The Mediating Role of The Meaning of Life in the Effect of Spiritual Well-Being on Post-Traumatic Growth During the Covid-19 Pandemic Process

Yıl 2023, , 227 - 248, 01.10.2023

Ece Naz Ermiş

https://doi.org/10.37898/spiritualpc.1288937

Öz

Considering the effects of the COVID-19 epidemic on mental health, it has been determined that there is a need to focus on the positive parts of the post-traumatic results of the pandemic together with spiritual concepts. For this purpose, the mediating role of the meaning of life in the effect of spiritual well-being on post-traumatic growth
during the Covid-19 pandemic process was examined. Within the scope of this general purpose: (a) the moderator role of fear of COVID in the mediating role of the meaning of life in the effect of mental well- being on post-traumatic growth, (b) the mediator role of the meaning of life in the effect of existential regret on post-traumatic growth were examined. The participants in the study consisted of 398 people, 263 women and 135 men, between the ages of 18-62. Data analysis includes correlation and regression analysis. As a result of the analyzes, it was observed that spiritual well-being had a statistically significant and positive effect on post-traumatic growth and the meaning of life had a partial mediating role in this relationship. While the effect of spiritual well-being on the meaning of life is at a significant level, it is observed that the fear of covid has a regulatory role in this effect. In addition, while the meaning of life has a significant effect on post-traumatic growth, it is also seen that existential regret has a regulatory role in this effect. It is thought that this study will provide functional evidence for the post-traumatic growth effects of the COVID-19 outbreak and for possible subsequent outbreaks.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid-19, Post Traumatic Growth, Spiritual Well-Being, Meaning of Life

