Characteristics of General Language Teaching and Academic Language Teaching as a Foreign Language: Learner’s Views
Year 2023,
Volume: 13 Issue: 5-Special Issue, 933 - 959, 31.12.2023
İsmail Aydoğdu
,
Gökçen Göçen
Abstract
Foreign language teaching is divided into general and special purpose language teaching. Foreign language education offers general language courses at five levels starting from A1 to C1. In addition to the four core language skills, grammar and vocabulary are also taught. Special-purpose language teaching is divided into two categories: professional and academic language. Academic language courses are also provided within a specific program and duration. This study compares general language teaching and academic language teaching based on learner views. Phenomenology, one of the qualitative research designs, was used in the study. In this context, the study data consists of the opinions of 64 learners in the Academic Turkish class at Sakarya University TÖMER. The learners were asked about the similarities and differences as well as the main features of these courses using a semi-structured interview form. The answers to the questions were analyzed by content analysis. This study identified 8 themes and 106 sub-themes. Although the themes occur at different frequencies in general language and academic language courses, the eight common themes are as follows: quality in teaching, purpose in teaching, subject in teaching, utilization of activities in teaching, language use in teaching, content in teaching, utilization of texts in teaching and process in teaching.
Ethical Statement
This study is an original study; the preparation, data collection, analysis
I have complied with the principles and rules of scientific ethics at all stages, including the presentation of information; I have cited sources for all data and information not obtained within the scope of this study and included these sources in the bibliography; We declare that we have not made any changes in the data used.
Supporting Institution
No grants were received for this research from any public, private or non-profit organization.
Thanks
There is no expression of thanks.
References
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- Menken, K. (2013). Emergent bilingual students in secondary school: Along the academic language and literacy continuum. Language Teaching, 46(4), 438-476. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444813000281
- Miles, M, B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded Sourcebook. (2nd ed). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Özdemir, E. (2021). Ercı̇yes Ünı̇versı̇tesı̇ ve İstanbul Ünı̇versı̇tesı̇ akademı̇k Türkçe kı̇tap setlerı̇nı̇n dı̇nleme ve yazma etkı̇nlı̇klerı̇ açısından ı̇ncelenmesı̇. [An analysis of Ercı̇yes University and Istanbul University academic Turkish book sets in terms of listening and writing activities]. (Unpublished master's thesis). Nevşehı̇r Hacı Bektaş Velı̇ University.
- Özkan, E., & Başkan, A. (2020). Akademik Türkçe derslerinde karşılaşılan güçlükler ve çözüm önerileri. B. Tüfekçioğlu (Ed.), Akademik amaçlar için Türkçe öğretimi -kuram ve uygulama [Teaching Turkish for academic purposes - theory and practice]- (pp. 463-470). Pegem akademi.
- Read, J. (2008). Identifying academic language needs through diagnostic assessment. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 7, 180-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2008.02.001
- Sarıkaya, B. (2021). Akademik dil ve yazının önemi. M. N. Kardaş, R. Koç (Ed.). Türk dili 2 akademik yazma eğitimi [Turkish language 2 academic writing training]. Pegem Akademi.
- Schleppegrell, M. J. (2013), The role of metalanguage in supporting academic language development. Language Learning, 63, 153-170. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2012.00742.x
- Schleppegrell, M. J., & Colombi, M. C. (2002). Developing advanced literacy in first and second language. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Schleppegrell, M., & O'Hallaron, C. (2011). Teaching academic language in l2 secondary settings. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 31, 3-18. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190511000067
- Seyedi, G. (2020). Akademik dilin tanımı ve genel yapısı. B. Tüfekçioğlu (Ed.), Akademik amaçlar için Türkçe öğretimi -kuram ve uygulama [Teaching Turkish for academic purposes - theory and practice]- (pp. 23-39). Pegem akademi.
- Tekindal, M., & Uğuz Arsu, Ş. (2020). Nitel araştırma yöntemi olarak fenomenolojik yaklaşımın kapsamı ve sürecine yönelik bir derleme [A review on the scope and process of phenomenological approach as a qualitative research method]. Ufkun Ötesi Bilim Dergisi, 20(1), 153-182. Retrieved from: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/uobild/issue/58856/813813
- Tompkins, G. E. (2009). Language arts. Pearson.
