6 Şubat Türkiye Depreminde Hayatta Kalanların Deprem Sonrası Travma Düzeylerine Manevi İyi Oluşun Etkisi

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 145 - 168, 01.06.2024

Zeki Karataş , Esin Tüccar

https://doi.org/10.37898/spiritualpc.1393636

Abstract

Deprem gibi doğal afetler, depremden etkilenen bireylerin psikolojik iyi olma halleri üzerinde derin bir etkiye sahiptir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, 6 Şubat 2023 tarihide Türkiye’de yaşanan depremden etkilenen bireylerin deprem sonrası travma düzeyleri ile manevi iyi oluşları ve çeşitli sosyodemografik değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektedir.
Araştırmada nicel araştırma yönteminin ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini, Türkiye’de Kahramanmaraş İli, Pazarcık İlçesi Merkezli depremi yaşayan 11 ildeki depremzede bireylerden kolayda örnekleme tekniği ile ulaşılan 440 katılımcı oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak Deprem Sonrası Travma Düzeyini Belirleme Ölçeği, Manevi İyi Oluş Ölçeği ve Sosyodemografik Bilgi Formu kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler tek yönlü varyans analizi, t-testi ve basit regresyon analizi kullanılarak incelenmiştir.
Araştırma sonucunda; katılımcıların deprem sonrası travma düzeyleri ile manevi iyi oluşları arasında düşük düzeyde, negatif yönde ve anlamlı bir ilişkinin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Yerleşim yeri, eğitim durumu, dini inançları uygulama sıklığı farklı olan gruplar arasında deprem sonrası travma düzeyi açısından anlamlı farklılık yokken; katılımcıların cinsiyeti, yaşı, depremde yakınını kaybetme durumu, algılanan ekonomik durum, konutun hasar durumu gibi değişkenlerle deprem sonrası travma düzeyi arasında anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur. Bulgular, deprem sonrası travmanın hafifletilmesinde manevi iyi oluşun önemine ilişkin değerli bilgiler sunmakta ve manevi desteğin afet yönetimi ve ruh sağlığı müdahalelerine dâhil edilmesi potansiyelini vurgulamaktadır.

Keywords

Deprem, deprem sonrası travma, manevi iyi oluş, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu

Unveiling the Healing Power of Spirituality: Exploring the Impact on Post-Earthquake Trauma among Türkiye Survivors

Abstract

Natural disasters such as earthquakes have a profound effect on the psychological well-being of individuals affected by earthquakes. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between post-earthquake trauma levels and spiritual well-being and various sociodemographic variables of individuals affected by the earthquake in Turkey on 6 February 2023. Relational survey model of quantitative research method was used in the study. The sample of the study consists of 440 participants who were reached by convenience sampling technique from earthquake survivors in 11 provinces in Turkey who experienced the earthquake centred in Pazarcık District of Kahramanmaraş Province in Turkey. The Scale for Determining the Level of Post-Earthquake Trauma, Spiritual Well-Being Scale, and Sociodemographic Information Form were used as data collection tools in the study. The data obtained were analysed using one-way analysis of variance, t-test and simple regression analysis. As a result of the study, it was determined that there was a low level, negative and significant relationship between the participants' post-earthquake trauma levels and their spiritual well-being. While there was no significant difference in terms of post-earthquake trauma level between the groups with different residence, education level, and frequency of religious beliefs, a significant difference was found between the post-earthquake trauma level and variables such as gender, age, loss of relatives in the earthquake, perceived economic status, and damage status of the house. The findings provide valuable information on the importance of spiritual well-being in alleviating post-earthquake trauma and emphasise the potential of including spiritual support in disaster management and mental health interventions.

Keywords

Earthquake, post-earthquake trauma, spiritual well-being, post-traumatic stress disorder

Ethical Statement

The study was approved by Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Social and Human Sciences Ethics Committee (Approval no: 2023/090). This study conforms to the ethical guidelines of the1975 Declaration of Helsinki.

