Metaphysical Diversity in Mental Health Discourse: The Key to Scientific Progress in the Helping Professions

Year 2021, , 7 - 30, 15.10.2021

David R. Hodge

https://doi.org/10.37898/spc.2021.6.3.154

Abstract

Mental health problems represent a significant and growing challenge across the globe. Although progress has been made developing effective therapeutic interventions, this paper argues that a lack of metaphysical diversity hinders scientific advancement in this crucial area. Using the United States as an example, demographic data is reported illustrating the under-representation of theists in psychology and social work, the two largest providers of mental health services in America. Drawing from McIntosh’s theory of privilege, it is posited that secular perspectives enjoy an advantaged status in mental health discourse, a status that is reinforced by the dissemination of secular narratives in culture-shaping forums. To illustrate how limited diversity impacts service provision, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is used as a case example. While the secular values embedded in CBT suggest it is often a good fit with secular clients, these same values may limit its validity with committed theists, such as Muslims. The paper concludes by suggesting that increased metaphysical diversity will help advance scientific knowledge by fostering the creation of research agendas that reflect the values of the diverse demographic groups mental health professionals are called to serve.

Keywords

Metaphysical Diversity, Mental Health, CBT, Cultural Competence, Mental Health Discourse

References

• Abu-Raiya, H., & Pargament, K. I. (2015). Religious coping among diverse religions: Commonalities and divergences. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 7(1), 24.
• Andrews, B., Watson, P. J., Chen, Z. J., & Morris, R. J. (2017). Postmodernism, positive psychology and post-traumatic growth within a Christian ideological surround. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(5), 489-500.
• Banyard, H., Behn, A. J., & Delgadillo, J. (2021). Personality disorders and their relation to treatment outcomes in cognitive behavioural therapy for depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1-16.
• Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. International Universities Press. Bergin, A. E. (1980). Psychotherapy and religious values. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48(1), 95-105.
• Bolce, L., & De Maio, G. (2008). A prejudice for the thinking classes. American Politics Research, 36(2), 155-185.
• Boorstin, B., & Schlachter, E. (2000). American Association of Pastoral Counselors and Samaritan Institute Report. Greenberg Quinlan Research, Inc.
• Brandt, M. J., Reyna, C., Chambers, J. R., Crawford, J. T., & Wetherell, G. (2014). The ideological-conflict hypothesis: Intolerance among both liberals and conservatives. Current Directions in Psychological Research, 23(1), 27-34.
• Canda, E. R., & Furman, L. D. (2010). Spiritual diversity in social work practice: The heart of helping (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
• Carlson, T. D., Kirkpatrick, D., Hecker, L., & Killmer, M. (2002). Religion, spirituality, and marriage and family therapy: A study on family therapists' beliefs about the appropriateness of addressing religious and spiritual issues in therapy. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 30, 157-171.
• Chambers, J. R., Schlenker, B. R., & Collisson, B. (2012). Ideology and prejudice: The role of value conflicts. Psychological Science, 24(2), 140-149.
• Chin, F., & Hayes, S. C. (2017). Acceptance and commitment therapy and the cognitive behavioral tradition: Assumptions, model, methods, and outcomes. In The science of cognitive behavioral therapy (pp. 155-173). Academic Press.
• Chisholm, D., Sweeny, K., Sheehan, P., Rasmussen, B., Smit, P., Cuijpers, P. et al. (2016). Scaling-up treatment of depression and anxiety: A global return on investment analysis. The Lancet, 3, 415-424.
• Chorpita, B. F., Daleiden, E. L., Ebesutani, C., Young, J., Becker, K. D., Nakamura, B. J. et al. (2011). Evidence-based treatments for children and adolescents: An updated review of indicators of efficacy and effectiveness. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 18(2), 154-172.
• Clarke, S. H. (2005). Created in whose image? Religious characters on network television. Journal of Media and Religion, 4(3), 137-153.
• Cnaan, R. A., Wineburg, R. J., & Boddie, S. C. (1999). The newer deal: Social work and religion in partnership. Columbia University Press.
• Cohen, Y., & Hetsroni, A. (2020). Monotheism and television: a comparative content analysis of religion in prime-time programming in the USA, Israel, and Turkey. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 28(2), 103-114.
