, D. (2010). Traumatic histories and stressful life
  • events of incarcerated parents II: Gender and ethnic differences in
  • substance abuse and service needs. The Prison Journal, ss. 494-515.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT) (1999). Substance abuse treatment for
  • women offenders: Guide to promising practices. Technical Assistance
  • Publication (TAP) Series 23. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health
  • and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
  • Administration.
  • KADIN MAHKÛMLARIN CEZAEVİNDEN ÇIKTIKTAN SONRA
  • TOPLUMSAL HAYATA KATILMADA YAŞADIKLARI Dr. Emirhan Darcan ZORLUKLAR
  • -
  • “Cezaevlerinde Dört Bin Kadın Mahkûm Var” http://www.haberx.com/cezaevlerinde
  • _4_bin_kadin_var(17,n,10398010,28.aspx/Erişim Tarihi : 30.09.2014
  • Covington, S. (2002). Helping women recover: Creating gender-responsive treatment.
  • In S.L.A. Straussner & S. Brown (Eds.). The handbook of addiction
  • treatment for women. s.52-72. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Currie, J., & Widom, C. (2010). Long-term consequences of child abuse and neglect
  • on adult economic well being. Child Maltreatment, s. 111-120
  • Dehart, D. (2005). Pathways to prison: Impact of victimization in the lives of
  • incarcerated women. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice,
  • National Institute of Corrections.
  • Demirbaş, T., 2001. Kriminoloji, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara, ss. 340.
  • Doolen, D., Jones, R., Moore, K., Green, D., Newkirk, C., Rechtine, D., et al. (2002).
  • Incarcerated women, HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis C: Challenges inside
  • the walls and beyond. Positive Populations, 3 (5), ss. 1-9.
  • Evans, L. (2006). Locked Up, Then Locked Out: Women Coming Out of Prison.
  • Women & therapy, 29(3/4), ss. 285-308.
  • Fogel, C.I. (1993). Hard time: The stressful nature of incarceration for women. Issues
  • in Mental Health Nursing, 14, ss. 367-377.
  • Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York: Continuum.
  • Freudenberg, N., Wilets, I., Greene, M. & Richie, B. (1998). Linking women in jail to
  • community services: Factors associated with rearrest and retention of drugusing
  • women following release from jail. Journal of the American
  • Medical Women’s Association, s. 53, 89-93.
  • Gido, & Dalley. (2009). Women's mental health issues across the criminal justice
  • system. New Jersey: Pearson.
  • Greenfeld, L.A. & Snell, T.L. (1999). Women Offenders. Washington, DC: Bureau of
  • Justice Statistics. ss. 1-14.
  • Gottschalk, L.H., (2009), Transgendering Women’s Space: A Feminist Analysis of
  • Perspectives from Australian Women’s Studies International Forum,
  • No: 32, ss. 167-178.
  • SOSYAL POLİTİKA
  • ÇALIŞMALARI DERGİSİ Yıl:14 • Sayı: 32 • Ocak-Haziran 2014
  • -
  • Hairston, C. (2002). Prisoners and families: Parenting issues during incarceration.
  • Paper presented at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
  • From Prisons to Home Conference, Washington, DC.
  • Harlow, C.W. (2003). Education and Correctional Populations. Washington DC:
  • Bureau of Justice Statistics. ss.1-12.
  • Hearn, J., (1998), The Violences of Men Talk about and How Agencies Respond to
  • Men’s Violence Against Women, Sage, Thousand Oaks, Ca.
  • Hoskins, R. (2000). Maricopa County partnership network responds to female
  • substance abusers in the criminal justice system. P. Modley (Ed.), Annual
  • review of topics in community corrections: Responding to women
  • offenders in the community (ss. 4-6). Washington, DC: National
  • Institute of Corrections.
  • Jacob, K.R., Braithwaite, R.L. & Newkirk, C.F. (2006). At the Intersection between
  • Poverty Race and HIV Infection: HIV-related Services for Incarcerated
  • Women. Infectious Diseases in Corrections Report, 9(6/7). Providence,
  • RI: Brown Medical School, Office of Continuing Medical Education. ss. 461-
  • -
  • Jacobs, A. (2001). Give ’em a fighting chance: Women offenders reenter society.