- Tüfekçioğlu, B. (2018). Yabancı dil olarak akademik Türkçe: Sosyal bilimlerde akademik ve teknik söz varlığı. [Academic Turkish as a foreign language: Academic and technical vocabulary in social sciences]. (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Hacettepe University.
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- Uccelli, P., Dobbs, C. L., & Scott, J. (2013). Mastering academic language: Organization and stance in the persuasive writing of high school students. Written Communication, 30(1), 36-62. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088312469013
- van Manen, M. (2007). Phenomenology of practice. Phenomenology ve Practice, 1(1), 11-30. https://doi.org/10.29173/pandpr19803
- Vergili, Y. E., & Haykır, T. (2023). Türkçenin yabancı dil olarak öğretiminde akademik Türkçe-iş Türkçesi bibliyografyası ve üzerine bir inceleme [A bibliography of academic Turkish-business Turkish in teaching Turkish as a foreign language and a review on it]. Aydın TÖMER Dil Dergisi, 8(2), 359-392. Retieved from: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/aydintdd/issue/80143/1346522
- WilsonK., & Devereuxl. (2014). Scaffolding theory: High challenge, high support in Academic Language and Learning (ALL) contexts. Journal of Academic Language and Learning, 8(3), A91-A100. Retrieved from https://journal.aall.org.au/index.php/jall/article/view/353
- Yalçın, H. (2022). Bir araştırma deseni olarak fenomenoloji [Phenomenology as a research design]. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(Özel Sayı 2), 213-232. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1227345
- Yavuz, R. İ., & Zengin, Z. Ş. (2022). Türkçenin yabancı dil olarak öğretiminde akademik Türkçe dersine ilişkin TÖMER öğrencilerinin görüşleri (Başkent Üniversitesi örnekleminde) [TÖMER students' views on academic Turkish course in teaching Turkish as a foreign language (Başkent University sample).]. ISOEVA-6, 27-30 Ekim 2022, Kemer, Antalya, Türkiye.
- Yılmaz, İ. (2017). Opinions of Turkish as a foreign language learners on academic Turkish. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 8(2), 180-189. Retrieved from: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1143947
- Zwiers, J. (2014). Building academic language: Meeting common core standards across disciplines, grades 5-12. San Francisco: CA: Jossey-Bass.
Year 2023,
Volume: 13 Issue: 5-Special Issue, 933 - 959, 31.12.2023
İsmail Aydoğdu
,
Gökçen Göçen
References
- Aydın, G. (2015). Türk dili ve edebiyatı hizmet öncesi öğretmen eğitiminde yansıtıcı öğretim uygulamalarının akademik yazma becerilerine etkisi. [The effect of reflective teaching practices on academic writing skills in Turkish language and literature pre-service teacher Education] (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Atatürk University.
- Aydın, G., & Baysan, S. (2018). Perceptions of postgraduate students on academic writing skills: A metaphor analysis study. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 14(2), 212-239. Retrieved from: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jlls/issue/43364/527967
- Azizoğlu, N. İ., Demirtaş Tolaman, T., & İdi Tulumcu, F. (2019). Yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğretiminde akademik yazma becerisi: Karşılaşılan sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri [Academic writing skills in teaching Turkish as a foreign language: Problems encountered and solution suggestions]. Uluslararası Yabancı Dil Olarak Türkçe Öğretimi Dergisi, 2(1), 7-22. Retrieved from: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ijotfl/issue/41670/503316
- Berman, R., & Cheng, L. (2010). English academic language skills: Perceived difficulties by undergraduate and graduate students, and their academic achievement. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 4(1), 25–40. Retrieved from https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/CJAL/article/view/19830
- Christison, M. A., & Krahnke, K. J. (1986). Student Perceptions of Academic Language Study. TESOL Quarterly, 20(1), 61–81. https://doi.org/10.2307/3586389
- Coleman, R., & Goldenberg, C. (2010). What does research say about effective practices for English learners? Kappa Delta Pi Record, 46(2), 60-65. Retrived from: https://blog.trytreats.com/download/140fce_what-does-research-say-about-effective-practices-for
- Cook Hirai, D. L., Borrego, I., Garza, E., & Kloock, C.T. (2010). Academic language/literacy strategies for adolescents a “how to” manual for educators. New York: Routledge Press.
