sportive Sportive 2667-632X Ahmet UZUN 10.53025/sportive.1698950 Sports Medicine Spor Hekimliği Açık Alan Macera Rekreasyonu: Macera Davranışı Arayışı ve Serbest Zaman Tatmini Arasındaki İlişkide Akış Deneyiminin Aracı Rolü Outdoor Adventure Recreation: The Mediating Role of Flow Experience in the Relationship Between Adventure Behavior Seeking and Leisure Satisfaction https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6816-9393 Ekinci Erdoğan Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2424-2111 Gürbüz Bülent ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SPOR BİLİMLERİ FAKÜLTESİ, SPOR YÖNETİCİLİĞİ BÖLÜMÜ 09 30 2025 8 2 168 193 05 15 2025 07 16 2025 Copyright © 2018, Sportive 2018 Sportive

Bu çalışma, açık alan macera rekreasyonu bağlamında, macera davranışı arayışı, rekreasyonel akış deneyimi ve serbest zaman tatmini arasındaki ilişkileri incelemektedir. Açık alan rekreasyonunun fiziksel, psikolojik ve sosyal iyilik hâlini desteklediği yaygın olarak kabul edilmekle birlikte, yüksek riskli ve zorlu deneyimlerin tatmin edici serbest zaman çıktısına nasıl dönüştüğüne dair psikolojik mekanizmalar üzerine yapılan araştırmalar sınırlıdır. Bu çalışma, bireylerin macera arayışına yönelik eğilimleri ile serbest zaman tatmini arasındaki ilişkide akış deneyimi olarak bilinen psikolojik bir durumun aracı rolünü araştırarak bu boşluğu doldurmayı amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma kapsamında, Türkiye’nin 50 farklı ilinde yer alan 142 merkezde dağcılık, dalış, yamaç paraşütü, kayak, rafting, doğa yürüyüşü ve kampçılık gibi çeşitli açık alan rekreasyon faaliyetlerine katılan 1.406 bireyden veri toplanmıştır. Duyumsal arayış, akış kuramı ve serbest zaman çalışmaları literatürüne dayalı olarak geliştirilen dört hipotez, Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi (YEM) ile test edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, macera davranışı arayışının hem rekreasyonel akış deneyimini hem de serbest zaman tatminini olumlu ve anlamlı düzeyde etkilediğini ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca, akış deneyiminin doğrudan serbest zaman tatminini artırdığı belirlenmiştir. En dikkat çekici bulgu, akış deneyiminin macera davranışı arayışı ile serbest zaman tatmini arasındaki ilişkiyi tamamen aracılık etmesidir. Bu sonuç, akış deneyiminin, macera odaklı davranışların olumlu ve tatmin edici serbest zaman deneyimlerine dönüşmesinde merkezi bir rol oynadığını göstermektedir. Yoğun dikkat, içsel motivasyon, kontrol hissi ve eylemle farkındalığın birleşmesiyle karakterize edilen akış deneyimi; bireylerin riskli ve fiziksel açıdan zorlayıcı etkinliklerden nasıl tatmin elde ettiklerine dair psikolojik bir yol sunmaktadır. Bulgular, akışı yalnızca optimal deneyimin temel bir bileşeni değil, aynı zamanda serbest zaman bağlamında iyi oluş ve motivasyonun temel belirleyicisi olarak konumlandıran Csikszentmihalyi ve diğer kuramcıların öne sürdüğü kuramsal modelle tutarlıdır. Bu çalışmanın literatüre üç temel katkısı bulunmaktadır. Birincisi, akış kuramını açık alan macera rekreasyonu çerçevesinde genişletmektedir. İkincisi, gelecekteki araştırmalara temel oluşturabilecek doğrulanmış bir yapısal model sunmaktadır. Üçüncüsü ise, akışı rekreasyonel deneyimlerin tasarımında hedeflenmesi gereken bir psikolojik durum olarak tanımlayarak, rekreasyon uzmanları, politika yapıcılar ve program geliştiriciler için pratik öneriler sunmaktadır. Bulgulara dayanarak, akışı teşvik eden macera temelli programların yaygınlaştırılması, dezavantajlı veya düşük gelirli grupların açık alan rekreasyonuna erişiminin artırılması ve eğitim ile kentsel rekreasyon planlamasına akış odaklı etkinliklerin entegre edilmesi önerilmektedir. Artan kentleşme, stres ve doğadan kopuşun yaşandığı günümüzde, macera ve psikolojik derinleşmenin serbest zaman tatminini birlikte nasıl artırdığını anlamak; daha sağlıklı ve doğayla daha bağlantılı topluluklar inşa etmek için kritik öneme sahiptir.