  • Criminal Justice Magazine, 16(1), ss. 44-47.
  • Kellman, L. (2001). 1997 Releases: Three-Year Post Release Follow-Up. New York:
  • State of New York Department of Correctional Services. ss. 1-4.
  • King’s College London. (2007). World Prison Brief. Retrieved from
  • http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/law/research/icps/worldbrief/ (erişim tarihi
  • 12. 2008)
  • Langan, P.A. & Levin, D.J. (2002). Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 1994.
  • Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics. ss. 1-16.
  • Marcus-Mendoza, S. (2011). Feminist therapy with incarcerated women: Practicing
  • subversion in prison. Women and Therapy, ss. 77-92.
  • McDaniels-Wilson, C., & Belknap, J. (2008). The extensive sexual violation and sexual
  • abuse histories of incarcerated women. Violence against Women, 1090-1127.
  • Mumola, C.J. (1999). Substance Abuse and Treatment, State and Federal Prisoners,
  • Washington DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics. ss. 1-16.
  • KADIN MAHKÛMLARIN CEZAEVİNDEN ÇIKTIKTAN SONRA
  • TOPLUMSAL HAYATA KATILMADA YAŞADIKLARI Dr. Emirhan Darcan ZORLUKLAR
  • -
  • Mumola, C.J. (2000). Incarcerated Parents and Their Children. Washington DC:
  • Bureau of Justice Statistics.
  • O'Brien, P. (2001). “Just Like Baking a Cake”: Women Describe the Necessary
  • Ingredients for Successful Reentry After Incarceration. Families in Society:
  • The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 82(3), ss. 287-295.
  • O'Brien, P. (2001b). Making It in the “Free World”: Women in Transition from
  • Prison. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
  • Raj, A., Rose, J., Decker, M., Rosengard, C., Hebert, M., Stein, M., & Clarke, J. (2008).
  • Prevalence and patterns of sexual assault across the life span among
  • incarcerated women. Violence against Women, 528-541.
  • Reed, Beth Glover and Maureen E. Leavitt. (2000). Modified wraparound and women
  • offenders in community corrections: Strategies, opportunities, and tensions.
  • In M. McMahon (Ed.), Assessment to Assistance: Programs for Women
  • in Community Corrections (ss. 1-106). Lanham, MD: American
  • Correctional Association.
  • Reisig, M., Holtfreter, K., & Morash, M. (2006). Assessing recidivism risk across female
  • pathways to crime. Justice Quarterly, 384-405.
  • Reynolds, Kelli. (2013). The Accessibility of In-Prison Programming for Female
  • Offenders and Their Gender Specific Needs. In BSU Honors Program
  • Theses and Projects. Item 33. at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/honors_proj/33
  • Richie, B. (2001). Challenges incarcerated women face as they return to their
  • communities: Findings from life history interviews. Crime & Delinquency,
  • (3), ss. 368-389.
  • Sabol, W.J., Minton, T.D., & Harrison, P.M. (2007). Prison and Jail Inmates at
  • Midyear 2006. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics. ss. 1-22.
  • Spjeldnes, S., & Goodkind, S. (2009). Gender differences and offender reentry: A
  • review of the literature. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 48(4), 314-
  • -
  • Steadman, H.E. & Veysey, B. M. (1997). Providing services for jail inmates with mental
  • disorders. In National Institute of Justice Research: In Brief (U.S.
  • Department of Justice Publication No. NCJ 162207). Washington, DC:
  • U.S. Department of Justice. ss. 1-12.
  • SOSYAL POLİTİKA
  • ÇALIŞMALARI DERGİSİ Yıl:14 • Sayı: 32 • Ocak-Haziran 2014
  • -
  • U.S. Dept. of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, & U.S. Dept. of Justice, Federal
  • Bureau of Prisons. (2000.) Survey of Inmates in State and Federal
  • Correctional Facilities, 1997 [Computer file]. ICPSR ed. Ann Arbor, MI:
  • Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and
  • distributor].