• Crawford, J. T., & Pilanski, J. M. (2014). Political intolerance, right and left. Political Psychology, 35(6), 841-850.
• Delaney, H. D., Miller, W. R., & Bisono, A. M. (2013). Religiosity and spirituality among psychologists: A survey of clinical members of the American Psychological Association. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 1(S), 95-106.
• Dictionary.com. (2021). Retrieved from http://www.dictionary.com/browse/secular
• Dobson, K. S. (2019). Handbook of cognitive-behavioral therapies (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
• Duarte, J. L., Crawford, J. T., Stern, C., Haidt, J., Jussim, L., & Tetlock, P. E. (2015). Political diversity will improve social psychological science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 38, e130.
• Eck, D. L. (2001). A new religious America. HarperCollins.
• Ecklund, E. H., & Park, J. Z. (2009). Conflict between religion and science among academic scientists? Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 48(2), 276-292.
• Ellis, A. (1962). Reason and emotion in psychotherapy. Lyle Stuart.
• Ellis, A. (1980). The case against religion: A psychotherapist's view and the case against religiosity. American Atheist Press.
• Ellis, A. (2000). Can rational emotive behavior therapy be effectively used with people who have devout beliefs in God and religion? Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 31(1), 29-33.
• Engstrom, E., & Valenzano, J. M. (2010). Demon hunters and hegemony: Portrayal of religion on the CW's Supernatural. Journal of Media and Religion, 9, 67-83.
• Evans, R. I. (1973). Jean Piaget: The man and his ideas. E. P. Dutton.
• Freud, S. (1966). Introductory lectures on psychoanalysis (J. Strachey, Trans.). Norton.
• Gartner, J. D. (1986). Antireligious prejudice in admissions to doctoral programs in clinical psychology. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 17(5), 473-475.
• Gellner, E. (1992). Postmodernism, reason and religion. Routledge.
• Gilligan, C. (1993). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Harvard University Press.
• Glenn, N. (1997). Closed hearts, closed minds: The textbook story of marriage. Institute for American Values.
• Gouldner, A. W. (1979). The future of intellectuals and the rise of the new class. Seabury Press.
• Grigg, R. (2007). Vanquishing evil without the help of God: The Man from U.N.C.L.E. and a world come of age. Journal of Communication and Religion, 30, 308-339.
• Gross, N., & Simmons, S. (2009). The religiosity of American college and university professors. Sociology of Religion, 70(2), 101-129.
• Hamdan, A. (2008). Cognitive restructuring: An Islamic perspective. Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 3(1), 99-116.
• Haskell, D. M. (2011). "What we have here is a failure to communicate": Same-sex marriage, evangelicals, and the Canadian news media. Journal of Religion and Popular Culture, 23(3), p311.
• Hedayat-Diba, Z. (2014). Psychotherapy with Muslims. In P. S. Richards & A. E. Bergin (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and religious diversity (2nd ed., pp. 287-317). American Psychological Association.
• Heisler, E. J., & Bagalman, E. (2015). The mental health workforce: A primer. Congressional Research Service.
• Henriksen, R. C., Polonyi, M. A., Bornsheuer‐Boswell, J. N., Greger, R. G., & Watts, R. E. (2015). Counseling students' perceptions of religious/spiritual counseling training: A qualitative study. Journal of Counseling & Development, 93(1), 59-69.
• Hardy, K. (2013). Searching for the spirit: A content analysis of the Black church in mainstream social work journals. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 32(4), 373-396.
• Hodge, D. R. (2015). Spiritual assessment in social work and mental health practice. Columbia University Press.
• Hodge, D. R. (2002a). Does social work oppress evangelical Christians? A new class analysis of society and social work. Social Work, 47(4), 401-414.
• Hodge, D. R. (2002b). Equally devout, but do they speak the same language? Comparing the religious beliefs and practices of social workers and the general public. Families in Society, 83(5/6), 573-584.
• Hodge, D. R. (2004a). Developing cultural competency with evangelical Christians. Families in Society, 85(2), 251-260.
• Hodge, D. R. (2004b). Working with Hindu clients in a spiritually sensitive manner. Social Work, 49(1), 27-38.
