Öz
Bu çalışmada, çevresinde yeni galeriler açılması sonucu gerilme koşulları değişen maden galerilerinde kullanılan püskürtme betonun kırılma sonrası davranışının arazi tepkime eğrisi ile birlikte kullanımını ele alan yeni bir model önerilmektedir. Hoek ve Brown tarafından 1980 yılında önerilen kaya tahkimat etkileşimi teorisi tasarımlandırmada kullanılmıştır. Püskürtme betonu enerji yutma kapasitesinin belirlenmesi amacıyla 24 adet farklı karışım ve lif içeriklerine sahip numunelerde panel testi uygulanmıştır. Uygulanan panel testleri sonuçları kullanılarak akma teorisi ve doğrusal olmayan regresyon yardımıyla enerji yutma kapasite hesabı için yeni bir eşitlik önerilmiştir. Mevcut enerji yutma konsepti ile olan yüksek dereceli ilişkileri ortaya konulmuştur. Madencilik faaliyetleri sırasında başlangıçta bir galeri çevresindeki kaya ortamı kemerlenmiş olsa da çevrede açılan yeni boşluklarla yeni gerilme koşulları oluşabilmektedir. Dolayısıyla sabitleştirilmiş bu bölgeler yeniden harekete geçebilmektedir. Önerilen yeni modelle farklı gerilme durumlarına maruz kalan maden galerilerinin tepkime eğrisinin belirlenmesi mümkün olmaktadır. Ayrıca yer değiştirmelerin aletli ölçmelerle takip edilmesi koşuluyla lifli püskürtme betonun kırılma sonrasında sökülüp ya da sadece tamir edilip yenilenmesi bunlar mümkün olmazsa yeni bir püskürtme beton tasarımı kararına varılabilmesi mümkün olabilmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kırılma Sonrası Davranış Püskürtme Beton Enerji Yutma Kapasitesi
Kaynakça
- Arıoğlu, E., Yüksel, a., Yılmaz, A.O., 2008. “Püskürtme beton bilgi föyleri – çözümlü problemler”, TMMOB Maden Mühendisleri Odası Yayını, ISBN 978-9944-89-565-1, Mayıs, İstanbul.
- ASTM C 1550, 2012, “Standard test method for flexural toughness of fiber reinforced concrete (Using centrally loaded round panel)”, DOI: 10.1520/C1550-12A.
- Banthia, N., Gupta, P., Yan, C., 1999, “Impact resistance of fiber reinforced wet – mix shotcrete Part2: plate tests”, Materials and Structures, Cilt 32, ss. 643-650.
- Banthia, N., Troittier, J., Beaupre, D., 1994, “Steel fiber reinforced wet mix shotcrete comparisons with cast concrete”, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Cilt 6, Sayı, ss. 430-437.
- Bernard, E., Pircher, M., 2001, “The influence of thickness on performance of fiber – reinforced concrete in a round deteminate panel test”, Cement, concrete and Aggregates, Cilt 23, sayı 1, ss. 27-33.
- Denney, J.M., Hagan, P.C., 2004, “A study on the effect of changes in fiber type and soage rate on fiber reinforced shotcrete performance”, Shotcrete More Engineering Developments, ISBN 04 1535 898 1, ss. 103-108.
- Desayi, P., Muthu, K.U., 1988, “A brief on strength, deflection and cracking of rectangular, skew and circular reinforced concrete slabs”, Journal of Indian Institute Science, Cilt 68, ss. 91-108.
- EFNARC, 1996, “European specification for sprayed concrete and guidlines for specifiers and contcractors”, ISBN 0 9522483 6 0.
- Galobardes, I., Cavalaro S.H., Aguado, a., Garcia, T., 2014, “Estimation of the modulus of elasticity for sprayed concrete”, Conctruction and Building Materials, Cilt 53, ss. 48-58.
- Güçlü, E., Tunçdemir, H., Bayram, O., 2013, “A Compilation of Shotcrete Standards to Reinforce Underground Openings”, 3. Uluslararası Ulaşımda Yeraltı Kazıları Sempozyumu, ss. 519-528, 29 – 30. Kasım.