  • U.S. Dept. of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, & U.S. Dept. of Justice, Federal
  • Bureau of Prisons. (2013.), Jail Inmates at Midyear 2013 - Statistical
  • Tables http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/jim13st.pdf
  • Van Voorhis, P., Pealer, J., Presser, L., Spiropoulis, G., & Sutherland, J. (2001).
  • Classification of women offenders: A national assessment of current
  • practices and the experiences of three states. Cincinnati, OH: University
  • of Cincinnati, The Center for Criminal Justice Research, s. 4.
  • Walmsley R., World prison population list. 13th edn. Home Office research
  • development and statistics directorate: international centre for prison
  • studies. London: KCL, 2013.
  • Wellisch, J., Anglin, M.D., & Prendergast, M.L. (1993). Treatment strategies for
  • drugabusing women offenders. In J.A. Inciardi (Ed.), Drug treatment and
  • criminal justice (ss. 5-25). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Whitaker, M.S. (2000). Responding to women offenders: Equitable does not mean
  • identical. In P. Modley (Ed.), Annual review of topics in community
  • corrections: Responding to women offenders in the community.
  • Washington, DC: National Institute of Corrections, s. 5.

KADIN MAHKÛMLARIN CEZAEVİNDEN ÇIKTIKTAN SONRA TOPLUMSAL HAYATA KATILMADA YAŞADIKLARI ZORLUKLAR

Yıl 2014, Sayı: 32, - , 01.01.2014

Öz

Bu literatür taramasında, Amerika Birleşik Devletlerinde kadın mahkumların cezaevinden çıktıktan sonra yüzleşmek zorunda kaldıkları zorlukları ve hayata katılım programlarının bu zorluklara nasıl eğilmesi gerektiği konusu incelenmektedir. Profilleme yoluyla mahkûm kadınların temel özellikleri ve suç kariyeri edinmelerinde rol oynayan hayat koşulları ortaya koyulmaktadır. Bu çalışmada hayata katılım konusundaki başlıca zorluklar ve mahkûm kadınların ıslah merkezlerinden çıktıktan sonra ihtiyaç duydukları hususlar, cinsiyet temelli bir yaklaşımla analiz edilmiştir. Son olarak, hayata katılım programlarının kadın suçlulara daha iyi ve etkin bir hizmet sunabilmesi için hangi özelliklerinin olması gerektiği üzerinde durulmuştur. Çalışmanın son bölümünde, cezaevinden çıkan kadın nüfusu ile birlikte çalışabilme kapasitesinin arttırılması için toplumsal kaynaklara yatırım yapılması, kadınların şartlı tahliye koşullarını ihlal etmesi riskini azaltabilmek için şartlı tahliye gözetiminde esneklik sağlanması gerekliliği ve cezaevinden çıkan kadın suçlulara kapsamlı hizmetler sunulması gibi bazı uygulama ve politikaların etkilerine yer verilmiştir. Farklı girişimlerin değerlendirilmesi ve etkinliklerinin tespit edilebilmesi için bu alanda daha fazla araştırma yapılması önerilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Aebi, M. and Delgrande, N. (2008). SPACE I. Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics.
  • Survey 2006. http://www.coe.int/t/e/legal_affairs/legal_cooperation/
  • prisons_and_alternatives /statistics_space_i Erişim tarihi 10.11. 2008.
  • Agnew, R. (2001). Building on the foundation of general strain theory: Specifying the
  • types of strain most likely to lead to crime and delinquency. Journal of
  • Research in Crime and Delinquency, 319-361.
  • Agnew, R., Broidy, L. (1997). Gender and crime: A general strain theory perspective.
  • Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American
  • Psychologist, 37, 122-147.
  • Berman, J. (2005). Women offender transition and reentry: Gender responsive
  • approaches to transitioning women offenders from prison to the
  • community. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Corrections, National
  • Institute of Corrections. ss. 1-44.
  • Bloom, B., Owen, B., & Covington, S. (2003).Gender-responsive strategies: Research,
  • practice, and guiding principles for women offenders. Washington, DC:
  • U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Corrections. ss. 1-12.
  • Bloom, B., & Covington, S. (2009). Addressing the mental health needs of women
  • offenders. American Psychological Association, 160-176.
  • Bui, H. N., & Morash, M. (2010). The impact of network relationships, prison
  • experiences, and internal transformation on women's success after prison
  • release. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 49(1), 1-22.