References

• Abu-Raiya, H., Pargament, K. I., Krause, N., & Ironson, G. (2015). Robust links between religious/ spiritual struggles, psychological distress, and well-being in a national sample of American adults. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 85, 565-575. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000084
• Acharya Pandey, R., Chalise, P., Khadka, S., Chaulagain, B., Maharjan, B., Pandey, J., Nepal, J., & Pandey, C. (2023). Post-traumatic stress disorder and its associated factors among survivors of 2015 earthquake in Nepal. BMC Psychiatry, 23(1), 340. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04836-3
• Adeagbo, A., Daramola, A., Carim-Sanni, A., Akujobi, C., & Ukpong, C. (2016). Effects of natural disasters on social and economic well-being: A study in Nigeria. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 17, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.03.006
• Adhikari Baral, I., & K.C, B. (2019). Post-traumatic stress disorder and coping strategies among adult survivors of earthquake, Nepal. BMC Psychiatry, 19(1), 118. https://doi.org/10.1186/ s12888-019-2090-y
• Ai, A. L., Raney, A. A., & Paloutzian, R. F. (2023). Perceived spiritual support counteracts the traumatic impact of extreme disasters: Exploration of moderators. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 15, 199-209. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001133
• Aten, J. D., Smith, W. R., Davis, E. B., Van Tongeren, D. R., Hook, J. N., Davis, D. E., Shannonhouse, L., DeBlaere, C., Ranter, J., O’Grady, K., & Hill, P. C. (2019). The psychological study of religion and spirituality in a disaster context: A systematic review. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11, 597-613. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000431
• Başoǧlu, M., Şalcioǧlu, E., & Livanou, M. (2002). Traumatic stress responses in earthquake survivors in Turkey. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15(4), 269-276. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016241826589
• Beaglehole, B., Mulder, R. T., Boden, J. M., & Bell, C. J. (2019). A systematic review of the psychological impacts of the Canterbury earthquakes on mental health. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 43(3), 274-280. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12894
• Bertinelli, L., Mahé, C., & Strobl, E. (2023). Earthquakes and mental health. World Development, 169, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106283
• Blanc, J., Rahill, G. J., Laconi, S., & Mouchenik, Y. (2016). Religious beliefs, PTSD, depression and resilience in survivors of the 2010 Haiti earthquake. Journal of Affective Disorders, 190, 697-703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.046
• Cadichon, J. M., Lignier, B., Cénat, J.-M., & Derivois, D. (2017). Symptoms of PTSD among adolescents and young adult survivors six years after the 2010 Haiti Earthquake. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 22(8), 646-659. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2017.1360585
• Cénat, J. M., McIntee, S.-E., & Blais-Rochette, C. (2020). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety and other mental health problems following the 2010 earthquake in Haiti: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 273, 55-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.04.046
• Cerdá, M., Paczkowski, M., Galea, S., Nemethy, K., Péan, C., & Desvarieux, M. (2013). Psychopathology in the aftermath of the Haiti Earthquake: A population-based study of posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression. Depression and Anxiety, 30(5), 413-424. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22007
• Chan, C. L. W., Wang, C.-W., Qu, Z., Lu, B. Q., Ran, M.-S., Ho, A. H. Y., Yuan, Y., Zhang, B. Q., Wang, X., & Zhang, X. (2011). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among adult survivors of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(3), 295-302. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20645
• Chen, X.-Y., Shi, X., Zhou, Y., Chen, H., Ma, Y., Wang, T., & Fan, F. (2021). Change patterns of sleep problems predict mental health problems among adolescents: A 10-year cohort study of Chinese Wenchuan earthquake. Journal of Affective Disorders, 287, 138-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.080
• Chen, Y. Y., & Koenig, H. G. (2006). Traumatic stress and religion: Is there a relationship? A review of empirical findings. Journal of Religion and Health, 45(3), 371-381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-006-9040-y