- Cummins, J. (2000). Academic Language Learning, Transformative Pedagogy, and Information Technology: Towards a Critical Balance. TESOL Quarterly, 34(3), 537–548. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587742
- Çiftler, F., & Aytan, T. (2019). Yabancılar için akademik Türkçe kitapları üzerine bir inceleme [A review on academic Turkish books for foreigners]. International Journal of Languages’ Education and Teaching, 7(4), 75-91. https://doi.org/10.29228/ijlet.39947
- Demir, D., & Genç, A. (2018). Akademik Türkçe etkinliklerine yönelik öğrenci ve öğretim elemanı görüşleri [Student and instructor views on academic Turkish language activities]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 28, 91-104.
- Demir, N. (2020). Akademik Türkçe ve temel sorunları. B. Tüfekçioğlu (Ed.), Akademik amaçlar için Türkçe öğretimi -kuram ve uygulama [Teaching Turkish for academic purposes - theory and practice]- (pp. 1-21). Pegem akademi.
- Demirtaş Tolaman, T., & Karakaş, N. (2021). Akademik yazma becerisiyle ilgili makaleler üzerine bir inceleme. RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, Ö10, 447-460. https://doi.org/10.29000/rumelide.1012461
- Dudley-Evans, T., & M. J. St John (eds.). 1998. Developments in English for Specific Purposes: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Guadalupe, V. (2004) Between support and marginalisation: The development of academic language in linguistic minority children. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 7(2-3), 102-132, https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050408667804
- Hasırcı Aksoy, S. (2021). Lisansüstü öğrenim gören yabancı öğrencilerin akademik Türkçe özyeterliklerine ilişkin görüşleri. OPUS–Ulusla-rarası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 17(35), 1705-1728. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.771216
- Hirai, D. L. C., Borrego, I., Garza, E., & Kloock, C. (2009). Academic language/literacy strategies for adolescents: A "how-to" manual for educators (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203859575
- Hyland, K. (2008). English for specific purposes: An advanced resource book. Londra: Routledge.
- Karagöl, E. (2018). Akademik yazma açısından lisansüstü tezler. [Graduate theses in terms of academic writing]. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Gazi University.
- Karagöl, E., & Korkmaz, C. B. (2021). Ders kitabı ve bilimsel metin yazarlarının görüşlerine göre uluslararası öğrencilere akademik Türkçe öğretimi. RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, (25), 208-230. https://doi.org/10.29000/rumelide.1032431
- Konyar, M. (2019). Uluslararası öğrencilerin akademik Türkçe ı̇htiyaç analizi ve örnek ders ı̇çeriği. [International students' academic Turkish language needs analysis and sample course content] (Unpublished master's thesis). Gaziosmanpaşa University.
- Krefting, L. (1991). Rigor in qualitative research: the assessment of trustworthiness. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 45(3), 214-222. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.45.3.214
- Kurudayıoğlu, M., & Çimen, L. (2020). Yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğrenen öğrencilerin akademik yazılarında etkileşimli üstsöylem [Interactive metadiscourse in the academic writing of Turkish as a foreign language learners]. OPUS– Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 16(31), 3899-3923. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.771950
- Menken, K. (2013). Emergent bilingual students in secondary school: Along the academic language and literacy continuum. Language Teaching, 46(4), 438-476. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444813000281
- Miles, M, B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded Sourcebook. (2nd ed). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Özdemir, E. (2021). Ercı̇yes Ünı̇versı̇tesı̇ ve İstanbul Ünı̇versı̇tesı̇ akademı̇k Türkçe kı̇tap setlerı̇nı̇n dı̇nleme ve yazma etkı̇nlı̇klerı̇ açısından ı̇ncelenmesı̇. [An analysis of Ercı̇yes University and Istanbul University academic Turkish book sets in terms of listening and writing activities]. (Unpublished master's thesis). Nevşehı̇r Hacı Bektaş Velı̇ University.
- Özkan, E., & Başkan, A. (2020). Akademik Türkçe derslerinde karşılaşılan güçlükler ve çözüm önerileri. B. Tüfekçioğlu (Ed.), Akademik amaçlar için Türkçe öğretimi -kuram ve uygulama [Teaching Turkish for academic purposes - theory and practice]- (pp. 463-470). Pegem akademi.