  • Cardelli, A.P., (1997), Violence And Intimacy, An Owerview, Violence Between
  • Intimate Partners, Patterns, Causes, And Effects, Ed. Cardelli, A.P. Alyn
  • & Bacon, Needham Heights, Ma.
  • Carlson, B., Shafer, M., & Duffee, D. (2010). Traumatic histories and stressful life
  • events of incarcerated parents II: Gender and ethnic differences in
  • substance abuse and service needs. The Prison Journal, ss. 494-515.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT) (1999). Substance abuse treatment for
  • women offenders: Guide to promising practices. Technical Assistance
  • Publication (TAP) Series 23. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health
  • and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
  • Administration.
  • KADIN MAHKÛMLARIN CEZAEVİNDEN ÇIKTIKTAN SONRA
  • TOPLUMSAL HAYATA KATILMADA YAŞADIKLARI Dr. Emirhan Darcan ZORLUKLAR
  • -
  • “Cezaevlerinde Dört Bin Kadın Mahkûm Var” http://www.haberx.com/cezaevlerinde
  • _4_bin_kadin_var(17,n,10398010,28.aspx/Erişim Tarihi : 30.09.2014
  • Covington, S. (2002). Helping women recover: Creating gender-responsive treatment.
  • In S.L.A. Straussner & S. Brown (Eds.). The handbook of addiction
  • treatment for women. s.52-72. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Currie, J., & Widom, C. (2010). Long-term consequences of child abuse and neglect
  • on adult economic well being. Child Maltreatment, s. 111-120
  • Dehart, D. (2005). Pathways to prison: Impact of victimization in the lives of
  • incarcerated women. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice,
  • National Institute of Corrections.
  • Demirbaş, T., 2001. Kriminoloji, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara, ss. 340.
  • Doolen, D., Jones, R., Moore, K., Green, D., Newkirk, C., Rechtine, D., et al. (2002).
  • Incarcerated women, HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis C: Challenges inside
  • the walls and beyond. Positive Populations, 3 (5), ss. 1-9.
  • Evans, L. (2006). Locked Up, Then Locked Out: Women Coming Out of Prison.
  • Women & therapy, 29(3/4), ss. 285-308.
  • Fogel, C.I. (1993). Hard time: The stressful nature of incarceration for women. Issues
  • in Mental Health Nursing, 14, ss. 367-377.
  • Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York: Continuum.
  • Freudenberg, N., Wilets, I., Greene, M. & Richie, B. (1998). Linking women in jail to
  • community services: Factors associated with rearrest and retention of drugusing
  • women following release from jail. Journal of the American
  • Medical Women’s Association, s. 53, 89-93.
  • Gido, & Dalley. (2009). Women's mental health issues across the criminal justice
  • system. New Jersey: Pearson.
  • Greenfeld, L.A. & Snell, T.L. (1999). Women Offenders. Washington, DC: Bureau of
  • Justice Statistics. ss. 1-14.
  • Gottschalk, L.H., (2009), Transgendering Women’s Space: A Feminist Analysis of
  • Perspectives from Australian Women’s Studies International Forum,
  • No: 32, ss. 167-178.
  • SOSYAL POLİTİKA
  • ÇALIŞMALARI DERGİSİ Yıl:14 • Sayı: 32 • Ocak-Haziran 2014
  • -
  • Hairston, C. (2002). Prisoners and families: Parenting issues during incarceration.
  • Paper presented at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
  • From Prisons to Home Conference, Washington, DC.
  • Harlow, C.W. (2003). Education and Correctional Populations. Washington DC:
  • Bureau of Justice Statistics. ss.1-12.
  • Hearn, J., (1998), The Violences of Men Talk about and How Agencies Respond to
  • Men’s Violence Against Women, Sage, Thousand Oaks, Ca.
  • Hoskins, R. (2000). Maricopa County partnership network responds to female
  • substance abusers in the criminal justice system. P. Modley (Ed.), Annual
  • review of topics in community corrections: Responding to women
  • offenders in the community (ss. 4-6). Washington, DC: National
  • Institute of Corrections.
