Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

FAST SQUARE WAVE VOLTAMMETRIC DETERMINATION OF CORTISOL IN PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION AND HUMAN URINE USING THE BARE GLASSY CARBON ELECTRODE

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 434 - 447, 01.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.15317/Scitech.2019.210

Öz

A simple, fast and sensitive electrochemical
method for the direct determination of cortisol in commercial pharmaceutical
product and human urine was developed. The electrochemical reduction and
quantitative analysis of cortisol were performed in Britton Robinson Buffer
Solution (BRBS, pH 2.0) with a bare glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using cyclic
voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV). The compound showed one
irreversible and adsorption-controlled reduction peak in CV. When SWSV mode is
used, the compound yielded a well-defined voltammetric response at about -1.14
V (vs. Ag/AgCl) in BRBS at pH 2.0. Experimental results revealed an excellent
linear correlation between the peak current and the concentration in the range
of 1-50 µg mL-1 (2.8×10-6-1.4×10-4 mol L-1).
Detection and quantification limits were found to be 0.069 µg mL-1
(1.9×10-7 mol L-1) and 0.229 µg mL-1 (6.32×10-7
mol L-1), respectively. Precision and accuracy of the developed
method were checked by recovery studies in spiked tablets and urine.

Kaynakça

  • Abdel Gaber, A.A., Ahmed, S.A., Abdel Rahim, A.M.,2017, “Cathodic adsorptive stripping voltammetric determination of Ribavirin in pharmaceutical dosage form, urine and serum”, Arabian Journal of Chemistry, King Saud University, Cilt 10, ss.S2175–S2181.
  • Aburuz, S., Millership, J., Heaney, L., Mcelnay, J.,2003, “Simple liquid chromatography method for the rapid simultaneous determination of prednisolone and cortisol in plasma and urine using hydrophilic lipophilic balanced solid phase extraction cartridges”, Cilt 798, ss.193–201.
  • Al Sharef, O., Feely, J., Kavanagh, P.., Scott, K.., Sharma, S..,2007, “An HPLC method for the determination of the free cortisol / cortisone ratio in human urine”, Biomedical Chromatography, Cilt 21, ss.1201–1206.
  • Appel, D., Schmid, R.D., Dragan, C.A., Bureik, M., Urlacher, V.B.,2005, “A fluorimetric assay for cortisol”, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Cilt 383, Sayı 2, ss.182–186.
  • Balaji, K., Reddy, G.V.R., Reddy, T.M. and Reddy, S.J.,2008, “Determination of prednisolone , dexamethasone and hydrocortisone in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluid samples by voltammetric techniques using β-cyclodextrin modified carbon paste electrode”, African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Cilt 2, Sayı 8, ss.157–166.
  • Beale, J.M., Block, J.H.,2011, Wilson and Gisvold’s Textbook of Organic, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, edited by Troy, D.B., Twelfth Ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia.
  • Bigert, C., Bluhm, G., Theorell, T.,2005, “Saliva cortisol - A new approach in noise research to study stress effects”, International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, Cilt 208, Sayı 3, ss.227–230.
  • Canalis, E., Caldarella, A.M., Reardon, G.E.,1979, “Serum Cortisol and 11-Deoxycortisol by Liquid Chromatography : Clinical Studies and Comparison with Radioimmunoassay”, Clinical Chemistry, Cilt 25, Sayı 10, ss.1700–1703.
  • Edwards, O.M., Galley, J.M., Courtenay-Evans, R.J., Hunter, J., Tait, A.D.,1974, “Changes in Cortisol Metabolism Following Rifampicin Therapy”, The Lancet, Cilt 304, Sayı 7880, ss.549–551.
  • Frerichs, V.A., Tornatore, K.M.,2004, “Determination of the glucocorticoids prednisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone, and cortisol in human serum using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry”, Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cilt 802, Sayı 2, ss.329–338.