- Read, J. (2008). Identifying academic language needs through diagnostic assessment. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 7, 180-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2008.02.001
- Sarıkaya, B. (2021). Akademik dil ve yazının önemi. M. N. Kardaş, R. Koç (Ed.). Türk dili 2 akademik yazma eğitimi [Turkish language 2 academic writing training]. Pegem Akademi.
- Schleppegrell, M. J. (2013), The role of metalanguage in supporting academic language development. Language Learning, 63, 153-170. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2012.00742.x
- Schleppegrell, M. J., & Colombi, M. C. (2002). Developing advanced literacy in first and second language. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Schleppegrell, M., & O'Hallaron, C. (2011). Teaching academic language in l2 secondary settings. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 31, 3-18. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190511000067
- Seyedi, G. (2020). Akademik dilin tanımı ve genel yapısı. B. Tüfekçioğlu (Ed.), Akademik amaçlar için Türkçe öğretimi -kuram ve uygulama [Teaching Turkish for academic purposes - theory and practice]- (pp. 23-39). Pegem akademi.
- Tekindal, M., & Uğuz Arsu, Ş. (2020). Nitel araştırma yöntemi olarak fenomenolojik yaklaşımın kapsamı ve sürecine yönelik bir derleme [A review on the scope and process of phenomenological approach as a qualitative research method]. Ufkun Ötesi Bilim Dergisi, 20(1), 153-182. Retrieved from: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/uobild/issue/58856/813813
- Tompkins, G. E. (2009). Language arts. Pearson.
- Tüfekçioğlu, B. (2018). Yabancı dil olarak akademik Türkçe: Sosyal bilimlerde akademik ve teknik söz varlığı. [Academic Turkish as a foreign language: Academic and technical vocabulary in social sciences]. (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Hacettepe University.
- Uccellı, P., Barr, C., Dobbs, C., Galloway, E., Meneses, A., & Sánchez, E. (2015). Core academic language skills: An expanded operational construct and a novel instrument to chart school-relevant language proficiency in preadolescent and adolescent learners. Applied Psycholinguistics, 36(5), 1077-1109. https://doi.org/10.1017/S014271641400006X
- Uccelli, P., Dobbs, C. L., & Scott, J. (2013). Mastering academic language: Organization and stance in the persuasive writing of high school students. Written Communication, 30(1), 36-62. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088312469013
- van Manen, M. (2007). Phenomenology of practice. Phenomenology ve Practice, 1(1), 11-30. https://doi.org/10.29173/pandpr19803
- Vergili, Y. E., & Haykır, T. (2023). Türkçenin yabancı dil olarak öğretiminde akademik Türkçe-iş Türkçesi bibliyografyası ve üzerine bir inceleme [A bibliography of academic Turkish-business Turkish in teaching Turkish as a foreign language and a review on it]. Aydın TÖMER Dil Dergisi, 8(2), 359-392. Retieved from: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/aydintdd/issue/80143/1346522
- WilsonK., & Devereuxl. (2014). Scaffolding theory: High challenge, high support in Academic Language and Learning (ALL) contexts. Journal of Academic Language and Learning, 8(3), A91-A100. Retrieved from https://journal.aall.org.au/index.php/jall/article/view/353
- Yalçın, H. (2022). Bir araştırma deseni olarak fenomenoloji [Phenomenology as a research design]. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(Özel Sayı 2), 213-232. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1227345
- Yavuz, R. İ., & Zengin, Z. Ş. (2022). Türkçenin yabancı dil olarak öğretiminde akademik Türkçe dersine ilişkin TÖMER öğrencilerinin görüşleri (Başkent Üniversitesi örnekleminde) [TÖMER students' views on academic Turkish course in teaching Turkish as a foreign language (Başkent University sample).]. ISOEVA-6, 27-30 Ekim 2022, Kemer, Antalya, Türkiye.
- Yılmaz, İ. (2017). Opinions of Turkish as a foreign language learners on academic Turkish. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 8(2), 180-189. Retrieved from: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1143947
- Zwiers, J. (2014). Building academic language: Meeting common core standards across disciplines, grades 5-12. San Francisco: CA: Jossey-Bass.