• Hodge, D. R. (2009). Secular privilege: Deconstructing the invisible rose-tinted sunglasses. Journal of Religion and Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 28(1/2), 8-34.
• Hodge, D. R. (2018). Spiritual competence: What it is, why it is necessary, and how to develop it. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 27(2), 124-139.
• Hodge, D. R., Baughman, L. M., & Cummings, J. A. (2006). Moving toward spiritual competency: Deconstructing religious stereotypes and spiritual prejudices in social work literature. Journal of Social Service Research, 32(4), 211-232.
• Hodge, D. R., Carpenter, B. M., Yepez, R. A., & Lietz, B. C. (2021). Spirituality and Religion in Leading Social Work Journals: A 10-Year Content Analysis. Social Work Research, 45(1), 43-50.
• Hodge, D. R., Limb, G. E., & Cross, T. L. (2009). Moving from colonization toward balance and harmony: A Native American perspective on wellness. Social Work, 54(3), 211-219.
• Hodge, D. R., Wolfer, T. A., Limb, G. E., & Nadir, A. (2009). Expanding diversity in social work discourse: Exploring the possibility of a theistic perspective. Journal of Religion and Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 28(1-2), 202-214.
• Hollon, S. D., & Ponniah, K. (2010). A review of empirically supported psychological therapies for mood disorders in adults. Depression Anxiety, 27(10), 891-932.
• Homans, P. (1982). A personal struggle with religion: Significant fact in the lives and work of the first psychologists. The Journal of Religion, 62(2), 128-144.
• Hunter, J. D. (1991). Culture Wars. BasicBooks.
• Husain, A., & Hodge, D. R. (2016). Islamically modified cognitive behavioral therapy: Enhancing outcomes by increasing the cultural congruence of cognitive behavioral self-statements. International Social Work, 59(3), 393-405.
• Inbar, Y., & Lammers, J. (2012). Political diversity in social and personality psychology. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(5), 496-503.
• Inbar, Y., & Lammers, J. (2016). Political diversity in social psychology. In P. Valdesolo & J. Graham (Eds.), Psychology of polarization (pp. 1-14). Routledge.
• Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2005). Why most published research findings are false. PLOS Medicine, 2(8), e124.
• Jafari, M. F. (1993). Counseling values and objectives: A comparison of western and Islamic perspectives. The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 10(3), 326-339.
• Johnson, E. L., & Watson, P. J. (2012). Worldview communities and the science of psychology. In R. L. Piedmont & A. Village (Eds.), Research in the social scientific study of religion (pp. 269-283). Brill.
• Kabir, N. (2006). Representation of Islam and Muslims in the Australian media, 2001-2006. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 26(3), 313-328.
• Kanpol, B., & Poplin, M. (Editors). (2017). Christianity and the secular border patrol: The loss of Judeo-Christian knowledge. Peter Lang.
• Kelly, E. W. (1992). Religion in family therapy journals: A review and analysis. In L. A. Burton (Ed.), Religion and the family (pp. 185-209). Haworth Pastoral Press.
• Kerr, P. A. (2003). The framing of fundamentalist Christians: Network television news, 1980-2000. Journal of Media and Religion, 2(4), 203-235.
• Kinnaman, D., & Lyons, G. (2007). Unchristian: What a new generation really thinks about Christianity and why it matters. Baker Books.
• Kinnaman, D., & Lyons, G. (2016). Good faith. Baker Books.
• Koenig, H. G., Al-Zaben, F., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2020). Religion and psychiatry: Recent developments in research. BJPsych Advances, 26(5), 262-272.
• Koenig, H. G., & Al Shohaib, S. S. (2019). Religiosity and mental health in Islam. In H. Moffic, J. Peteet, A. Hankir, & R. Awaad (Eds.) Islamophobia and Psychiatry (pp. 55-65). Springer.
• Koenig, H. G. (2013). Spirituality in patient care: Why, how, when, and what (3rd ed.). Templeton Press.
• Koenig, H. G., King, D., & Carson, V. B. (2012). Handbook of religion and health (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
• Kohlberg, L. (1981). The philosophy of moral development: Moral stages and the idea of justice. Harper & Row.
• Kuhn, T. S. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions (2nd ed.). University of Chicago.
