Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 1306-8075 2548-1177 Selçuk Üniversitesi 10.15337/suhfd.1557817 Public International Law Uluslararası Kamu Hukuku ULUSLARARASI HUKUK PERSPEKTİFİNDEN TANINMAYAN DEVLETLERİN DURUMUNA BAKIŞ: SOMALİLAND CUMHURİYETİ ÖRNEĞİ https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1294-3247 Erdal Selcen SELÇUK ÜNİVERSİTESİ, HUKUK FAKÜLTESİ https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4739-4847 Bayrak Gülizar Feyza SELÇUK ÜNİVERSİTESİ, HUKUK FAKÜLTESİ 12 28 2024 32 4 2431 2460 09 30 2024 11 28 2024 Copyright © 1988, Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 1988 Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi

Tanıma işlemine konu oluşturan en önemli unsur “devlet”tir. Devletin tanınması işlemi, bir bakıma uluslararası toplumu şekillendirmekte ve oldukça önemli hukuki etkiler yaratmaktadır. Bunun yanında, tanınmanın devletin oluşumunu sağlayan unsurlar arasında yer almadığı da genel olarak kabul edilmektedir. Böylelikle, bir devletin tanınmamış olması, onun fiilen var olma gerçeğini değiştirmemekte ve hesaba katılma zorunluluğunu beraberinde getirmektedir. Buna rağmen, fiilen var olan ve fakat tanınmayan devlet, uluslararası alanda önemli güçlüklerle karşılaşmakta; tanınmama, adeta uluslararası sistemin dışına itilmiş bu yeni devleti, yoksulluğa ve geri kalmışlığa mahkûm etmektedir. “Somaliland Cumhuriyeti”, mevcut hiçbir devlet tarafından tanınmamış olmasıyla, bu tespiti doğrulamaya hizmet eden oldukça özel ve önemli bir örnek olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır.

 Somaliland Cumhuriyeti Somali Devlet Olma Tanıma Tanımama ALI, Nora: “For Better or For Worse? The Forced Marriage of Sovere-ignty and Self-Determination”, Cornell International Law Jo-urnal, Vol. 47, 2014, ss. 417-444. ANZILOTTI, Dionisio: Devletler Hukuku, (Çev.: Sahir Erman), C. 1, İstanbul 1946. ARIEFF, Alexis: “De Facto Statehood? The Strange Case of Somali-land”, Yale Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 3, No. 2, Spring/Summer 2008, ss. 60-79. AZARKAN, Ezeli: “Devletlerin Tanınması ve 1933 Montevideo Söz-leşmesi”, Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, C. 15, S. 4, 2016, ss. 1055-1068. BECKMAN, Bruce: “Somaliland: An Injustice Perpetuated”, Rutgers International Law & Human Rights Journal, Vol. 2, 2022, ss. 174-244. BEYENE, Temesgen Sisay: “Declaration of Statehood by Somaliland and the Effects of Non-Recognition under International Law”, Beijing Law Review, Vol. 10, 2019, ss. 196-211. BRIGGS, Herbert W.: “Recognition of States: Some Reflections on Doctrine and Practice”, The American Journal of Internatio-nal Law, Vol. 43, No. 1, January 1949, ss. 113-121. BRIGGS, Herbert W. / PADELFORD, Norman J.: “Non-Recognition of Title by Conquest and Limitations on the Doctrine”, Proce-edings of the American Society of International Law at Its Annual Meeting (1921-1969), Vol. 34, May 13-15, 1940, ss. 72-99. CARROLL, Anthony J. / RAJAGOPAL, Balakrishnan: “The Case for the Independent Statehood of Somaliland”, AM. U. J. INT’L L. & POL’Y, Vol. 8, 1992-1993, ss. 653-681. CHEN, Ti-Chiang: The International Law of Recognition, London 1951. CROZAT, Charles: Devletler Hukukunda Tanıma, (Çev.: Edip F. Çe-lik), İstanbul 1953. ÇÖREK, Dolunay: “Devletlerarası Tanınmanın Kavramsal Analizi Politik, Hukuki ve Etik Boyut”, Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hu-kuk Fakültesi Dergisi, C. 20, S. 2, Aralık 2021, ss. 1689-1712. DAHIR, Mustafe Mohamed H.: Non-recognition of Somaliland in In-ternational Law and Its Legal Implications for Foreign In-vestment, University of Pretoria, 2013. DRYSDALE, John Gordon Stewart: Somaliland: The Anatomy of Se-cession, Global-Stats, 1992. DUGARD, John: Recognition and United Nations, Cambridge 1987. ERTÜRK, Erdem: “Uluslararası Hukukta Tanıma Teorilerinin