• Chirico, F. (2016). Spiritual well-being in the 21st century: It is time to review the current WHO’s health definition. Journal of Health and Social Sciences, 1(1), 11-16. https://doi.org/10.19204/2016/sprt2
• Cofini, V., Carbonelli, A., Cecilia, M. R., Binkin, N., & di Orio, F. (2015). Post-traumatic stress disorder and coping in a sample of adult survivors of the Italian earthquake. Psychiatry Research, 229(1), 353-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.06.041
• Conversano, C., Rotondo, A., Lensi, E., Della Vista, O., Arpone, F., & Reda, M. A. (2010). Optimism and its impact on mental and physical well-being. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health: CP & EMH, 6, 25-29. https://doi.org/10.2174/1745017901006010025
• Dai, W., Chen, L., Lai, Z., Li, Y., Wang, J., & Liu, A. (2016). The incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors after earthquakes systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1), 188. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0891-9
• de Castella, R., & Simmonds, J. G. (2013). “There’s a deeper level of meaning as to what suffering’s all about”: Experiences of religious and spiritual growth following trauma. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 16, 536-556. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2012.702738
• Deal, B. (2011). Finding meaning in suffering. Holistic Nursing Practice, 25(4), 205-210. https://doi.org/10.1097/HNP.0b013e31822271db
• Dell’Osso, L., Carmassi, C., Massimetti, G., Stratta, P., Riccardi, I., Capanna, C., Akiskal, K. K., Akiskal, H. S., & Rossi, A. (2013). Age, gender and epicenter proximity effects on post-traumatic stress symptoms in L’Aquila 2009 earthquake survivors. Journal of Affective Disorders, 146(2), 174-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.048
• Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (2023, February). Information on the Earthquake in Kahramanmaraş-Pazarcık. T.R. Ministry of Interior Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency. https://www.afad.gov.tr/kahramanmaras-pazarcikta-meydana-gelen-deprem-hakkinda-bilgilendirmee-merkezicerik
• Divsalar, P., & Dehesh, T. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression among survivors over 12 years after the Bam Earthquake. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 16, 1207-1216. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S252730
• Dyson, J., Cobb, M., & Forman, D. (1997). The meaning of spirituality: A literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 26(6), 1183-1188. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.1997.00446.x
• Edwards, L., Bretherton, R., Gresswell, M., & Sabin-Farrell, R. (2020). The relationship between social support, spiritual well-being, and depression in Christian clergy: A systematic literature review. Mental Health Religion & Culture, 23(10), 857-873. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2020.1838459
• Ekşi, H., & Kardaş, S. (2017). Spiritual well-being: scale development and validation. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 2(1), 73-88. https://doi.org/10.12738/spc.2017.1.0022
• Ekşi, H., Kermen, U., Dinçer, F., & Musa, H. (2020). Investigating teachers’ happiness in the contexts of spiritual well-being and stress in Turkey. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 23(1), 10-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2019.1710828
• Fan, F., Long, K., Zhou, Y., Zheng, Y., & Liu, X. (2015). Longitudinal trajectories of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among adolescents after the Wenchuan Earthquake in China. Psychological Medicine, 45(13), 2885-2896. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715000884
• Feder, A., Ahmad, S., Lee, E. J., Morgan, J. E., Singh, R., Smith, B. W., Southwick, S. M., & Charney, D. S. (2013). Coping and PTSD symptoms in Pakistani earthquake survivors: Purpose in life, religious coping and social support. Journal of Affective Disorders, 147(1), 156-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.10.027
• Ferguson, C. (2023). Exploring the role of religious coping in natural disaster survivors in the Bahamas. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Liberty University https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/doctoral/4471
• Fisher, J. W. (1998). Spiritual health: Its nature and place in the school curriculum. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Melbourne. https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/items/0fb9d10e-efe0-5538-ae82-d79f7c463895