  • Jacob, K.R., Braithwaite, R.L. & Newkirk, C.F. (2006). At the Intersection between
  • Poverty Race and HIV Infection: HIV-related Services for Incarcerated
  • Women. Infectious Diseases in Corrections Report, 9(6/7). Providence,
  • RI: Brown Medical School, Office of Continuing Medical Education. ss. 461-
  • -
  • Jacobs, A. (2001). Give ’em a fighting chance: Women offenders reenter society.
  • Criminal Justice Magazine, 16(1), ss. 44-47.
  • Kellman, L. (2001). 1997 Releases: Three-Year Post Release Follow-Up. New York:
  • State of New York Department of Correctional Services. ss. 1-4.
  • King’s College London. (2007). World Prison Brief. Retrieved from
  • http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/law/research/icps/worldbrief/ (erişim tarihi
  • 12. 2008)
  • Langan, P.A. & Levin, D.J. (2002). Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 1994.
  • Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics. ss. 1-16.
  • Marcus-Mendoza, S. (2011). Feminist therapy with incarcerated women: Practicing
  • subversion in prison. Women and Therapy, ss. 77-92.
  • McDaniels-Wilson, C., & Belknap, J. (2008). The extensive sexual violation and sexual
  • abuse histories of incarcerated women. Violence against Women, 1090-1127.
  • Mumola, C.J. (1999). Substance Abuse and Treatment, State and Federal Prisoners,
  • Washington DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics. ss. 1-16.
  • KADIN MAHKÛMLARIN CEZAEVİNDEN ÇIKTIKTAN SONRA
  • TOPLUMSAL HAYATA KATILMADA YAŞADIKLARI Dr. Emirhan Darcan ZORLUKLAR
  • -
  • Mumola, C.J. (2000). Incarcerated Parents and Their Children. Washington DC:
  • Bureau of Justice Statistics.
  • O'Brien, P. (2001). “Just Like Baking a Cake”: Women Describe the Necessary
  • Ingredients for Successful Reentry After Incarceration. Families in Society:
  • The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 82(3), ss. 287-295.
  • O'Brien, P. (2001b). Making It in the “Free World”: Women in Transition from
  • Prison. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
  • Raj, A., Rose, J., Decker, M., Rosengard, C., Hebert, M., Stein, M., & Clarke, J. (2008).
  • Prevalence and patterns of sexual assault across the life span among
  • incarcerated women. Violence against Women, 528-541.
  • Reed, Beth Glover and Maureen E. Leavitt. (2000). Modified wraparound and women
  • offenders in community corrections: Strategies, opportunities, and tensions.
  • In M. McMahon (Ed.), Assessment to Assistance: Programs for Women
  • in Community Corrections (ss. 1-106). Lanham, MD: American
  • Correctional Association.
  • Reisig, M., Holtfreter, K., & Morash, M. (2006). Assessing recidivism risk across female
  • pathways to crime. Justice Quarterly, 384-405.
  • Reynolds, Kelli. (2013). The Accessibility of In-Prison Programming for Female
  • Offenders and Their Gender Specific Needs. In BSU Honors Program
  • Theses and Projects. Item 33. at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/honors_proj/33
  • Richie, B. (2001). Challenges incarcerated women face as they return to their
  • communities: Findings from life history interviews. Crime & Delinquency,
  • (3), ss. 368-389.
  • Sabol, W.J., Minton, T.D., & Harrison, P.M. (2007). Prison and Jail Inmates at
  • Midyear 2006. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics. ss. 1-22.
  • Spjeldnes, S., & Goodkind, S. (2009). Gender differences and offender reentry: A
  • review of the literature. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 48(4), 314-
  • -
  • Steadman, H.E. & Veysey, B. M. (1997). Providing services for jail inmates with mental
  • disorders. In National Institute of Justice Research: In Brief (U.S.
  • Department of Justice Publication No. NCJ 162207). Washington, DC:
  • U.S. Department of Justice. ss. 1-12.
  • SOSYAL POLİTİKA
  • ÇALIŞMALARI DERGİSİ Yıl:14 • Sayı: 32 • Ocak-Haziran 2014
  • -
  • U.S. Dept. of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, & U.S. Dept. of Justice, Federal
  • Bureau of Prisons. (2000.) Survey of Inmates in State and Federal
  • Correctional Facilities, 1997 [Computer file]. ICPSR ed. Ann Arbor, MI:
  • Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and
  • distributor].