- Hahn, H., Holmgren, J., 1979, “Adhesion of shotcrete to various types of rock surfaces”, 4th ISRM Congress, ss. 431-439, 2-8 September, Montreux, Switzerland. Hoek, E, Brown, E.T., 1980. “Underground excavation in rock”, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, London, s.527.
- Hoek, E., Kaiser, P.K. and Bawden. W.F. 1995. "Support of underground excavations in hard rock", Rotterdam: Balkema.
- Homgren, J., 1993, “The use of tyield line theory in the design of steel fiber reinforced concrete slabs”, Shotcrete for Underground Support IV Proceeding of Engineering Foundation Conference, ss. 91-98, Niagara –on-the-lake, Canada, 2-6 Mayıs.
- Kennedy, G., Goodchild, G.H., 2004, “Practical yield line design”, Concrete Center Publication, 175 ss., ISBN 1-904818-08-0, Surrey,UK.
- Lee, S., Jung, J., Nam, S., Lee, I., 2006, “The influence of seepage forces on ground reaction curve of circular opening”, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, Cilt 22, ss. 28-38.
- Malmgren, L., Nordlund, E., Rolund S., 2005, “Adhesion strength and shrinkage of shotcrete”, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, Cilt 20, ss. 33-48.
- Moldovan, A.R., Popa A., 2012, ”Finite element modelling for tunnelling excavation”, Civil Engineering & Architecture, Cilt 55, Sayı 1, ss. 98-113.
- Saiang, D., Malmgren, L., Nordlund, E., 2005, “Laboratory tests on shotcrete – rock Joints in direct Shear, Tension and Compression”, Roch Mechanics and Rock Engineering, Cilt 38, sayı 4, ss. 275-297.
- Shin, Y., Song, K., Lee, I., Cho, G., 2011, “Interaction between tunnel supports and ground convergence – Consideration of seepage forces”, International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences, Cilt 47, ss. 394-405.
- Spirig, C., 2004, “Sprayed concrete systems in the Gotthard base tunnel”, Shorcrete: More Engineering Developments, ISBN 04 1535 898 1, Taylor and Francis Group, ss.175-249.
- Uotinen, L.K.T., Salo, O., Rinne, M., 2013, “Design of sprayed concrete as hard rock reinforcement using yield line theory”, Sinorock2013, 18-20 Haziran, Şangay, Çin.
Öz
In this study, post crack behavior of shotcrete with ground reaction curve is investigated. Fiber reinforced shotcrete has also energy absorption capacity after failure. For this reason, modelling of post crack behavior of shotcrete is an important deal. In order to determine energy absorption capacity, 24 shotcrete panels were tested. A new support characteristic curve is proposed using yield line theory and nonlinear regression method. Proposed shotcrete characteristic curves are used in rock support interaction theory. New stress state can be seen after new mining operations around old one. Secondary stress states are evaluated with proposed curves in the theory. Deformation rates around underground opening is decreasing because of energy absorption of shotcrete even if it fails. In this scope, decision on repairing shotcrete or restoring a new designed one can be made after failure of shotcrete providing that ground reaction curve of new stress states are well determined and that displacements are measured.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Arıoğlu, E., Yüksel, a., Yılmaz, A.O., 2008. “Püskürtme beton bilgi föyleri – çözümlü problemler”, TMMOB Maden Mühendisleri Odası Yayını, ISBN 978-9944-89-565-1, Mayıs, İstanbul.
- ASTM C 1550, 2012, “Standard test method for flexural toughness of fiber reinforced concrete (Using centrally loaded round panel)”, DOI: 10.1520/C1550-12A.
- Banthia, N., Gupta, P., Yan, C., 1999, “Impact resistance of fiber reinforced wet – mix shotcrete Part2: plate tests”, Materials and Structures, Cilt 32, ss. 643-650.