Eleştirel Değerlendirilmesi”, Ankara Barosu Dergisi, C. 78, S. 1, Yıl 2020, ss. 193-212. FINCK, François: “The State Between Fact and Law: The Role of Re-cognition and the Conditions Under Which it is Granted in the Creation of New States”, Polish Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 36, 2016, ss. 51-81. GALPIN, Brian: A Manual of International Law, London 1950. GAVIN, Robert: “Economic and Social Conditions in Somaliland un-der Italian Trusteeship”, International Labour Review, Vol. 66, No. 3, 1952, ss. 221-245. GRANT, Thomas D.: The Recognition of States, Westport 1999. HALL, William Edward: A Treatise on International Law, 2nd edition, Oxford 1884. HARRIS, D. J.: Cases and Materials on International Law, 4th edition, London 1991. JHAZBHAY, Iqbal: “Somaliland: Africa's Best Kept Secret, a Challen-ge to the International Community?”, African Security Stu-dies, Vol. 12, No. 4, 2003, ss. 77-82. KALAYCI, Hüseyin: “Referandumla Ayrılma Konusunda Yüksek Mahkemenin Tutumu: Kanada-Quebec Örneği”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, C. 63, S. 1, Yıl 2008, ss. 151-174. KAPLAN, Seth: “The Remarkable Story of Somaliland”, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 19, No. 3, 2008, ss. 143-157. KELSEN, Hans: “Recognition in International Law: Theoretical Ob-servations”, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 35, No. 4, October 1941, ss. 605-617. KIRAN, Abdullah: “Uluslararası Hukukta Devletleri Tanıma ve Ta-nıma Teorileri”, Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, C. 5, S. 3, Yıl 2017, ss. 923-945. LAUTERPACHT, Hersch: “Recognition of States in International Law”, The Yale Law Journal, Vol. 53, No. 3, June 1944, ss. 385-458. LEWIS, Ioan Myrddin: A Modern History of Somalia: Nation and Sta-te in the Horn of Africa, Revised-Updated, Routhledge 2019. MALANCZUK, Peter: Akehurst’s Modern Introduction to Internatio-nal Law, 7th Revised Edition, New York 1997. McNAIR, Arnold D.: “Stimson Doctrine of Non-Recognition”, British Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 14, 1933, ss. 65-75. MOORE, John Basset: A Digest of International Law, Vol. 1, Washing-ton 1960. OMAR, Mohamed Osman: The Scramble in the Horn of Africa, His-tory of Somalia (1827-1977), Somalia 2001. OPPENHEIM, Lassa: International Law, A Treatise, Vol. I (Peace), London-New York-Bombay 1905. OSMAN GUUDLE, Mohamed Omer: Afrika Boynuzu'nda Uluslara-rası Tanınma, Egemenlik ve Demokrasiyi Anlamak: Somali-land Örneği, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Si-yaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Anabilim Dalı, Yayımlan-mamış Doktora Tezi, İstanbul 2019. PAZARCI, Hüseyin: Uluslararası Hukuk Dersleri, 3. Kitap, 6. Baskı, Ankara 2019. POORE, Brad: “Somaliland: Shackled to a Failed State”, Stanford Jo-urnal of International Law, Vol. 45, No. 1, January 2009, ss. 117-150. RUBIN, Alfred P.: “The Status of Rebels under the Geneva Conventi-ons of 1949”, International & Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 21, No. 3, July 1972, ss. 472-496. RYNGAERT, Cedric / SOBRIE, Sven: “Recognition of States: Interna-tional Law or Realpolitik? The Practice of Recognition in the Wake of Kosovo, South Ossetia, and Abkhazia”, Leiden Jour-nal of International Law, Vol. 24, 2011, ss. 467-490. SCHWARZENBERGER, Georg: A Manual of International Law, 2nd Edition, London 1950. SHAW, Malcolm N.: Uluslararası Hukuk, (Çev.: Y. Acer / İ. Kaya / M. T. Demirtepe / G. E. Şimşek), 8. Baskı, Ankara 2018. TAŞDEMİR, Fatma: “Uluslararası Hukukta Toprak Bütünlüğü İlkesi, Tanıma Doktrini ve Bir Norm Olarak Ayrılma Hakkı”, Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, C. 18, S. 3, Yıl 2016, ss. 644-668. TOURME-JOUANNET, Emmanuelle: “The International Law of Re-cognition”, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 24, No. 2, 2013, ss. 