  • Gatti, R., Cappellin, E., Zecchin, B., Antonelli, G., Spinella, P., Mantero, F., De Palo, E.F.,2005, “Urinary high performance reverse phase chromatography cortisol and cortisone analyses before and at the end of a race in elite cyclists”, Journal of Chromatography B:, Cilt 824, Sayı 1–2, ss.51–56.
  • Goyal, R.N., Chatterjee, S., Rana, A.R.S.,2010, “A comparison of edge- and basal-plane pyrolytic graphite electrodes towards the sensitive determination of hydrocortisone”, Talanta, Elsevier B.V., Cilt 83, Sayı 1, ss.149–155.
  • Goyal, R.N., Gupta, V.K., Chatterjee, S.,2009, “A sensitive voltammetric sensor for determination of synthetic corticosteroid triamcinolone, abused for doping”, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Cilt 24, Sayı 12, ss.3562–3568.
  • Hammer, F., Stewart, P.M.,2006, “Cortisol metabolism in hypertension”, Best Practice and Research: Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Cilt 20, Sayı 3, ss.337–353.
  • Harisha, K. v., Swamy, B. e. K., Ganesh, P. s., Jayadevappa, H.,2019, “Electrochemical oxidation of haematoxylin at poly(alanine) modified carbon paste electrode: A cyclic voltammetric study”, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Elsevier, Cilt 832, Sayı June 2018, ss.486–492.
  • Hu, Z., Gong, Q., Hu, X., Wang, L., Cao, Y., Cao, W., Yu, Q., et al.,2005, “Simultaneous determination of 6B-hydroxycortisol and cortisol in human urine and plasma by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance detection for phenotyping the CYP3A activity”, Journal of Chromatography B:, Cilt 826, Sayı 1–2, ss.238–243.
  • Kämäräinen, S., Mäki, M., Tolonen, T., Palleschi, G., Virtanen, V., Micheli, L., Sesay, A.M.,2018, “Disposable electrochemical immunosensor for cortisol determination in human saliva”, Talanta, Elsevier B.V., Cilt 188, ss.50–57.
  • Kaushik, A., Vasudev, A., Arya, S.K., Pasha, S.K., Bhansali, S.,2014, “Recent advances in cortisol sensing technologies for point-of-care application”, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Elsevier, Cilt 53, ss.499–512.
  • Konieczna, L., Plenis, A., Oldzka, I., Kowalski, P., Ba̧czek, T.,2010, “Simultaneous determination of cortisol, cortisone, and corticosterone in human plasma of parachutists in view of pharmacokinetic studies”, Journal of Liquid Chromatography and Related Technologies, Cilt 33, Sayı 18, ss.1613–1629.
  • Kozub, B.R., Rees, N. V., Compton, R.G.,2010, “Electrochemical determination of nitrite at a bare glassy carbon electrode; why chemically modify electrodes?”, Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical, Cilt 143, Sayı 2, ss.539–546.
  • Kushnir, M.M., Neilson, R., Roberts, W.L., Rockwood, A.L.,2004, “Cortisol and cortisone analysis in serum and plasma by atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometry”, Clinical Biochemistry, Cilt 37, Sayı 5, ss.357–362.
  • Laviron, E., Roullier, L., Degrand, C.,1980, “A multilayer model for the study of space distributed redox modified electrodes. Part II. Theory and application of linear potential sweep voltammetry for a simple reaction”, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Cilt 112, Sayı 1, ss.11–23.
  • Lee, C., Goeger, D.E.,1998, “Interference of 6Beta-hydroxycortisol in the quantitation of urinary free cortisol by immunoassay and its elimination by solid phase extraction”, Clinical Biochemistry, Cilt 31, Sayı 4, ss.229–233.
  • Materon, E.M., Wong, A., Fatibello-Filho, O., Faria, R.C.,2018, “Development of a simple electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous detection of anticancer drugs”, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Elsevier, Cilt 827, Sayı August, ss.64–72.
  • Moreno-Guzmán, M., Agüí, L., González-Cortés, A., Yáñez-Sedeño, P., Pingarrón, J.M.,2013, “Gold nanoparticles/carbon nanotubes/ionic liquid microsized paste electrode for the determination of cortisol and androsterone hormones”, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, Cilt 17, Sayı 6, ss.1591–1599.
  • Newell-Price, J., Bertagna, X., Grossman, A.B., Nieman, L.K.,2006, “Cushing’s syndrome”, Lancet, Cilt 367, Sayı 9522, ss.1605–1617.