This study examines the complex relationships among adventure behavior seeking, recreational flow experience, and leisure satisfaction within the context of outdoor adventure recreation. Although outdoor recreation is widely recognized for promoting physical, psychological, and social well-being, limited research has focused on the psychological mechanisms that transform high-risk and challenging experiences into satisfying leisure outcomes. This study aims to fill that gap by investigating the mediating role of a psychological state known as flow experience in the relationship between individuals' adventure-seeking tendencies and their leisure satisfaction. Data were collected from 1,406 participants who engaged in various outdoor recreational activities such as mountaineering, diving, paragliding, skiing, rafting, hiking, and camping across 142 centers located in 50 different provinces in Turkey. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed to test four hypotheses derived from literature on sensation seeking, flow theory, and leisure studies. The findings revealed that adventure behavior seeking positively and significantly influences both recreational flow experience and leisure satisfaction. Furthermore, flow experience was found to directly enhance leisure satisfaction. The most notable finding was that flow experience fully mediated the relationship between adventure behavior seeking and leisure satisfaction. This indicates that flow plays a central role in transforming adventure-oriented behaviors into positive and rewarding leisure experiences. Characterized by high levels of attention, intrinsic motivation, a sense of control, and the merging of action and awareness, flow experience represents the psychological pathway through which individuals participating in outdoor activities derive satisfaction from risky and physically demanding tasks. These findings are consistent with the theoretical model proposed by Csikszentmihalyi and others, which positions flow as not only a core component of optimal experience but also a key determinant of well-being and motivation in the context of leisure. This study makes three primary contributions to the literature. First, it extends flow theory within the framework of outdoor adventure recreation. Second, it provides a validated structural model that can serve as a foundation for future research. Third, it offers practical recommendations for recreation professionals, policymakers, and program developers by identifying flow as a target state in the design of recreational experiences. Based on the results, it is recommended to expand adventure-based programs that promote flow, increase access to outdoor recreation for marginalized or low-income groups, and integrate flow-oriented activities into educational and urban recreation planning. In an era marked by increasing urbanization, stress, and disconnection from nature, understanding how adventure and psychological immersion jointly enhance leisure satisfaction is essential for building healthier and more nature-connected communities.

 Outdoor recreation Adventure seeking Flow experience Leisure satisfaction Açık alan rekreasyonu Macera arayışı Akış deneyimi Sserbest zaman tatmini Ahn, B. W., & Song, W. I. (2021). A study of differences in leisure satisfaction of leisure activity patterns for South Korean adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(20), 10790. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010790 Akyıldız Munusturlar, M., & Argan, M., (2016). Ciddi ve kayıtsız boş zaman katılımcılarının kişilik özellikleri ile boş zaman tatmini ve yaşam tatmini arasındaki ilişki. Ankara: Nobel Bilimsel Eserler. Amatulli, C., Peluso, A. M., Sestino, A., Petruzzellis, L., & Guido, G. (2021). The role of psychological flow in adventure tourism: sociodemographic antecedents and consequences on word-of-mouth and life satisfaction. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 25(4), 353-369. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2021.1994448 Ayhan, C., Eskiler, E., & Soyer, F. (2020). Rekreasyonel katılımcılarda akış deneyiminin ölçülmesi: Ölçek geliştirme ve doğrulama. International Journal of Human Sciences, 17(4), 1297-1311. doi: 10.46463/ijrss.1504810 Baron, M. & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 Beard, J. G. & Ragheb, M. G. (1980). Measuring leisure satisfaction. Journal of Leisure Research, 12(1), 20-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1980.11969416 Beery, T., Olsson, M. R., & Vitestam, M. (2021). Covid-19 and outdoor recreation management: Increased participation, connection to nature, and a look to climate adaptation. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 36, 100457. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1980.11969416 Boniface, M. R. (2000). Towards an understanding of flow and other positive experience phenomena within outdoor and adventurous activities. Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning, 1(1), 55-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729670085200071 Bryan, H. (2000). Recreation specialization revisited. Journal of Leisure Research, 32(1), 18-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2000.11949879 Brymer, E., & Schweitzer, R. (2013). Extreme sports are good for your health: A phenomenological understanding of fear and anxiety in extreme sport. Journal of Health Psychology, 18(4), 477-487. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105312446770 Çelik, S. (2018). Alternatif turizm. Journal of International Social Research, 11(56), 193-204. DOI: 10.17719/jisr.20185638991 Çetinkaya, G., Şahin, F. N., & Yariz, K. (2017). Açık hava rekreasyon faaliyetlerine aktif ve pasif katılımın serbest zaman doyum düzeyi ve halk sağlığı ile ilişkisi. Acta Medica Mediterranea, 33(2), 191-196. Chang, H. H. (2017). Flow experience in the leisure activities of retirees. Loisir et Societe/Society and Leisure, 40(3), 401-419. https://doi.org/10.1080/07053436.2017.1379163 Chang, H. M., & Huang, Y. T. (2012). Paragliding adventure recreation consumers’ activity motivation, enduring involvement and their involved behavior. The Journal of International Management Studies, 7(2), 61-74. Cheng, T. M., & Lu, C. C. (2015). The causal relationships among recreational involvement, flow experience, and well-being for surfing activities. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 20(sup1), 1486-1504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2014.999099 Cheng, T. M., Hung, S. H., & Chen, M. T. (2016). The influence of leisure involvement on flow experience during hiking activity: Using psychological commitment as a mediate variable. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 21(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2014.1002507 Chick, G., Dong, E., Yeh, C. K., & Hsieh, C. M. (2021). Cultural consonance predicts leisure satisfaction in Taiwan. Leisure Sciences, 40(2), 183-198. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2020.1808052 Chick, G., Hsu, Y. C., Yeh, C. K., Hsieh, C. M., Ramer, S., Bae, S. Y., Xue, L., & Dong, E. (2022). Cultural consonance mediates the effects of leisure constraints on leisure satisfaction: A reconceptualization and replication. Leisure Sciences, 44(2), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2018.1506724 Colley, K., Currie, M. J. B., & Irvine, K. N. (2019). Then and now: Examining older people’s engagement in outdoor recreation across the life course. Leisure Sciences, 41(3), 186-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2017.1349696 Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1991). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper Perennial. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). Creativity: Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention. New York: Harper Collins Publisher. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). Flow and the foundations of positive psychology. E-book: Springer. Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Csikszentmihalyi, S. (1990). Introduction to Part IV, In: Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness, Ed.: Csikszentmihalyi, M., Csikszentmihalyi, S., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Hermanson, K. (1995). Intrinsic Motivation in Museums: Why Does One Want to Learn. In Falk, J.H., Dierking, L.D., Washington (Eds.), Public institutionsfor personal learning (pp. 67-78). American Association of Museums. Dahmann, N., Wolch, J., Joassart-Marcelli, P., Reynolds, K., & Jerrett, M. (2010). The active city? Disparities in provision of urban public recreation resources. Health & place, 16(3), 431-445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.11.005 Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34-43. Duran, C. (2012). Türkiye’de dağlık alanların kırsal turizm açısından önemi. KMÜ Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 14(22), 45-52. Erkmen Hadi, G., Erdem, B. & Duman, E. (2021). Sportif rekreatif aktiviteye katılan bireylerin serbest zaman doyum düzeyleri ve optimal performans duygu durumlarının arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Hacettepe Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 32(1), 10-19. https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.702867 Eskiler, E., Yıldız, Y., & Ayhan, C. (2019). The effect of leisure benefits on leisure satisfaction: Extreme sports. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 21(1), 16-20. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.522984 Ewert, A., & Hollenhorst, S. (1989). Testing the adventure model: Empirical support for a model of risk recreation participation. Journal of Leisure Research, 21(2), 124-139. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1989.11969794 Ewert, A., & Hollenhorst, S. (1995). Adventure recreation and its implications for wilderness. International Journal of Wilderness, 3(2), 21-26. Feng, J., Cao, C., Qiao, H., & Xie, S. (2025). Well-being and influencing factors in urban ecological recreation spaces: A human–nature interaction perspective. Land, 14(6), 1175. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14061175 Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104 Francken, D. A., & Raaij, W. F. (1981). Satisfaction with leisure time activities. Journal of Leisure Research, 13(4), 337-352. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1981.11969498 Güngörmüş, H. A., Yumuk, D. E., & Gürbüz, B. (2022). Turkish adaptation of adventure behavior seeking scale: A validity and reliability study. Verbal session presentation at the 3rd International Recreation and Sports Management Congress, Antalya, Turkey. Guthrie, S. P., Cavins, B. J., & Gabriel J. (2012). History of outdoor recreation in the United States: An outdoor program administrator’s perspective. G. Harrison, & M. Erpelding (Ed.), In. Outdoor program administration: Principles and practices, Champaign: Human Kinetic. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Anderson, R. E. and R. L. Tatham (2009). Multivariate data analysis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis. Pearson. Hansen, A. S., Beery, T., Fredman, P., & Wolf-Watz, D. (2023). Outdoor recreation in Sweden during and after the Covid-19 pandemic–management and policy implications. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 66(7), 1472-1493. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2022.2029736 Hartig, T., Korpela, K., Evans, G., & Gärling, T. (1997). A measure of restorative quality in environments. Scandinavian Housing & Planning Research, 14, 175-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/02815739708730435 Huddart, D., & Stott, T. (2019). Outdoor recreation environmental impacts and management. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. Ingman, B. C. (2018). Adventure education as aesthetic experience. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 18(4), 323-337. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2018.1470015 Jackson, S. A., & Eklund, R. C. (2022). Assessing flow in physical activity: The flow state scale-2 and dispositional flow scale-2. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 24, 133-150. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.24.2.133 Jackson, S. A., & Marsh, H. W. (1996). Development and validation of a scale to measure optimal experience: The flow state scale. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 18, 17-35. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.18.1.17 Jackson, S. A., Eklund, R. C., Gordon, A., Norsworthy, C., Mackenzie, S. H., Hodge, K., & Stephen, S. A. (2023). Flow and outdoor adventure recreation: Using flow measures to re-examine motives for participation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 67, 102427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102427 Jones, C. D. (2008). Examining interactions between adventure seeking and states of the four channel flow model. Leisure/Loisir, 32(1), 139-162. https://doi.org/10.1080/14927713.2008.9651403 Junot, A., Paquet, Y., & Martin-Krumm, C. (2017). Passion for outdoor activities and environmental behaviors: A look at emotions related to passionate activities. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 53, 177-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.07.011 K.m, M., & Thapa, B. (2018). Perceived value and flow experience: Application in a nature-based tourism context. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 8, 373-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2017.08.002 Kane, M. J., & Zink, R. (2004). Package adventure tours: Markers in serious leisure careers. Leisure Studies, 23(4), 329-345. https://doi.org/10.1080/0261436042000231655 Karacaoğlu, S. (2024). Searching for life satisfaction in nature through tourism: An exploratory research on hikers. European Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation, 14(1), 140-152. https://doi.org/10.2478/ejthr-2024-0010 Karasar, N. (2009). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları. Keane, M., Eastman, J. K., & Iyer, R. (2020). Predicting adventure seeking of young adults: The role of risk, innovativeness and status consumption. Sport Management Review, 23(5), 952-963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2019.12.009 Keller, J., & Blomann, F. (2008). Locus of control and the flow experience: An experimental analysis. European Journal of Personality, 22, 589-607. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.692 Kim, S. S., Kim, M., Park, J., & Guo, Y. (2008). Cave tourism: Tourists’ characteristics, motivations to visit, and the segmentation of their behavior. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism, 13(3), 299-318. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941660802280448 Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Press. Koppen, G., Sang, Å. O., & Tveit, M. S. (2014). Managing the potential for outdoor recreation: Adequate mapping and measuring of accessibility to urban recreational landscapes. Urban forestry & Urban greening, 13(1), 71-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2013.11.005 Kül Avan, S., & Güçer, E. (2019). Determining the leisure satisfaction levels of individuals having hot air balloon ride as an adventurous recreational activity. Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Tourism, 4(2), 63-69. Kwon, H. J., & Park, K. S. (2009). Relationship among leisure sports participation, leisure flow, leisure satisfaction and life satisfaction among the volunteer activities. Journal of The Korea Contents Association, 9(9), 376-387. https://doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2009.9.1.376 Landry, C. E., Bergstrom, J., Salazar, J., & Turner, D. (2021). How has the COVID‐19 pandemic affected outdoor recreation in the US? A revealed preference approach. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 43(1), 443-457. https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13119 Lee, K. J., Casper, J., Powell, R., & Floyd, M. F. (2022). African Americans’ outdoor recreation involvement, leisure satisfaction, and subjective well-being. Current Psychology, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03905-2 Lee, T. H., & Tseng, C. H. (2015) How personality and risk-taking attitude affect the behavior of adventure recreationists. Tourism Geographies, 17(3), 307-331. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2014.1000955 Lisauskienė, D., & Leščinskij, R. (2025). The value of creative activities in the recreational field: the grounded theory perspective. Creativity Studies, 18(1), 113-125. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2025.20790 MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1(2), 130–149. MacHovec, B. (2015). Mountain bike races - outdoor activity, or just a competition. Journal of Outdoor Activities, 7(2), 28-34. https://issuu.com/ujep/docs/joa_201402_web Mackenzie, S. H., Hodge, K., & Boyes, M. (2011). Expanding the flow model in adventure activities: A reversal theory perspective. Journal of Leisure Research, 43(4), 519-544. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2011.11950248 Manning, R. E. (1999). Studies in outdoor recreation: Search and research for satisfaction. Oregon: Oregon State University Press. Marinho, A. (2008). Leisure, adventure and risk: Thoughts on activities performed in nature. Movimento, 14(2), 181-206. McAvoy, L. H., & Dustin, D. L. (1986). Outdoor adventure recreation: Gymnasiums beyond the school. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 57(5), 66-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.1986.10606138 McIntyre, N., & Roggenbuck, J. W. (1998). Nature/person transactions during an outdoor adventure experience: A multi-phasic analysis. Journal of Leisure Research, 30(4), 401-422. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1998.11949841 Meydan, C.H. & Şeşen, H. (2011). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi amos uygulamaları. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık. Newman, D. B., Tay, L., & Diener, E. (2014). Leisure and subjective well-being: A model of psychological mechanisms as mediating factors. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15, 555-578. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-013-9435-x Nunnally, J. C. (1978). An overview of psychological measurement. B. B. Woldman (Ed.), In. Clinical diagnosis of mental disorders: A handbook, (pp. 97-146). Springer. Percudani, M., Porcellana, M., Di Bernardo, I., & Morganti, C. (2024). Urbanization and mental health. In Social determinants of mental health. Cham: Switzerland, (pp. 279-296). Springer Nature. Pröbstl-Haider, U., Gugerell, K., & Maruthaveeran, S. (2023). Covid-19 and outdoor recreation–Lessons learned? Introduction to the special issue on “Outdoor recreation and Covid-19: Its effects on people, parks and landscapes”. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 41, 100583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2022.100583 Prochniak, P. (2017). Adventure behavior seeking scale. Behavior Sciences, 7(35), 2-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs7020035 Puhakka, R. (2021). University students’ participation in outdoor recreation and the perceived well-being effects of nature. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 36, 100425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2021.100425 Rice, W. L., & Pan, B. (2021). Understanding changes in park visitation during the COVID-19 pandemic: A spatial application of big data. Wellbeing, Space and Society, 2, 100037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wss.2021.100037 Rice, W. L., Mateer, T. J., Reigner, N., Newman, P., Lawhon, B., & Taff, B. D. (2020). Changes in recreational behaviors of outdoor enthusiasts during the COVID-19 pandemic: analysis across urban and rural communities. Journal of Urban Ecology, 6(1), juaa020. https://doi.org/10.1093/jue/juaa020 Rosa, C. D., Collado, S., Profice, C. C., & Larson, L. R. (2019). Nature-based recreation associated with connectedness to nature and leisure satisfaction among students in Brazil. Leisure Studies, 38(5), 682-691. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2019.1620842 Şahbaz, R. P., & Altınay, M. (2015). Türkiye’deki milli parkların rekreasyon faaliyetleri açısından değerlendirilmesi. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 3(3), 125-135. Stranavska, S., & Görner, K. (2017). Outdoor activities and their impact on the lifestyle of adolescents. Journal of Outdoor Activities, 11(1). 7-13. Sung, H. H. (2004). Classification of adventure travelers: Behavior, decision making, and target markets. Journal of Travel Research, 42, 343-356. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287504263028 Swarbrooke, J., Beard, C., Leckie, S., & Pomfret, G. (2003). Adventure tourism the new frontier. Burlington: Butterworth-Heinemann. Taff, B. D., Rice, W. L., Lawhon, B., & Newman, P. (2021). Who started, stopped, and continued participating in outdoor recreation during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States? Results from a national panel study. Land, 10(12), 1396. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10121396 Tao, H., Zhou, Q., Tian, D., & Zhu, L. (2022). The effect of leisure involvement on place attachment: Flow experience as mediating role. Land, 11(2), 151. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11020151 Teisl, M. F., & O’Brien, K. (2003). Who cares and who acts? Outdoor recreationists exhibit different levels of environmental concern and behavior. Environment and Behavior, 35(4), 506-522. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916503035004004 Tian, H., Zhou, W., Qiu, Y., & Zou, Z. (2022). The role of recreation specialization and self-efficacy on life satisfaction: The mediating effect of flow experience. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6), 3243. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063243 Triantafillidou, A., & Petala, Z. (2016). The role of sea-based adventure experiences in tourists’ satisfaction and behavioral intentions. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(sup1), 67-87. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2015.1008667 Tsaur, S. H., Lin, W. R., & Cheng, T. M. (2015). Toward a structural model of challenge experience in adventure recreation. Journal of Leisure Research, 47(3), 322-336. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2015.11950363 Tsaur, S. H., Yen, C. H., & Hsiao, S. L. (2013). Transcendent experience, flow and happiness for mountain climbers. International Journal of Tourism Research, 15(4), 360-374. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.1881 Tuula. R, & Martin, A. J. (2013). Organization management and the development of a qualification system in the outdoor recreation sector: A case study of Estonia. Journal of Outdoor Activities, 7(1), 80-86. Ventriglio, A., Torales, J., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., De Berardis, D., & Bhugra, D. (2021). Urbanization and emerging mental health issues. CNS Spectrums, 26(1), 43-50. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852920001236 Vester, H. G. (1987). Adventure as a form of leisure. Leisure Studies, 6(3), 237-249. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614368700390191 Voigt, C., Brown, G., & Howat, G. (2011). Wellness tourists: In search of transformation. Tourism Review, 66(1/2), 16-30. DOI 10.1108/16605371111127206 Walker, G. J., Hull, R. B., & Hanna, B. (2015). A flow theory perspective on spirituality and religiousness. D. K. Sharp, D. A. Dustin, & R. B. Hull (Ed.), In Religion and spirituality in recreation and leisure. (pp. 85-99). Sagamore Publishing. Ward Thompson, C., & Aspinall, P. A. (2011). Natural environments and their impact on activity, health, and quality of life. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 3(3), 230-260. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2011.01053.x Wishart, D., Somoray, K., & Evenhuis, A. (2017). Thrill and adventure seeking in risky driving at work: The moderating role of safety climate. Journal of Safety Research, 63, 83-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2017.08.007 Wu, C. H. J., & Liang, R. D. (2011). The relationship between white-water rafting experience formation and customer reaction: A flow theory perspective. Tourism Management, 32(2), 317-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.03.001 Yaşartürk, F., Elçi, G., Kural, S., & Keskin, Y. (2024). Analysis of the relationship between leisure satisfaction and life satisfaction among students participating in outdoor recreational activities. Physical Education of Students, 28(6), 371-381. https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2024.0606 Yetim, G., Hastürk, G., & Argan, M. (2020). Retro temelli Ramazan etkinlikleri: Nostalji eğilimi, akış deneyimi, etkinlik tatmini, boş zaman tatmini, yaşam tatmini ve mutluluk arasındaki ilişki. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(3), 781-791. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.613816 Yılmaz, V., & Varol, S. (2015). Hazır yazılımlar ile yapısal eşitlik modellemesi: Amos, eqs, lisrel. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 44, 28-44. Yozcu, S. (2020). Türkiye mağara turizmine yönelik bir değerlendirme. Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 1493-1508. Yüksek, T. (2004). Türkiye’nin su kaynakları ve havza planlamasına dönük genel değerlendirmeler. Kafkas Üniversitesi Artvin Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(2), 71-83. Zuckerman, M. (1994). Behavioral expressions and biosocial bases of sensation seeking. New York: Cambridge University Press. Zwart, R., & Ewert, A. (2022). Human health and outdoor adventure recreation: perceived health outcomes. Forests, 13(6), 869. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13060869