- Banthia, N., Troittier, J., Beaupre, D., 1994, “Steel fiber reinforced wet mix shotcrete comparisons with cast concrete”, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Cilt 6, Sayı, ss. 430-437.
- Bernard, E., Pircher, M., 2001, “The influence of thickness on performance of fiber – reinforced concrete in a round deteminate panel test”, Cement, concrete and Aggregates, Cilt 23, sayı 1, ss. 27-33.
- Denney, J.M., Hagan, P.C., 2004, “A study on the effect of changes in fiber type and soage rate on fiber reinforced shotcrete performance”, Shotcrete More Engineering Developments, ISBN 04 1535 898 1, ss. 103-108.
- Desayi, P., Muthu, K.U., 1988, “A brief on strength, deflection and cracking of rectangular, skew and circular reinforced concrete slabs”, Journal of Indian Institute Science, Cilt 68, ss. 91-108.
- EFNARC, 1996, “European specification for sprayed concrete and guidlines for specifiers and contcractors”, ISBN 0 9522483 6 0.
- Galobardes, I., Cavalaro S.H., Aguado, a., Garcia, T., 2014, “Estimation of the modulus of elasticity for sprayed concrete”, Conctruction and Building Materials, Cilt 53, ss. 48-58.
- Güçlü, E., Tunçdemir, H., Bayram, O., 2013, “A Compilation of Shotcrete Standards to Reinforce Underground Openings”, 3. Uluslararası Ulaşımda Yeraltı Kazıları Sempozyumu, ss. 519-528, 29 – 30. Kasım.
- Hahn, H., Holmgren, J., 1979, “Adhesion of shotcrete to various types of rock surfaces”, 4th ISRM Congress, ss. 431-439, 2-8 September, Montreux, Switzerland. Hoek, E, Brown, E.T., 1980. “Underground excavation in rock”, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, London, s.527.
- Hoek, E., Kaiser, P.K. and Bawden. W.F. 1995. "Support of underground excavations in hard rock", Rotterdam: Balkema.
- Homgren, J., 1993, “The use of tyield line theory in the design of steel fiber reinforced concrete slabs”, Shotcrete for Underground Support IV Proceeding of Engineering Foundation Conference, ss. 91-98, Niagara –on-the-lake, Canada, 2-6 Mayıs.
- Kennedy, G., Goodchild, G.H., 2004, “Practical yield line design”, Concrete Center Publication, 175 ss., ISBN 1-904818-08-0, Surrey,UK.
- Lee, S., Jung, J., Nam, S., Lee, I., 2006, “The influence of seepage forces on ground reaction curve of circular opening”, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, Cilt 22, ss. 28-38.
- Malmgren, L., Nordlund, E., Rolund S., 2005, “Adhesion strength and shrinkage of shotcrete”, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, Cilt 20, ss. 33-48.
- Moldovan, A.R., Popa A., 2012, ”Finite element modelling for tunnelling excavation”, Civil Engineering & Architecture, Cilt 55, Sayı 1, ss. 98-113.
- Saiang, D., Malmgren, L., Nordlund, E., 2005, “Laboratory tests on shotcrete – rock Joints in direct Shear, Tension and Compression”, Roch Mechanics and Rock Engineering, Cilt 38, sayı 4, ss. 275-297.
- Shin, Y., Song, K., Lee, I., Cho, G., 2011, “Interaction between tunnel supports and ground convergence – Consideration of seepage forces”, International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences, Cilt 47, ss. 394-405.
- Spirig, C., 2004, “Sprayed concrete systems in the Gotthard base tunnel”, Shorcrete: More Engineering Developments, ISBN 04 1535 898 1, Taylor and Francis Group, ss.175-249.
- Uotinen, L.K.T., Salo, O., Rinne, M., 2013, “Design of sprayed concrete as hard rock reinforcement using yield line theory”, Sinorock2013, 18-20 Haziran, Şangay, Çin.
Ayrıntılar
| Diğer ID | JA47BY35CS |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Haziran 2014 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2014 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2 |