  • Perogamvros, I., Owen, L.J., Newell-Price, J., Ray, D.W., Trainer, P.J., Keevil, B.G.,2009, “Simultaneous measurement of cortisol and cortisone in human saliva using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Application in basal and stimulated conditions”, Journal of Chromatography B:, Cilt 877, Sayı 29, ss.3771–3775.
  • Reimondo, G., Pia, A., Bovio, S., Allasino, B., Daffara, F., Paccotti, P., Borretta, G., et al.,2008, “Laboratory differentiation of Cushing’s syndrome”, Clinica Chimica Acta, Cilt 388, Sayı 1–2, ss.5–14.
  • Rouits, E., Boisdron-Celle, M., Morel, A., Gamelin, E.,2003, “Simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography method for simultaneous determination of urinary free cortisol and 6beta-hydroxycortisol in routine practice. For CYP 3A4 activity evaluation in basal conditions and after grapefruit juice intake”, Journal of Chromatography B, Cilt 793, Sayı 2, ss.357–366.
  • Sánchez-Guijo, A., Hartmann, M.F., Shi, L., Remer, T., Wudy, S.A.,2014, “Determination of free cortisol and free cortisone in human urine by on-line turbulent flow chromatography coupled to fused-core chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (TFC-HPLC-MS/MS)”, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Cilt 406, Sayı 3, ss.793–801.
  • Shibli-Rahhal, A., Van Beek, M., Schlechte, J.A.,2006, “Cushing’s syndrome”, Clinics in Dermatology, Cilt 24, Sayı 4, ss.260–265.
  • Smajdor, J., Piech, R., Rumin, M., Paczosa-Bator, B.,2015, “New high sensitive hydrocortisone determination by means of adsorptive stripping voltammetry on renewable mercury film silver based electrode”, Electrochimica Acta, Elsevier Ltd, Cilt 182, ss.67–72.
  • Sochr, J., Cinkova, K., Svorc, L.,2014, “Electrochemical Behaviour Study and Sensitive Determination of Dopamine on Cathodically Pretreated”, Austin J Anal Pharm Chem., Cilt 1, Sayı 1, ss.1–7.
  • Sun, K., Ramgir, N., Bhansali, S.,2008, “An immunoelectrochemical sensor for salivary cortisol measurement”, Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical, Cilt 133, Sayı 2, ss.533–537.
  • Tang, C., Kassahun, K., McIntosh, I.S., Brunner, J., Rodrigues, A.D.,2000, “Simultaneous determination of urinary free cortisol and 6 b -hydroxycortisol by liquid chromatography – atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry and its application for estimating hepatic CYP3A induction”, Journal of Chromatography B, Cilt 742, ss.303–313.
  • Taylor, P., Özkan, S.A., Uslu, B., Aboul-enein, H.Y. (n.d.). “Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry Analysis of Pharmaceuticals and Biological Fluids Using Modern Electroanalytical Techniques Analysis of Pharmaceuticals and Biological Fluids Using Modern Electroanalytical”, Sayı December 2012, ss.37–41.
  • Turpeinen, U., Hämäläinen, E.,2013, “Determination of cortisol in serum, saliva and urine”, Best Practice and Research: Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Elsevier Ltd, Cilt 27, Sayı 6, ss.795–801.
  • Vabbina, P.K., Kaushik, A., Pokhrel, N., Bhansali, S., Pala, N.,2015, “Electrochemical cortisol immunosensors based on sonochemically synthesized zinc oxide 1D nanorods and 2D nanoflakes”, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Elsevier, Cilt 63, ss.124–130.
  • Van der Linden, W.E., Dieker, J.W.,1980, “Glassy carbon as electrode material in electro- analytical chemistry”, Analytica Chimica Acta, Cilt 119, Sayı 1, ss.1–24.
  • Vieira, J.G.H., Nakamura, O.H., Carvalho, V.M.,2014, “Determination of cortisol and cortisone in human saliva by a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method”, Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab, Cilt 58, Sayı 8, ss.844–850.
  • Whitworth, J.A., Brown, M.A., Kelly, J.J., Williamson, P.M.,1995, “Mechanisms of cortisol-induced hypertension in humans”, Steroids, Cilt 60, Sayı 1, ss.76–80.
  • Yardim, Y., Keskin, E., Zühre, Ş.,2013, “Talanta Voltammetric determination of mixtures of caffeine and chlorogenic acid in beverage samples using a boron-doped diamond electrode”, Cilt 116, ss.1010–1017.