• Laird, L. D., Marrais, J. d., & Barnes, L. L. (2007). Portraying Islam and Muslims in MEDLINE: A content analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 65, 2425-2439.
• Larson, D., Milano, G. M., & Lu, F. (1998). Religion and mental health: The need for cultural sensitivity and synthesis. In S. O. Okpaku (Ed.), Clinical methods in transcultural psychiatry (pp. 191-210). American Psychiatric Association.
• Lehr, E., & Spilka, B. (1989). Religion in the introductory psychology textbook: A comparison of three decades. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 28(3), 366-371.
• Lichter, S. R., Lichter, L. S., & Rothman, D. (1994). Prime time: How TV portrays American culture. Regnery Publishing.
• Lind, S. J. (2014). Christmas in the 1960s: A Charlie Brown Christmas, religion, and the conventions of the television genre. The Journal of Religion and Popular Culture, 26(1), 1-22.
• Lindo, E. J., & Elleman, A. M. (2010). Social validity's presence in the field-based reading intervention research. Remedial and Special Education, 31(6), 489-499.
• Lindsey, D. B., & Heeren, J. (1992). Where the sacred meets the profane: Religion in the comic pages. Review of Religious Research, 34(1), 63-77.
• Losee, J. (2004). A historical introduction to the philosophy of Science (4th ed.). Oxford University.
• Lyotard, J.-F. (1979/1984). The postmodern condition: A report on knowledge (G. Bennington & B. Massumi, Trans.). University of Minnesota Press.
• Maquire, B., Sandage, D., & Weatherby, G. A. (1999). Television commercial content: Religion versus science and professional expertise. Sociological Focus, 32(4), 413-425.
• Maquire, B., & Weatherby, G. A. (1998). The secularization of religion and television commercials. Sociology of Religion, 59(2), 171-178.
• Marsden, G. M. (1994). The soul of the American university: From protestant establishment to established nonbelief. Oxford University Press.
• Martin, M. (Editor). (2007). The Cambridge companion to atheism. Cambridge University Press.
• McEwen, M. (2004). Analysis of spirituality content in nursing textbooks. Journal of Nursing Education, 43(1), 20-30.
• McIntosh, P. (2015). Extending the knapsack: Using the white privilege analysis to examine conferred advantage and disadvantage. Women & Therapy, 38, 232-245.
• Merriam-webster. (2021). Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/secular
• Moore, R. C. (2014). When religious cinema meets secular press: Reviewers' reactions to the films of Sherwood pictures. Journal of Communication & Religion, 37(4), 42-62.
• Neumann, J. K., Harvill, L. M., & Callahan, M. (1995). Impact of humanistic, liberal Christian, and evangelical Christian values on the self-reported opinions of radiologists and psychiatrists. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 23(3), 198-207.
• Neumann, J. K., & Leppien, F. V. (1997a). Impact of religious values and medical specialty on professional inservice decisions. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 25(4), 437-448.
• Neumann, J. K., & Leppien, F. V. (1997b). Influence of physicians' religious values on inservice training decisions. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 25(4), 427-436.
• Neumann, J. K., Thompson, W., & Woolley, T. W. (1991). Christianity versus Humanism: The influence of values on the nonclinical professional decisions of Veterans Administration psychologists. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 19(2), 166-177.
• Neumann, J. K., Thompson, W., & Woolley, T. W. (1992). Evangelical vs. liberal Christianity: The influence of values on the nonclinical professional decisions of social workers. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 11(1), 57-67.
• Nord, W. A. (2010). Does God make a difference? Taking religion seriously in our schools and universities. Oxford University Press.
• Oman, D., & Syme, S. L. (2018) Weighing the evidence: What is revealed by 100+ meta-analyses and systematic reviews of religion/spirituality and health? In A. Possamai-Inesedy & K. J. Flannelly (Series Eds.) Religion, spirituality and health: A social scientific approach: Vol. 2. Why religion and spirituality matter for public health (pp. 261-281). Springer.
• Open Science Collaboration. (2015). Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science, 349(6251), 944-945.
• Oxhandler, H. K., Parrish, D. E., Torres, L. R., & Achenbaum, W. A. (2015). The integration of clients' religion and spirituality in social work practice: A national survey. Social Work, 60(3), 228-237.