Kaynakça

• Abdekhodaie, Z. (2022). The lived experience of bereaved Iranian families with COVID-19 grief. Death Studies, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2022.2068698
• Ahorsu, D.K., Lin, C.Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M.D., & Pakpour, A.H. (2020). The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and initial validation. International Journal Mental Health Addiction, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
• Akın, A., & Taş, İ. (2011, June 11). Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the meaning in life questionnaire [Conference presentation abstract]. 30th. International Congress of Educational Research, Girne, TRNC.
• Akkuş, Y., Karacan, Y., Ünlü, K., Deniz, M., & Parlak, A. (2022). The effect of anxiety and spiritual well-being on the care burden of caregivers of cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Supportive Care in Cancer, 30(2), 1863-1872. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-021-06611-0
• Ariapooran, S. Shaibani, H., & Mousavi, S. V. (2022). COVID-19-induced anxiety in mothers with young children: The role of spiritual well-being and attachment to God. Journal of Religion and Health, 9(2), 36-48. http://jrh.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-948-en.html
• Arslan, G., & Yıldırım, M. (2020). Coronavirus stress, meaningful living, optimism, and depressive symptoms: A study of moderated mediation model. Australian Journal Psychology, 73, 113- 124. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.1882273
• Arslan, G., & Yıldırım, M. (2021). Meaning-based coping and spirituality during the COVID-19 pandemic: Mediating effects on subjective well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, (12), 1012. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.646572
• Arslan, G., Yıldırım, M., Tanhan, A., Buluş, M., & Allen, K. A. (2020). Coronavirus stress, optimism- pessimism, psychological inflexibility, and psychological health: Psychometric properties of the coronavirus stress measure. İnternational Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–17. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00337-6
• Artan, T., Meydan, S., & Irmak, H. S. (2021). Covid-19 korkusu ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Archives of Health Science and Research, 8(2), 117-123.
• Aydın, R., & Kabukçuoğlu, K. (2020). The factor structure of the posttraumatic growth scale in cancer patients in Turkey. Health Social Care Community, 28, 1603-1610. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12985
• Benfante, A., Di Tella, M., Romeo, A., & Castelli, L. (2020). Traumatic stress in healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic: A review of the immediate impact. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2816.
• Biancalani, G., Azzola, C., Sassu, R., Marogna, C., & Testoni, I. (2022). Spirituality for coping with the trauma of a loved one’s death during the covid-19 pandemic: An Italian qualitative study. Pastoral Psychology, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-021-00989-8
• Bilge, Y., & Bilge, Y. (2021). Travma sonrası büyüme açısından bir risk faktörü olarak psikolojik sağlamlık: Koronavirüs salgını örneği. Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(2), 312-325. https://doi.org/10.31067/acusaglik.852182
• Bryant-Genevier, J., Rao, C. Y., Lopes-Cardozo, B., Kone, A., Rose, C., Thomas, I., & Byrkit, R. (2021). Symptoms of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicidal ideation among state, tribal, local, and territorial public health workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 70(26), 947.
• Bulut, S., Bulut, S., & Tayli, A. (2005). The dose of exposure and prevalence rates of post traumatic stress disorder in a sample of Turkish children eleven months after the 1999 Marmara earthquakes. School Psychology International, 26(1), 55-70. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034305050893
• Carreno, D. F., & Eisenbeck, N. (2022). Existential insights in cancer: Meaning in life adaptability. Medicina, 58(4), 461. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58040461
• Cha, H. J., & Bang, S. Y. (2019). Factors influencing post-traumatic growth in traffic accident patient. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, 20(12), 254-264.
• Chan, Y. H. (2003). Biostatistics 101: Data presentation. Singapore Medical Journal, 44(6), 280-285.
• Danhauer, S. C., Russell, G. B., Tedeschi, R. G., Jesse, M. T., Vishnevsky, T., Daley, K.,Davidov, J., & Russo-Netzer, P. (2022). Exploring the phenomenological structure of existential anxiety as lived through transformative life experiences. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 35(2), 232-247. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2021.1921162
• Detsky, A. S., & Bogoch, I. I. (2020). COVID-19 in Canada: Experience and response. Jama, 324(8), 743-744.
• Durmuş, M., & Durar, E. (2022). The relationship between spiritual well-being and fear of COVID-19 among Turkish elders. Journal of Religion, Spirituality and Aging, 34(1), 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/15528030.2021.1894627
• Ekşi, H., & Kardeş, S. (2017). Spiritual well-being: Scale development and validation. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 2(1), 73-88.
• El Khoury-Malhame, M., Sfeir, M., Hallit, S., & Sawma, T. (2023). Factors associated with posttraumatic growth: gratitude, PTSD and distress; one year into the COVID-19 pandemic in Lebanon. Current Psychology, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-04159-8
