DO EXTERNAL SUPPORTS CAUSE ANY IATROGENIC EFFECTS ON THE FOOT AND ANKLE?

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 16 - 32, 30.08.2020

Gül Öznur Karabıçak , Nilgün Bek , S. Fatma Uygur

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of orthosis and taping, which are commonly used by athletes, on balance and proprioception in licensed basketball players with healthy ankles. Twenty basketball players with a mean age of 16±1.5 years participated in this study. Participants were assessed three times: barefoot, with taping, and with orthosis.
We used the Modified Star Excursion Balance Test to assess dynamic postural control, the Balance Error Scoring System to assess static postural control, and the Monitored Functional Squat System to assess proprioception.
In the Star Excursion Balance Test, anterior reach was better in barefoot condition (p=0.02). In the Balance Error Scoring System measurements, orthosis and taping increased error for tandem stance (p=0.03) and single leg stance (p=0.032).
During proprioception assessments, there was no statistically significant difference between the number of errors recorded among the three conditions in eyes open and eyes closed (p>0.05).
This study’s results show the negative effects of orthosis and taping on balance and dynamic postural stability. It was found that functional orthosis and taping applications may have some negative effects compared to barefoot in terms of the static and dynamic postural stability parameters related to the ankle. These results suggest the advantage of protection and stability provided by these external supports has a cost for the static and dynamic postural control.