• Oxhandler, H. K., Pargament, K. I., Pearce, M. J., Vieten, C., & Moffatt, K. M. (2021). The relevance of religion and spirituality to mental health: A national survey of current clients’ views. Social Work, 66(3), 254-264.
• Pantazakos, T. (2021). Problems of empirical solutions to the theory-ladenness of observation. Synthese, 1-23.
• Perkins, H. W. (1984). Religious content in American, British, and Canadian popular publications from 1937 to 1979. Sociological Analysis, 45(2), 159-165.
• Pierce, C. M., Carew, J. V., Pierce-Gonzalez, D., & Wills, D. (1977). An experiment in racism: TV commercials. Education and Urban Society, 10(1), 61-87.
• Pinker, S. (2021). Enlightenment environmentalism: A humanistic response to climate change. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 33(2), 8-23.
• Popper, K. (1963). Conjunctures and refutations: The growth of scientific knowledge. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
• Potter, R. L. (1993). Religious themes in medical journals. Journal of Religion and Health, 32(3), 217-222.
• Powers, S., Rothman, D. J., & Rothman, S. (1996). Hollywood's America: Social and political themes in motion pictures. Westview Press.
• Radez, J., Reardon, T., Creswell, C., Lawrence, P. J., Evdoka-Burton, G., & Waite, P. (2021). Why do children and adolescents (not) seek and access professional help for their mental health problems? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30(2), 183-211.
• Redding, R. E. (2001). Sociopolitical diversity in psychology. American Psychologist, 56(3), 205-215.
• Richards, P. S., & Bergin, A. E. (2004). A theistic spiritual strategy for psychotherapy. American Psychological Association.
• Richards, P. S., & Bergin, A. E. (Editors). (2014). Handbook of psychotherapy and religious diversity (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association.
• Rizvi, S., & Pasha-Zaidi, N. (2021). Health and wellbeing: Bridging secular and Islamic worldviews. In Toward a positive psychology of Islam and Muslims (pp. 183-206). Springer.
• Rothman, S., Lichter, S. R., & Nevitte, N. (2005). Fundamentals and fundamentalists: A reply to Ames et al. The Forum, 3(2), Article 8.
• Shafranske, E. P. (2014). Psychotherapy with Roman Catholics. In P. S. Richards & A. E. Bergin (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and religious diversity (2nd ed., pp. 53-76). American Psychological Association.
• Shafranske, E. P., & Cummings, J. P. (2013). Religious and spiritual beliefs, affiliations, and practices of psychologists. In K. I. Pargament (Ed.), APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality: Vol. 2. An applied psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. 23-41). American Psychological Association.
• Sheridan, M. (2009). Ethical issues in the use of spiritually based interventions in social work practice: What we are doing and why. Journal of Religion and Spirituality in Social Work, 28(1/2), 99-126.
• Signorielli, N. (2004). Aging on television: Messages relating to gender, race, and occupation in prime time. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 48(2), 279-301.
• Skill, T., & Robinson, J. D. (1994). The image of Christian leaders in fictional television programs. Sociology of Religion, 55(1), 75-84.
• Skill, T., Robinson, J. D., Lyons, J. S., & Larson, D. (1994). The portrayal of religion and spirituality on fictional network television. Review of the Religious Research, 35(3), 251-267.
• Skinner, R. (2010). An Islamic approach to psychology and mental health. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 13(6), 547-551.
• Smith, C. (1998). American Evangelicalism. University of Chicago Press.
• Smith, C. (2003a). Moral, believing animals: Human personhood and culture. Oxford University Press.
• Smith, C. (2003b). The secular revolution. University of California Press.
• Smith, C. (2014). The sacred project of American sociology. Oxford University Press.
• Smither, R., & Khorsandi, A. (2009). The implicit personality theory of Islam. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 1(2), 81-96.
• Stark, R. (2004). For the glory of God. Princeton University Press.
• Stark, R. (2008). What Americans really believe: New findings from the Baylor surveys of religion. Baylor University Press.
• Stone, S., English, D., Ekman, E., & Fujimori, S. (2008). Collaboration among social work and journalism students and faculty: An instructional model. Journal of Social Work Education, 44(1), 163-172.