• Emmons, R. A. (1999). The psychology of ultimate concerns. Guilford Press.
• Ermiş, E.N., & Bayraktar, S. (2021). Travma sonrası gelişim perspektifinden gelişimsel eğride yeni bir kuşak olarak COVID-19. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 7(1), 95-105.
• Ermiş, E.N., & Bayraktar, S. (2021). Çok boyutlu varoluşsal pişmanlık ölçeği’nin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: Güvenilirlik ve geçerlik analizi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 13(1), 421-440.
• Gordon, R. M., Dahan, J. F., Wolfson, J. B., Fults, E., Lee, Y. S. C., Smith-Wexler, L., & McGiffin, J. N. (2021). Existential–humanistic and relational psychotherapy during Covıd-19 with patients with preexisting medical conditions. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 61(4), 470-492.https:// doi.org/10.1177/0022167820973890
• Gökmen, G., & Deniz, M. E. (2020). Travma sonrası büyümenin yordayıcıları olarak öz-anlayış ve affetme. Uluslararası Türk Kültür Coğrafyasında Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(2), 72-93.
• Halama, P. (2014). Meaning in life and coping: sense of meaning as a buffer against stress. A. Batthyany & P. Russo-Netze (Eds.), Meaning in positive and existential psychology. Springer Press.
• Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression based approach. Guilford Publications.
• Hyun, S., Wong, GTF., Levy-Carrick, NC., Charmaraman, L., Cozier, Y., Yip, T., Chris Hahm, H., & Liv, C.H. (2021). Psychological correlates of posttraumatic growth among U.S. young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research, (302).
• Ikizer, G., Karanci, A. N., Gul, E., & Dilekler, I. (2021). Post-traumatic stress, growth, and depreciation during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from Turkey. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1872966.
• Jaspal, R., & Breakwell, G. M. (2022). Socio-economic inequalities in social network, loneliness and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 68(1), 155-165.
• Karataş, Z. (2020). Covid-19 pandemisinin toplumsal etkileri, değişim ve güçlenme. Türkiye Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 3-17. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tushad/ issue/54680/722406
• Koenig, H. G. (2011). Spirituality and health research: Methods, measurement, statistics and resources. Templeton Foundation Press.
• Li, L., Mao, M., Wang, S., Yin, R., Yan, H. O., Jin, Y., & Cheng, Y. (2022). Posttraumatic growth in Chinese nurses and general public during the COVID-19 outbreak. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 27(2), 301-311.
• Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2004). Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(1), 11-21. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000014671.27856.7e
• Livingston, E., & Bucher, K. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Italy. Jama, 323(14), 1335-1335.
• Liu, L., Cheng, L., & Qu, X. (2023). From existential anxiety to posttraumatic growth: The stranded traveler during the pandemic outbreak. Annals of Tourism Research, 99, 103548.
• Lo Coco, G., Gentile, A., Bosnar, K., Milovanović, I., Bianco, A., Drid, P., &Pišot, S. (2021). A cross-country examination on the fear of COVID-19 and the sense of loneliness during the first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 2586.
• MacDonald, D. A. (2000). Spirituality: Description, measurement, and relation to the five-factor model of personality. Journal of Personality, 68(1), 153-197. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467- 6494.t01-1-00094
• Mostarac, I., & Brajković, L. (2022). Life after facing cancer: Posttraumatic growth, meaning in life and life satisfaction. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 29(1), 92-102.
• Negri, A., Conte, F., Caldiroli, C. L., Neimeyer, R. A., & Castiglioni, M. (2023). Psychological factors explaining the COVID-19 pandemic impact on mental health: The role of meaning, beliefs, and perceptions of vulnerability and mortality. Behavioral Sciences, 13(2), 162.
• Nooripour, R., Hosseinian, S., Sobhaninia, M., Ghanbari, N., Hassanvandi, S., Ilanloo, H., & Kakabraee, K. (2022). Prediction of fear of covıd-19 based on spiritual well-being and self efficacy in Iranian students: Emphasizing on mediating role of mindfulness. Practice in Clinical Psychology, 1-17. http://jpcp.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-787-fa.html
• Nowicki, G. J., Ślusarska, B., & Tucholska, K. (2020). The severity of traumatic stress associated with COVID-19 pandemic, perception of support, sense of security, and sense of meaning in life among nurses: Research protocol and preliminary results from Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6491. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186491
• Özdamar, K. (2015). Paket programları ile istatistiksel veri analizi-1. Nisan Kitabevi.
• Pargament, K. I. (1997). The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, practice. Guilford Press.
• Park, C. L. (2005). Religion and meaning. R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds.), The handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality. Guilford Press.
• Pietrzak, R. H., Tsai, J., & Southwick, S. M. (2021). Association of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder with posttraumatic psychological growth among US veterans during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Network Open, 4(4), 214972. https://doi.org/ 10.1001/ jamanetworkopen.2021.4972.e214972