Keywords

Ankle, Balance, Taping, Orthosis, Proprioception

References

• 1. Chaiwanichsiri, D., Lorprayoon, E., & Noomanoch, L. (2005). Star excursion balance training: effects on ankle functional stability after ankle sprain. J Med Assoc of Thailand, 88, S90.
• 2. Doherty, C., Delahunt, E., Caulfield, B., Hertel, J., Ryan, J., & Bleakley, C. (2014). The incidence and prevalence of ankle sprain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective epidemiological studies. Sports Medicine, 44(1), 123-140.
• 3. Riva, D., Bianchi, R., Rocca, F., & Mamo, C. (2016). Proprioceptive training and injury prevention in a professional men's basketball team: a six-year prospective study. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Rsearch, 30(2), 461.
• 4. Cho, B. K., & Park, J. K. (2019). Correlation Between Joint-Position Sense, Peroneal Strength, Postural Control, and Functional Performance Ability in Patients with Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability. Foot & Ankle International, 40(8), 961-968.
• 5. Simpson, J. D., Rendos, N. K., Stewart, E. M., Turner, A. J., Wilson, S. J., Macias, D. M., ... & Knight, A. C. (2019). Bilateral spatiotemporal postural control impairments are present in participants with chronic ankle instability. Physical Therapy in Sport, 39, 1-7.
• 6. Carter, E. A., Westerman, B. J., & Hunting, K. L. (2011). Risk of injury in basketball, football, and soccer players, ages 15 years and older, 2003–2007.
• 7. Andreoli, C. V., Chiaramonti, B. C., Biruel, E., de Castro Pochini, A., Ejnisman, B., & Cohen, M. (2018). Epidemiology of sports injuries in basketball: integrative systematic review. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 4(1), e000468.
• 8. Ozer, D., Senbursa, G., Baltaci, G., & Hayran, M. (2009). The effect on neuromuscular stability, performance, multi-joint coordination and proprioception of barefoot, taping or preventative bracing. The Foot, 19(4), 205-210.
• 9. Olmsted, L. C., Vela, L. I., Denegar, C. R., & Hertel, J. (2004). Prophylactic ankle taping and bracing: a numbers-needed-to-treat and cost-benefit analysis. Journal of Athletic Training, 39(1), 95.
• 10. Bicici, S., Karatas, N., & Baltaci, G. (2012). Effect of athletic taping and kinesiotaping® on measurements of functional performance in basketball players with chronic inversion ankle sprains. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 7(2), 154.
• 11. Gehrke, L. C., Londero, L. X., Loureiro-Chaves, R. F., Souza, H. H., Freitas, G. P. D., & Pacheco, A. M. (2018). Effects of athletic taping on performance of basketball athletes with chronic ankle instability. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 24(6), 477-482.
• 12. Quackenbush, K. E., Barker, P. R., Fury, S. M. S., & Behm, D. G. (2008). The effects of two adhesive ankle-taping methods on strength, power, and range of motion in female athletes. North American Journal of Sports Physical Therapy: NAJSPT, 3(1), 25.
• 13. Wilkerson, G. B., Kovaleski, J. E., Meyer, M., & Stawiz, C. (2005). Effects of the subtalar sling ankle taping technique on combined talocrural-subtalar joint motions. Foot & Ankle International, 26(3), 239-246.
• 14. Fleet, K., Galen, S., & Moore, C. (2009). Duration of strength retention of ankle taping during activities of daily living. Injury, 40(3), 333-336.
• 15. Callaghan, M. J. (1997). Role of ankle taping and bracing in the athlete. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 31(2), 102-108.
• 16. Sacco, I. D. C. N., Takahasi, H. Y., Suda, E. Y., Battistella, L. R., Kavamoto, C. A., Lopes, J. A. F., & Vasconcelos, J. C. P. D. (2006). Ground reaction force in basketball cutting maneuvers with and without ankle bracing and taping. Sao Paulo Medical Journal, 124(5), 245-252.
• 17. Stoffel, K. K., Nicholls, R. L., Winata, A. R., Dempsey, A. R., Boyle, J. J., & Lloyd, D. G. (2010). Effect of ankle taping on knee and ankle joint biomechanics in sporting tasks. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 42(11), 2089-2097.
• 18. van Melick, N., Meddeler, B. M., Hoogeboom, T. J., Nijhuis-van der Sanden, M. W., & van Cingel, R. E. (2017). How to determine leg dominance: The agreement between self-reported and observed performance in healthy adults. PloS one, 12(12).
• 19. Spanos, S., Brunswic, M., & Billis, E. (2008). The effect of taping on the proprioception of the ankle in a non-weight bearing position, amongst injured athletes. The Foot, 18(1), 25-33.
• 20. Riemann, B. L., Guskiewicz, K. M., & Shields, E. W. (1999). Relationship between clinical and forceplate measures of postural stability. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 8(2), 71-82.
• 21. Gribble, P. A., & Hertel, J. (2003). Considerations for normalizing measures of the Star Excursion Balance Test. Measurement in Physical Education And Exercise Science, 7(2), 89-100.
• 22. Gribble, P. A., Hertel, J., & Plisky, P. (2012). Using the Star Excursion Balance Test to assess dynamic postural-control deficits and outcomes in lower extremity injury: a literature and systematic review. Journal of Athletic Training, 47(3), 339-357.
• 23. Brumitt, J. (2008). Assessing athletic balance with the star excursion balance test. NSCA'S Performance Training Journal, 7(3), 3-4.
• 24. Hyong, I. H., & Kim, J. H. (2014). Test of intrarater and interrater reliability for the star excursion balance test. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 26(8), 1139-1141.
• 25. Bulow, A., Anderson, J. E., Leiter, J. R., MacDonald, P. B., & Peeler, J. (2019). The Modified Star Excursion Balance And Y-Balance Test Results Differ When Assessing Physically Active Healthy Adolescent Females. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 14(2), 192.
• 26. Chang, W. D., Chou, L. W., Chang, N. J., & Chen, S. (2020). Comparison of functional movement screen, star excursion balance test, and physical fitness in junior athletes with different sports injury risk. BioMed Research International, 2020.
• 27. Maffiuletti, N. A., Bizzini, M., Schatt, S., & Munzinger, U. (2005). A multi-joint lower-limb tracking-trajectory test for the assessment of motor coordination. Neuroscience Letters, 384(1-2), 106-111.
• 28. Wade, B. J. (2008). The effects of ankle prophylactic devices on force absorption during a drop jump (Doctoral dissertation, California University of Pennsylvania).
• 29. Koyama, K., Kato, T., & Yamauchi, J. (2014). The effect of ankle taping on the ground reaction force in vertical jump performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 28(5), 1411-1417.
• 30. Shoara, E., Rahimi, A., Razeghi, M., & Ebrahimi, S. (2012). The effects of ankle taping on the kinematics findings of the ankle and knee joints during walking on level ground. Gait & Posture, (36), S51.
• 31. Baier, M., & Hopf, T. (1998). Ankle orthoses effect on single-limb standing balance in athletes with functional ankle instability. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 79(8), 939-944.
• 32. Mosavi, M. E., Marofi, N., Bahramizadeh, M., & Rahgozar, M. (2009). Differential effects of semi-rigid and soft orthoses on postural control between affected and unaffected leg in patients with functional ankle instability in compared with healthy subjects. Koomesh, 10(3), 155-160.
• 33. Bennell, K. L., & Goldie, P. A. (1994). The differential effects of external ankle support on postural control. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 20(6), 287-295.
• 34. Taylor, J. B., Ford, K. R., Nguyen, A. D., Terry, L. N., & Hegedus, E. J. (2015). Prevention of lower extremity injuries in basketball: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Health, 7(5), 392-398.Mckay, G. D., Goldie, P. A., Payne, W. R., & Oakes, B. W. (2001). Ankle injuries in basketball: injury rate and risk factors. British Journal Of Sports Medicine, 35(2), 103-108.
• 35. Mckay, G. D., Goldie, P. A., Payne, W. R., & Oakes, B. W. (2001). Ankle injuries in basketball: injury rate and risk factors. British Journal Of Sports Medicine, 35(2), 103-108.
• 36. McGuine, T. A., Greene, J. J., Best, T., & Leverson, G. (2000). Balance as a predictor of ankle injuries in high school basketball players. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 10(4), 239-244.
• 37. Broglio, S. P., Monk, A., Sopiarz, K., & Cooper, E. R. (2009). The influence of ankle support on postural control. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 12(3), 388-392.
• 38. Lee, S. M., & Lee, J. H. (2017). The immediate effects of ankle balance taping with kinesiology tape on ankle active range of motion and performance in the Balance Error Scoring System. Physical Therapy in Sport, 25, 99-105.
• 39. Halabchi, F., Abbasian, L., Mirshahi, M., Mazaheri, R., Pourgharib Shahi, M. H., & Mansournia, M. A. (2020). Comparison of Static and Dynamic Balance in Male Football and Basketball Players. Foot & Ankle Specialist, 13(3), 228-235.
• 40. van Lieshout, R., Reijneveld, E. A., van den Berg, S. M., Haerkens, G. M., Koenders, N. H., de Leeuw, A. J., ... & Stukstette, M. J. (2016). Reproducibility of the modified star excursion balance test composite and specific reach direction scores. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 11(3), 356.
• 41. Onofrei, R. R., Amaricai, E., Petroman, R., & Suciu, O. (2019). Relative and absolute within-session reliability of the modified Star Excursion Balance Test in healthy elite athletes. PeerJ, 7, e6999.
• 42. Ozer, D., Duzgun, I., Baltaci, G., Karacan, S., & Colakoglu, F. (2011). The effects of rope or weighted rope jump training on strength, coordination and proprioception in adolescent female volleyball players. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 51(2), 211.