YALIN CAMSI KARBON ELEKTROT KULLANARAK FARMASÖTİK FORMULASYON VE İNSAN İDRARINDAN KORTİZOLÜN HIZLI KARE DALGA VOLTAMETRİK ANALİZİ

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 434 - 447, 01.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.15317/Scitech.2019.210

Öz

Ticari ilaçlardan ve
insan idrarından kortizolün direkt tayini için basit, hızlı ve duyarlı bir
elektrokimyasal yöntem geliştirildi. Kortizolün elektrokimyasal indirgenmesi ve
nicel analizleri, dönüşümlü voltametri (DV) ve kare dalga voltametrisi (KDV)
kullanılarak yalın camsı karbon elektrot (CKE) ile Britton-Robinson tampon
çözeltisinde (BRTÇ) ve pH 2,0’de gerçekleştirildi. Kortizol DV’de, tersinmez ve
adsorpsiyon kontrollü bir indirgeme piki gösterdi. Adsorptif kare dalga sıyırma
voltametrisi (Ad-KDSV) kullanıldığında bileşik BRTÇ pH 2,0 içinde ve  -1,14 V'de (Ag/AgCl'ye karşı) iyi tanımlanmış
bir voltametrik yanıt verdi. Deneysel sonuçlar pik akımı ile 1-50 µg mL-1
(2,8x10-6 mol L-1 - 4×10-4 mol L-1)
derişim aralığında doğrusal bir ilişki olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.
Gözlenebilirlik sınırı (GS) ve tayin alt sınırı (TAS)  sırasıyla 0,069 µg mL-1 (1,9×10-7
mol L-1) ve 0,229 µg mL-1 (6,32×10-7 mol L-1)
olarak saptandı. Geliştirilen yöntemin kesinliği ve doğruluğu, tablet ve idrar
numunelerinden yapılan geri kazanım çalışmaları ile kontrol edildi.