• Fradelos, E. C., Kapsiocha, E., Tzavella, F., Kastanidou, S., Tsaras, K., Papagiannis, D., & Papathanasiou, I. V. (2019). Factors associated with psychological distress in university students and the relation to emotional intelligent and spirituality: A cross-sectional study. Materia Socio-Medica, 31(4), 262-267. https://doi.org/10.5455/msm.2019.31.262-267
• Galea, S., Nandi, A., & Vlahov, D. (2005). The epidemiology of post-traumatic stress disorder after disasters. Epidemiologic Reviews, 27(1), 78-91. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxi003
• Gallagher, M. W., & Lopez, S. J. (2009). Positive expectancies and mental health: Identifying the unique contributions of hope and optimism. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 548-556. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760903157166
• Grouden, M. E., & Jose, P. E. (2015). Do sources of meaning differentially predict search for meaning, presence of meaning, and wellbeing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 5(1). https://www.internationaljournalofwellbeing.org/index.php/ijow/article/view/313
• Gunn, S. W. A. (1995). Health effects of earthquakes. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 4(5), 6-10. https://doi.org/10.1108/09653569510100956
• Hardiman, P., & Simmonds, J. G. (2013). Spiritual well-being, burnout and trauma in counsellors and psychotherapists. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 16(10), 1044-1055. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2012.732560
• Huck, S. W. (2012). Reading statistics and research (6.). Pearson.
• Ikizer, G., Karanci, A. N., & Doğulu, C. (2016). Exploring factors associated with psychological resilience among earthquake survivors from Turkey. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 21(5), 384-398. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2015.1108794
• Jin, Y., Sun, C., Wang, F., An, J., & Xu, J. (2018). The relationship between PTSD, depression and negative life events: Ya’an earthquake three years later. Psychiatry Research, 259, 358-363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.017
• Karagöz, Y. (2010). The power and effectiveness of nonparametric techniques. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 9(33), 18-40. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/esosder/issue/6147/82524
• Karamustafalıoğlu, O. K., Fostick, L., Çevik, M., Zukerman, G., Tankaya, O., Güveli, M., Bakım, B., Karamustafalıoğlu, N., & Zohar, J. (2023). Ten-year follow-up of earthquake survivors: Long-term study on the course of PTSD following a natural disaster. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 84(2), 457-63. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.22m14377
• Karanci, A. N., & Rüstemli, A. (1995). Psychological consequences of the 1992 Erzincan (Turkey) Earthquake. Disasters, 19(1), 8-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.1995.tb00328.x
• Khan, S. M., Shafi, I., Butt, W. H., Diez, I. de la T., Flores, M. A. L., Galán, J. C., & Ashraf, I. (2023). A systematic review of disaster management systems: Approaches, challenges, and future directions. Land, 12(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/land12081514
• Kılıç, C., & Ulusoy, M. (2003). Psychological effects of the November 1999 earthquake in Turkey: An epidemiological study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108(3), 232-238. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00119.x
• Koçoğlu, E., Demir, F. B., Ulukaya-Öteleş, Ü. & Özeren, E. (2023). Post-earthquake trauma levels of university students evaluation: Example of 6 February Kahramanmaraş Earthquake. Higher Education Studies, 13(2), 121-127. https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v13n2p121
• Koenig, H. G. (2012). Religion, spirituality, and health: the research and clinical implications. International Scholarly Research Notices, 2012, 1-33. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/278730
• Kula, N. (2002). Earthquake and religious coping. Gazi University Corum Journal of Faculty of Theology, 1(1), 234-255. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/hititilahiyat/issue/7703/100
• Kun, P., Chen, X., Han, S., Gong, X., Chen, M., Zhang, W., & Yao, L. (2009). Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in Sichuan Province, China after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Public Health, 123(11), 703-707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2009.09.017