• Pino, O., Cunegatti, F., & D’Angelo, M. (2022). The role of life meaning in psychological distress and post-traumatic growth among Italian first-aid volunteers during the Covıd-19 outbreak. Trends in Psychology, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43076-022-00182-7
• Ran, L., Wang, W., & Ai, M., (2020). Psychological resilience, depression, anxiety, and somatization symptoms in response to COVID-19: A study of the general population in China at the peak of its epidemic. Social Science and Medicine, (262), 113261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. socscimed.2020.113261
• Reker, G.T., & Truckle, S.E. (2009, November 23-24). Measurıng exıstentıal regret ın older adults: The development and valıdatıon of the multıdımensıonal exıstentıal regret scale (MERI) [Conference presentation abstract]. The Gerontological Society of America 62nd Annual Scientific Meeting, Atlanta.US.
• Rodríguez-Rey, R., Garrido-Hernansaiz, H., & Collado, S. (2020). Psychological impact of COVID-19 in Spain: Early data report. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(5), 550.
• Sami, S., Toprak, Y., & Gökmen, A. (2020). Covid-19 sürecinde gençlerde hayatın anlamına yönelik değişim ve dönüşümler. İlahiyat Akademi, (12), 217-256.
• Santos, M., Machado, A. M., Bernardo, A. C., Leite, Â., &Pereira, M. G. (2021). Men’s psychological well-being during COVID-19: The moderator role of posttraumatic growth. Journal of Man Health’s, 17(4), 62-71.
• Sebuktekin, D. (2018). Travma Sonrası Büyüme, Temel Inançlarda Sarsılma ve Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Arasındaki Ilişkinin Incelenmesi. [Unpublished master’s dissertation]. Hasan Kalyoncu University.
• Seo, H., & Lee, O. (2020). Mediating role of post-traumatic stress disorder in post-traumatic growth in adults who experienced the 2017 Pohang earthquake. Journal of Affective Disorders, (263), 246-251.
• World Health Organization. (2022, November 22). Covid-19. https://www.worldometers.info/ coronavirus/country/turkey/
• Shah, R., Kulhara, P., Grover, S., Kumar, S., Malhotra, R., & Tyagi, S. (2011).Relationship between spirituality/religiousness and coping in patients with residual schizophrenia. Qualitiy of Life Research, (20), 1053-1060.
• Shao, A. T. (2002). Marketing research: An aid to decision making. Learning Press.
• Sharma, G., Volgman, A. S., & Michos, E. D. (2020). Sex differences in mortality from COVID-19 pandemic: Are men vulnerable and women protected? Case Reports, 2(9), 1407-1410.
• Smith, B. W., Ortiz, J. A., Wiggins, K. T., Bernard, J. F., & Dalen, J. (2012). Spirituality, resilience, and positive emotions. L. J. Miller (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Psychology and Spirituality. Oxford University Press.
• Steger, M.F., Frazier. P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006).The meaning ı̇ n life quetionnaire: Assesing the presence of and search for meaning ı̇ n life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 80-93.
• Tedeschi, R.G., & Calhoun, L.G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1-18.
• Tedeschi, R.G., & Calhoun, L.G. (1996). The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455-471.
• Tedeschi, R.G., Park, C.L., & Calhoun, L.G. (1995). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual issues. Richard G. Tedeschi, Crystal, L. Park and Lawrence G. Calhoun (Eds.), Posttraumatic Growth Positive Changes in The Aftermath Of Crisis. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Tomaszek, K., & Muchacka-Cymerman, A. (2020). Thinking about my existence during COVID-19, I feel anxiety and awe-The mediating role of existential anxiety and life satisfaction on the relationship between PTSD symptoms and post-traumatic growth. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 7062. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph17197062
• Van den Eynde, J., De Vos, K., Van Daalen, K. R., & Oosterlinck, W. (2020). Women and COVID-19: A One-Man Show? Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, (7), 596583.
• Veronese, G., Mahamid, F. A., & Bdier, D. (2022). Subjective well-being, sense of coherence, and posttraumatic growth mediate the association between COVID-19 stress, trauma, and burnout among Palestinian health-care providers. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,92(3), 291-301. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000606
• Vishnevsky, T., Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G., Tedeschi, R. G., & Demakis, G. J. (2010). Gender differences inself-reported posttraumatic growth: A metaanalysis. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34(1), 110-120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01546.x
• Xin, Y. U. A. N., & Ting, N. I. E. (2022). Positive coping styles and post-traumatic growth under Covıd-19. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, (637), 221-217. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220131.038
• Yu, Y., Yu, Y., & Hu, J. (2022). COVID-19 among Chinese high school graduates: Psychological distress, growth, meaning in life and resilience. Journal of Health Psychology, 27(5), 1057- 1069.
• Zhang, H., Hook, J. N., Van Tongeren, D. R., Davis, E. B., Aten, J. D., McElroy-Heltzel, S., & Captari, L. E. (2021). Spiritual fortitude: A systematic review of the literature and implications for COVID-19 coping. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 8(4), 229. https://doi.org/10.1037/ scp0000267
• Wang, S., Zhao, Y., & Li, J. (2023). True grit and brain: Trait grit mediates the connection of DLPFC functional connectivity density to posttraumatic growth following COVID-19. Journal of Affective Disorders, (3), 221-232.