667-690. VELTMAN, K. J.: The De Facto Recognition Problem: Somaliland, Thesis MA International Relations Specialisation Global Conf-lict in the Modern Era, Leiden 2021. WILLIAMS, John Fischer: “Recognition”, Transactions of the Grotius Society, Problems of Peace and War, Papers Read Before the Society in the Year 1929, Vol. 15, 1929, ss. 53-81. - Kararlar Germano-Polish Mixed Arbitral Tribunal, Deutsche Continental Gas-Gesellschaft v. Polish State, 5 ILR 11, 1 August 1929. International Court of Justice, Case Concerning Corfu Channel, (Uni-ted Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Alba-nia), Judgment of 15 December 1949. League of Nations, Official Journal, Special Supplement No. 101. S/RES/541(1983), adopted by the Security Council at its 2500th mee-ting on 18 November 1983. S/RES/550(1984), adopted by the Security Council at its 2539th mee-ting on 11 May 1984. S/RES/216(1965), adopted by the Security Council at its 1258th mee-ting on 12 November 1965. S/RES/277(1970), adopted by the Security Council at its 1535th mee-ting on 18 March 1970. S/RES/402(1976), adopted by the Security Council at its 1982nd mee-ting on 22 December 1976. S/RES/733(1992), adopted by the Security Council at its 3039th mee-ting on 23 January 1992. S/RES/746(1992), adopted by the Security Council at its 3060th mee-ting on 17 March 1992. S/RES/751(1992), adopted by the Security Council at its 3069th mee-ting on 24 April 1992. S/RES/767(1992), adopted by the Security Council at its 3101st meeting on 27 July 1992. S/RES/775(1992), adopted by the Security Council at its 3110th mee-ting on 28 August 1992. S/RES/794(1992), adopted by the Security Council at its 3145th mee-ting on 3 December 1992. S/RES/2696(2023), adopted by the Security Council at its 9412th mee-ting on 7 September 2023. S/RES/2711(2023), adopted by the Security Council at its 9477th mee-ting on 15 November 2023. S/RES/2713(2023), adopted by the Security Council at its 9490th mee-ting on 1 December 2023. A/RES/2262(XXII), adopted by the General Assembly at its 1594th me-eting on 3 November 1967. A/RES/31/6, adopted by the General Assembly at its 42nd meeting on 26 October 1976. A/RES/2625(XXV), adopted by the General Assembly at its 1883rd me-eting on 24 October 1970. (Declaration on Principles of Inter-national Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations). A/RES/1514(XV), adopted by the General Assembly at its 947th mee-ting on 14 December 1960. (Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples). Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, adopted by the World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna on 25 June 1993. - Elektronik Kaynaklar https://www.oas.org/juridico/english/treaties/a-40.html, (12.08.2024). https://www.idi-iil.org/app/uploads/2017/06/1936_brux_01_fr.pdf, (10.07.2024). https://decisions.scc-csc.ca/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/1643/index.do, (12.08.2024). https://www.indyturk.com/node/59096/d%C3%BCnyadan-sesler/somaliland-afrika%E2%80%99da-yeni- bir-devlet-mi-do%C4%9Fuyor, (28.08.2024). https://www.thebrenthurstfoundation.org/news/somaliland-the-power-of-democracy/, (09.11.2023). https://recognition.somalilandgov.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/The-recognition-of-Somaliland- Growing-international-engagement-and-backing.pdf, (28.08.2024). https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/af/rls/fs/2007/96359.htm, (28.08.2024). https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/05/world/africa/05somaliland.html, (10.10.2023). https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/vienna.pdf, (09.09.2024). https://www.pf.uni-lj.si/media/skrk_mnenja.badinterjeve.arbitrazne.komisije.1_.10.pdf, (14.09.2024) https://www.icrc.org/en/law-and-policy/geneva-conventions-and-their-commentaries, (16.09.2024).