• uo, H. W., Wu, S. J., Ma, T. C., Chiu, M.-C., & Chou, S.-Y. (2007). Posttraumatic symptoms were worst among quake victims with injuries following the Chi-chi quake in Taiwan. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 62(4), 495-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2004.11.012
• Labra, O., Maltais, D., & Tremblay, G. (2017). Chilean men exposed to the major earthquake in 2010: Investigation of the impacts on their health. American Journal of Men’s Health, 11(2), 392-403. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988316681669
• Lazzaroni, S., & van Bergeijk, P. A. G. (2014). Natural disasters’ impact, factors of resilience and development: A meta-analysis of the macroeconomic literature. Ecological Economics, 107, 333-346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.08.015
• Lee, H. I. (2017). Correlation between spiritual well-being and mental health of nursing students. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 32(1), 7-15. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2002.32.1.7
• Liang, Y., Cheng, J., Ruzek, J. I., & Liu, Z. (2019). Posttraumatic stress disorder following the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake: A 10-year systematic review among highly exposed populations in China. Journal of Affective Disorders, 243, 327-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.047
• Liu, Q., Jiang, M., Yang, Y., Zhou, H., Zhou, Y., Yang, M., Xu, H., & Ji, Y. (2019). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its correlates among junior high school students at 53 months after experiencing an earthquake. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 13(3), 414-418. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2018.76
• Livanou, M., Bassoglu, M., Ssalcioglu, E., & Kalendar, D. (2002). Traumatıc stress responses in treatment-seekıng earthquake survıvors in Turkey. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190(12), 816. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12486369
• Lu, W.-T., Zhao, X.-C., Wang, R., Li, N., Song, M., Wang, L., Yu, L.-L., Gao, Y.-Y., Wang, Y.-M., An, C.-X., & Wang, X.-Y. (2023). Long-term effects of early stress due to earthquake exposure on depression symptoms in adulthood: A cross-sectional study. Injury, 54(1), 207-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2022.07.047
• McMillen, J. C., North, C. S., & Smith, E. M. (2000). What parts of PTSD are normal: Intrusion, avoidance, or arousal? Data from the Northridge, California, earthquake. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13(1), 57-75. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007768830246
• Mesidor, J. K., & Sly, K. F. (2019). Religious coping, general coping strategies, perceived social support, PTSD symptoms, resilience, and posttraumatic growth among survivors of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 22(2), 130-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2019.1580254
• Momeni, K., Karami, J., & Rad, A. S. (2013). The relationship between spirituality, resiliency and coping strategies with students’ psychological well-being. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, 16(8). https://brieflands.com/articles/jkums-77274.html#abstract
• Moore, S. L. (2005). Hope makes a difference. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 12(1), 100-105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2004.00802.x
• Niitsu, K., Watanabe-Galloway, S., Sayles, H., Houfek, J., & Rice, M. (2014). A pilot study of the psychological impact of the great east Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 20(3), 194-202. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078390314536615
• Norris, F. H., Friedman, M. J., Watson, P. J., Byrne, C. M., Diaz, E., & Kaniasty, K. (2002). 60,000 disaster victims speak: Part I. An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981—2001. Psychiatry, 65(3), 207-239. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.65.3.207.20173
• Okumuş, E. (2008). Turkey‐religiosity and the PRA. The Muslim World, 98, 345-362. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1478-1913.2008.00232.x
• Pargament, K. I. (1992). Of means and ends: Religion and the search for significance. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2(4), 201-229. https://doi.org/10.1207/ s15327582ijpr0204_1
• Pargament, K. I. (2013). Searching for the sacred: Toward a nonreductionistic theory of spirituality. In K. I. Pargament, J. J. Exline & J. W. Jones (Eds.), APA handbook of psychology, religion and spirituality: Context, theory and research (pp. 257–273). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14045-014