• Sue, D. W. (Editor). (2010). Microaggressions and marginality: Manifestation, dynamics, and impact. John Wiley.
• Sue, D. W., Sue, D., Neville, H. A., & Smith, L. (2019). Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice (8th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
• Talbot, M. (2000, February 27). A mighty fortress. The New York Times Magazine, 34-41, 66-8, 84-5.
• Tan, S.-Y. (2013). Addressing religion and spirituality from a cognitive-behavioral perspective. In K. I. Pargament (Ed.), APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality: Vol. 2. An applied psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. 169-187). American Psychological Association.
• Tompkins, C. J., Larkin, H., & Rosen, A. L. (2006). An analysis of social work textbooks for aging content: How well do social work foundation texts prepare students for our aging society? Journal of Social Work Education, 42(1), 3-23.
• Torino, G. C. (2015). Examining biases and white privilege: Classroom teaching strategies that promote cultural competence. Women & Therapy, 38, 295-307.
• Trautmann, S., Rehm, J., & Wittchen, H.-U. (2016). The economic costs of mental disorders. EMBO Reports, 17(9), 1245-1249.
• Tzovara, A., Amarreh, I., Borghesani, V., Chakravarty, M. M., DuPre, E., Grefkes, C., ... & Badhwar, A. (2021). Embracing diversity and inclusivity in an academic setting: Insights from the Organization for Human Brain Mapping. NeuroImage, 229, 117742.
• Vandrick, S. (2015). No "knapsack of invisible privilege" for ESL university students. Journal of Language, Identity, and Education, 14, 54-59.
• Vogel, M. J., McMinn, M. R., Peterson, M. A., & Gatherecoal, K. A. (2013). Examining religion and spirituality as diversity training: A multidimensional look at training in the American Psychological Association. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 44(3), 158-167.
• Walker, D. F., Gorsuch, R. L., & Tan, S.-Y. (2004). Therapists' integration of religion and spirituality in counseling: A meta-analysis. Counseling and Values, 49, 69-80.
• Walton, E., Limb, G. E., & Hodge, D. R. (2011). Developing cultural competency with Latter-Day Saint clients: A strengths-based perspective. Families in Society, 92(1), 50-54.
• Wambach, K. G., & Van Soest, D. (1997). Oppression. In R. L. Edwards (Ed.), Encyclopedia of social work (19th ed., pp. 243-252). NASW Press.
• Wang, X.-H., Kim, T.-Y., & Lee, D.-R. (2016). Cognitive diversity and team creativity: Effects of team intrinsic motivation and transformational leadership. Journal of Business Research, 69, 3231-3239.
• Weaver, A. J., Kline, A. E., Samford, J. A., Lucas, L. A., Larson, D. B., & Gorsuch, R. L. (1998a). Is religion taboo in psychology? A systematic analysis of research on religion in seven major American psychology association journals: 1991-1994. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 17(3), 220-232.
• Weaver, A. J., Samford, J. A., Larson, D. B., Lucas, L. A., Koenig, H. G., & Patrick, V. (1998b). A systematic review of research on religion in four major psychiatric journals: 1991-195. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 186(3), 187-189.
• Woodward, K. L. (2005). What's in a name?: The New York Times on "partial-birth" abortion. Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics, & Public Policy, 19(2), 427-442.
• Wuest, L. G. (2009). Factors associated with inclusion of spirituality in secular social work education (Dissertation, Portland State University).
• Yancey, G. A., & Williamson, D. A. (2014). So many Christians, so few lions: Is there Christianophobia in the United States? Rowman & Littlefield.
• Yancey, G. (2011). Compromising scholarship: Religious and political bias in American higher education. Baylor University Press.
• Yancey, G. (2017). Christian fundamentalists or atheists: Who do progressive Christians like or hate more? Journal of Religion & Society, 19, 1-25.
• Yusoff, S. N. A. M., Raudhah, A., Zulkifli, N. A., & Azmi, L. (2020). Bridging science and religion–treatment of depressed Muslim patients using Islamic Integrated Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. Malaysian Journal of Science Health & Technology, 6(Special Issue).
• Zuberi, T., & Bonilla-Silva (Editors). (2008). White logic, white methods: Racism and methodology. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.