  • U.S. Dept. of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, & U.S. Dept. of Justice, Federal
  • Bureau of Prisons. (2013.), Jail Inmates at Midyear 2013 - Statistical
  • Tables http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/jim13st.pdf
  • Van Voorhis, P., Pealer, J., Presser, L., Spiropoulis, G., & Sutherland, J. (2001).
  • Classification of women offenders: A national assessment of current
  • practices and the experiences of three states. Cincinnati, OH: University
  • of Cincinnati, The Center for Criminal Justice Research, s. 4.
  • Walmsley R., World prison population list. 13th edn. Home Office research
  • development and statistics directorate: international centre for prison
  • studies. London: KCL, 2013.
  • Wellisch, J., Anglin, M.D., & Prendergast, M.L. (1993). Treatment strategies for
  • drugabusing women offenders. In J.A. Inciardi (Ed.), Drug treatment and
  • criminal justice (ss. 5-25). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Whitaker, M.S. (2000). Responding to women offenders: Equitable does not mean
  • identical. In P. Modley (Ed.), Annual review of topics in community
  • corrections: Responding to women offenders in the community.
  • Washington, DC: National Institute of Corrections, s. 5.
Toplam 160 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Emirhan Darcan

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Sayı: 32

Kaynak Göster

APA Darcan, E. (2014). KADIN MAHKÛMLARIN CEZAEVİNDEN ÇIKTIKTAN SONRA TOPLUMSAL HAYATA KATILMADA YAŞADIKLARI ZORLUKLAR. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi(32). https://doi.org/10.21560/spcd.62410
AMA Darcan E. KADIN MAHKÛMLARIN CEZAEVİNDEN ÇIKTIKTAN SONRA TOPLUMSAL HAYATA KATILMADA YAŞADIKLARI ZORLUKLAR. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi. Ocak 2014;(32). doi:10.21560/spcd.62410
Chicago Darcan, Emirhan. “KADIN MAHKÛMLARIN CEZAEVİNDEN ÇIKTIKTAN SONRA TOPLUMSAL HAYATA KATILMADA YAŞADIKLARI ZORLUKLAR”. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, sy. 32 (Ocak 2014). https://doi.org/10.21560/spcd.62410.
EndNote Darcan E (01 Ocak 2014) KADIN MAHKÛMLARIN CEZAEVİNDEN ÇIKTIKTAN SONRA TOPLUMSAL HAYATA KATILMADA YAŞADIKLARI ZORLUKLAR. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi 32
IEEE E. Darcan, “KADIN MAHKÛMLARIN CEZAEVİNDEN ÇIKTIKTAN SONRA TOPLUMSAL HAYATA KATILMADA YAŞADIKLARI ZORLUKLAR”, Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, sy. 32, Ocak 2014, doi: 10.21560/spcd.62410.
ISNAD Darcan, Emirhan. “KADIN MAHKÛMLARIN CEZAEVİNDEN ÇIKTIKTAN SONRA TOPLUMSAL HAYATA KATILMADA YAŞADIKLARI ZORLUKLAR”. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi 32 (Ocak 2014). https://doi.org/10.21560/spcd.62410.
JAMA Darcan E. KADIN MAHKÛMLARIN CEZAEVİNDEN ÇIKTIKTAN SONRA TOPLUMSAL HAYATA KATILMADA YAŞADIKLARI ZORLUKLAR. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi. 2014. doi:10.21560/spcd.62410.
MLA Darcan, Emirhan. “KADIN MAHKÛMLARIN CEZAEVİNDEN ÇIKTIKTAN SONRA TOPLUMSAL HAYATA KATILMADA YAŞADIKLARI ZORLUKLAR”. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, sy. 32, 2014, doi:10.21560/spcd.62410.
Vancouver Darcan E. KADIN MAHKÛMLARIN CEZAEVİNDEN ÇIKTIKTAN SONRA TOPLUMSAL HAYATA KATILMADA YAŞADIKLARI ZORLUKLAR. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi. 2014(32).