• Park, C. L. (2004). The notion of growth following stressful life experiences: Problems and prospects. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 69-76. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20447205
• Park, C. L. (2013). Religion and meaning. In. R. F. Paloutzian and C. L. Park (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (2nd ed.) (pp. 357-379). The Guilford Press. https:// psycnet.apa.org/record/2013-26878-000
• Park, C. L. (2017). Spiritual well-being after trauma: Correlates with appraisals, coping, and psychological adjustment. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 45(4), 297- 307. https://doi.org/10.1080/10852352.2016.1197752
• Park, C. L., & Gutierrez, I. A. (2013). Global and situational meanings in the context of trauma: Relations with psychological well-being. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 26(1), 8-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2012.727547
• Rahmat, H. K., Basri, A. S. H., Putra, R. M., Mulkiyan, M., Wahyuni, S. W., & Casmini, C. (2022). The influenced factors of Spiritual well-being: A systematic review. Sociocouns: Journal of Islamic Guidance and Counseling, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.35719/sjigc.v2i1.23
• Salcioglu, E., Basoglu, M., & Livanou, M. (2007). Post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbid depression among survivors of the 1999 earthquake in Turkey. Disasters, 31(2), 115-129. https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2007.01000.x
• Strategy and Budget Directorate (2023). 2023 Kahramanmaraş and Hatay Earthquakes report. Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, Strategy and Budget Directorate. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/ wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2023-Kahramanmaras-ve-Hatay-Depremleri-Raporu.pdf
• Schrank, B., Stanghellini, G., & Slade, M. (2008). Hope in psychiatry: A review of the literature. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 118(6), 421-433. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01271.x
• Sezgin, U., & Punamäki, R.-L. (2012). Earthquake trauma and causal explanation associating with PTSD and other psychiatric disorders among South East Anatolian women. Journal of Affective Disorders, 141(2), 432-440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.005
• Sibley, C. G., & Bulbulia, J. (2012). Faith after an Earthquake: A longitudinal study of religion and perceived health before and after the 2011 Christchurch New Zealand Earthquake. Plos One, 7(12), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049648
• Steger, M. F., Pickering, N. K., Adams, E., Burnett, J., Shin, J. Y., Dik, B. J., & Stauner, N. (2010). The quest for meaning: Religious affiliation differences in the correlates of religious quest and search for meaning in life. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 2, 206-226. https://doi. org/10.1037/a0019122
• Subandi, M. A., Achmad, T., Kurniati, H., & Febri, R. (2014). Spirituality, gratitude, hope and post-traumatic growth among the survivors of the 2010 eruption of Mount Merapi in Java, Indonesia. Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, 18, 19-26. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2014-55116-003
• Sumer, N., Karanci, A. N., Berument, S. K., & Gunes, H. (2005). Personal resources, coping self- efficacy, and quake exposure as predictors of psychological distress following the 1999 earthquake in Turkey. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(4), 331-342. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20032
• Sun, L., Su, G., Tian, Q., Qi, W., Liu, F., Qi, M., & Li, R. (2019). Religious belief and Tibetans’ response to earthquake disaster: A case study of the 2010 Ms 7.1 Yushu earthquake, Qinghai Province, China. Natural Hazards, 99(1), 141-159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-019-03733-x
• Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Allyn and Bacon.
• Taheri-Kharameh, Z. (2016). The relationship between religious-spiritual well-being and stress, anxiety, and depression in university students. Health Spiritual Med Ethics, 3, 30-35.
• Tan, H. N. & Yıldız, M. (2022). The formation and definition of the concept of “spiritual well-being”. The Journal of Religious Studies, 25(63), 447-476. https://doi.org/10.15745/da.1175149
