Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu Olan Bireylere Yönelik Kapsamlı Uygulamalar

Öz

Tüm dünyada farklı disiplinlerden çok sayıda uzmanın çalıştığı otizm alanında en etkili uygulamaların eğitsel nitelikli çalışmalarla gerçekleştirilebildiği görülmektedir. Otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan bireyler için sunulan eğitim uygulamaları odaklanmış uygulamalar ve kapsamlı uygulamalar olarak sınıflandırılmaktadır. Kapsamlı uygulamalar otizmin tüm yetersizlik alanlarında geniş çaplı etkiler yaratmak amacıyla geliştirilmiş uygulamalardır. Bu çalışmada otizm alanında kullanılan kapsamlı uygulamalar arasında yer alan erken ve yoğun davranışsal eğitim (EYDE), Denver erken başlama modeli (ESDM), TEACCH, duyusal bütünleştirme terapisi (DBT), etkileşimsel oyun terapisi (Floortime/DIR), ilişki geliştirme uygulaması (RDI) ve temel tepki öğretimine (TTÖ) ilişkin açıklamalara yer verilmiştir. Kapsamlı uygulamalara ilişkin açıklamalar sırasında, uygulamalara zemin hazırlayan yaklaşımlar, uygulama ortamları, uygulama süreci ve bu süreçte kullanılan yöntemler ve uygulama sürecinde yer alan kişiler gibi bilgilere yer verilmiş; ardından, bu uygulamalara ilişkin araştırma desteği Eikeseth ve Klintwall (2014) tarafından yapılan çalışma temel alınarak özetlenmiş ve tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• kapsamlı uygulamalar,EYDE,TEACCH,ESDM,floortime,Otizm spektrum bozukluğu,temel tepki öğretimi

Comprehensive Interventions for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Abstract

Despite the fact that numerous professionals in various disciplines work on autism spectrum disorder, the most remarkable progress in research related to this field has occured in educational interventions. Educational interventions for individuals with autism spectrum disorder are classified as focused intervetions and comprehensive interventions. Comprehensive interventions are developed to bring about extensive effects on core deficits defining autism spectrum disorder. In this study, certain comprehensive interventions, namely early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI), early start Denver model (ESDM), TEACCH, sensory integration therapy (SIT), floortime/developmental individual differences relationship based model (DIR), relationship development intervention (RDI) and pivotal response treatment (PRT) are explained. With the aim of explaining these interventions, information about their main features such as theoretical background, settings, implementation process, methods and professionalsare provided. Moreover, outcome studies related to these interventions in terms of their scientific merit are presented based on the review conducted by Eikeseth and Klintwall (2014).

Keywords

• TEACCH,ESDM,floortime,comprehensive interventions,EIBI,Autism spectrum disorder,pivotal response treatment

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