• Tang, B., Deng, Q., Glik, D., Dong, J., & Zhang, L. (2017). A meta-analysis of risk factors for post- traumatic stress disorder (ptsd) in adults and children after earthquakes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121537
• Tanhan, F., & Kayrı̇ , M. (2013). Validity and reliability study of the post-earthquake trauma level determination scale. Educational Sciences in Theory and Practice, 13(2), 1013-1025. https:// files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1017259.pdf
• Tempesta, D., Curcio, G., Gennaro, L. D., & Ferrara, M. (2013). Long-term impact of earthquakes on sleep quality. Plos One, 8(2), e55936. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055936
• Teramoto, C., Nagata, S., Okamoto, R., Suzuki, R., Kishi, E., Nomura, M., Jojima, N., Nishida, M., Koide, K., Kusano, E., Iwamoto, S., & Murashima, S. (2015). Identifying residents’ health issues six weeks after the Great East Japan Earthquake. Public Health Nursing, 32(6), 654-661. https://doi.org/10.1111/phn.12201
• Unterrainer, H. F., Lewis, A. J., & Fink, A. (2014). Religious/spiritual well-being, personality and mental health: A review of results and conceptual issues. Journal of Religion and Health, 53(2), 382-392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-012-9642-5
• Valladares-Garrido, M. J., Zapata-Castro, L. E., Peralta, C. I., García-Vicente, A., Astudillo- Rueda, D., León-Figueroa, D. A., & Díaz-Vélez, C. (2022). Post-traumatic stress disorder after the 6.1 Magnitude Earthquake in Piura, Peru: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(17), 11035. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph191711035
• Volcan, S. M. A., Sousa, P. L. R., Mari, J. de J., & Horta, B. L. (2003). Relationship between spiritual well-being and minor psychiatric disorders: A cross-sectional study. Revista de Saúde Pública, 37, 440-445. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102003000400008
• Wang, L., Zhang, L., Armour, C., Cao, C., Qing, Y., Zhang, J., Liu, P., Zhang, B., Wu, Q., Zhao, Z., & Fan, G. (2015). Assessing the underlying dimensionality of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms in Chinese adolescents surviving the
• WHO. (2021). WHO guidance on research methods for health emergency and disaster risk management. World Health Organization. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/345591
• WHO. (2023). Earthquake response in Türkiye and whole of Syria. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/who-flash-appeal--earthquake-response-in-t-rkiye- and-whole-of-syria
• Xu, J., & Wei, Y. (2013). Social Support as a Moderator of the Relationship between Anxiety and Depression: An Empirical Study with Adult Survivors of Wenchuan Earthquake. Plos One, 8(10), e79045. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079045
• Yehuda, R., Hoge, C. W., McFarlane, A. C., Vermetten, E., Lanius, R. A., Nievergelt, C. M., Hobfoll, S. E., Koenen, K. C., Neylan, T. C., & Hyman, S. E. (2015). Post-traumatic stress disorder. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2015.57
• Yıldız, M., & Kuruoğlu-Göker, M. N. (2004). Psychiatric comorbidity in post-traumatic stress disorder among people seeking treatment after the Marmara Earthquake. International Journal of Mental Health, 33(1), 59-66. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207411.2004.11043359
• Yılmaz, A. (2023, March 20). The number of people who lost their lives in Kahramanmaraş-centred earthquakes was fifty thousand ninety-six. Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/asrin-felaketi/ kahramanmaras-merkezli-depremlerde-hayatini-kaybedenlerin-sayisi-50-bin-96-oldu/2850716
• Yoosefi Lebni, J., Khorami, F., Ebadi Fard Azar, F., Khosravi, B., Safari, H., & Ziapour, A. (2020). Experiences of rural women with damages resulting from an earthquake in Iran: A qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 625. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08752-z
• Yorbik, Ö., Akbıyık, D. İ., Kırmızıgül, P., & Söhmen, T. (2004). Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in children after the 1999 Marmara Earthquake in Turkey. International Journal of Mental Health, 33(1), 46-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207411.2004.11043360
• Zhou, X., Kang, L., Sun, X., Song, H., Mao, W., Huang, X., Zhang, Y., & Li, J. (2013). Prevalence and risk factors of post-traumatic stress disorder among adult survivors six months after the Wenchuan earthquake. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54(5), 493-499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.12.010