Kaynakça

  • Abdel Gaber, A.A., Ahmed, S.A., Abdel Rahim, A.M.,2017, “Cathodic adsorptive stripping voltammetric determination of Ribavirin in pharmaceutical dosage form, urine and serum”, Arabian Journal of Chemistry, King Saud University, Cilt 10, ss.S2175–S2181.
  • Aburuz, S., Millership, J., Heaney, L., Mcelnay, J.,2003, “Simple liquid chromatography method for the rapid simultaneous determination of prednisolone and cortisol in plasma and urine using hydrophilic lipophilic balanced solid phase extraction cartridges”, Cilt 798, ss.193–201.
  • Al Sharef, O., Feely, J., Kavanagh, P.., Scott, K.., Sharma, S..,2007, “An HPLC method for the determination of the free cortisol / cortisone ratio in human urine”, Biomedical Chromatography, Cilt 21, ss.1201–1206.
  • Appel, D., Schmid, R.D., Dragan, C.A., Bureik, M., Urlacher, V.B.,2005, “A fluorimetric assay for cortisol”, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Cilt 383, Sayı 2, ss.182–186.
  • Balaji, K., Reddy, G.V.R., Reddy, T.M. and Reddy, S.J.,2008, “Determination of prednisolone , dexamethasone and hydrocortisone in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluid samples by voltammetric techniques using β-cyclodextrin modified carbon paste electrode”, African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Cilt 2, Sayı 8, ss.157–166.
  • Beale, J.M., Block, J.H.,2011, Wilson and Gisvold’s Textbook of Organic, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, edited by Troy, D.B., Twelfth Ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia.
  • Bigert, C., Bluhm, G., Theorell, T.,2005, “Saliva cortisol - A new approach in noise research to study stress effects”, International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, Cilt 208, Sayı 3, ss.227–230.
  • Canalis, E., Caldarella, A.M., Reardon, G.E.,1979, “Serum Cortisol and 11-Deoxycortisol by Liquid Chromatography : Clinical Studies and Comparison with Radioimmunoassay”, Clinical Chemistry, Cilt 25, Sayı 10, ss.1700–1703.
  • Edwards, O.M., Galley, J.M., Courtenay-Evans, R.J., Hunter, J., Tait, A.D.,1974, “Changes in Cortisol Metabolism Following Rifampicin Therapy”, The Lancet, Cilt 304, Sayı 7880, ss.549–551.
  • Frerichs, V.A., Tornatore, K.M.,2004, “Determination of the glucocorticoids prednisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone, and cortisol in human serum using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry”, Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cilt 802, Sayı 2, ss.329–338.
  • Gatti, R., Cappellin, E., Zecchin, B., Antonelli, G., Spinella, P., Mantero, F., De Palo, E.F.,2005, “Urinary high performance reverse phase chromatography cortisol and cortisone analyses before and at the end of a race in elite cyclists”, Journal of Chromatography B:, Cilt 824, Sayı 1–2, ss.51–56.
  • Goyal, R.N., Chatterjee, S., Rana, A.R.S.,2010, “A comparison of edge- and basal-plane pyrolytic graphite electrodes towards the sensitive determination of hydrocortisone”, Talanta, Elsevier B.V., Cilt 83, Sayı 1, ss.149–155.
  • Goyal, R.N., Gupta, V.K., Chatterjee, S.,2009, “A sensitive voltammetric sensor for determination of synthetic corticosteroid triamcinolone, abused for doping”, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Cilt 24, Sayı 12, ss.3562–3568.
  • Hammer, F., Stewart, P.M.,2006, “Cortisol metabolism in hypertension”, Best Practice and Research: Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Cilt 20, Sayı 3, ss.337–353.
  • Harisha, K. v., Swamy, B. e. K., Ganesh, P. s., Jayadevappa, H.,2019, “Electrochemical oxidation of haematoxylin at poly(alanine) modified carbon paste electrode: A cyclic voltammetric study”, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Elsevier, Cilt 832, Sayı June 2018, ss.486–492.
  • Hu, Z., Gong, Q., Hu, X., Wang, L., Cao, Y., Cao, W., Yu, Q., et al.,2005, “Simultaneous determination of 6B-hydroxycortisol and cortisol in human urine and plasma by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance detection for phenotyping the CYP3A activity”, Journal of Chromatography B:, Cilt 826, Sayı 1–2, ss.238–243.
  • Kämäräinen, S., Mäki, M., Tolonen, T., Palleschi, G., Virtanen, V., Micheli, L., Sesay, A.M.,2018, “Disposable electrochemical immunosensor for cortisol determination in human saliva”, Talanta, Elsevier B.V., Cilt 188, ss.50–57.
  • Kaushik, A., Vasudev, A., Arya, S.K., Pasha, S.K., Bhansali, S.,2014, “Recent advances in cortisol sensing technologies for point-of-care application”, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Elsevier, Cilt 53, ss.499–512.
  • Konieczna, L., Plenis, A., Oldzka, I., Kowalski, P., Ba̧czek, T.,2010, “Simultaneous determination of cortisol, cortisone, and corticosterone in human plasma of parachutists in view of pharmacokinetic studies”, Journal of Liquid Chromatography and Related Technologies, Cilt 33, Sayı 18, ss.1613–1629.
  • Kozub, B.R., Rees, N. V., Compton, R.G.,2010, “Electrochemical determination of nitrite at a bare glassy carbon electrode; why chemically modify electrodes?”, Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical, Cilt 143, Sayı 2, ss.539–546.
  • Kushnir, M.M., Neilson, R., Roberts, W.L., Rockwood, A.L.,2004, “Cortisol and cortisone analysis in serum and plasma by atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometry”, Clinical Biochemistry, Cilt 37, Sayı 5, ss.357–362.
  • Laviron, E., Roullier, L., Degrand, C.,1980, “A multilayer model for the study of space distributed redox modified electrodes. Part II. Theory and application of linear potential sweep voltammetry for a simple reaction”, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Cilt 112, Sayı 1, ss.11–23.
  • Lee, C., Goeger, D.E.,1998, “Interference of 6Beta-hydroxycortisol in the quantitation of urinary free cortisol by immunoassay and its elimination by solid phase extraction”, Clinical Biochemistry, Cilt 31, Sayı 4, ss.229–233.
  • Materon, E.M., Wong, A., Fatibello-Filho, O., Faria, R.C.,2018, “Development of a simple electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous detection of anticancer drugs”, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Elsevier, Cilt 827, Sayı August, ss.64–72.
  • Moreno-Guzmán, M., Agüí, L., González-Cortés, A., Yáñez-Sedeño, P., Pingarrón, J.M.,2013, “Gold nanoparticles/carbon nanotubes/ionic liquid microsized paste electrode for the determination of cortisol and androsterone hormones”, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, Cilt 17, Sayı 6, ss.1591–1599.
  • Newell-Price, J., Bertagna, X., Grossman, A.B., Nieman, L.K.,2006, “Cushing’s syndrome”, Lancet, Cilt 367, Sayı 9522, ss.1605–1617.
  • Perogamvros, I., Owen, L.J., Newell-Price, J., Ray, D.W., Trainer, P.J., Keevil, B.G.,2009, “Simultaneous measurement of cortisol and cortisone in human saliva using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Application in basal and stimulated conditions”, Journal of Chromatography B:, Cilt 877, Sayı 29, ss.3771–3775.
  • Reimondo, G., Pia, A., Bovio, S., Allasino, B., Daffara, F., Paccotti, P., Borretta, G., et al.,2008, “Laboratory differentiation of Cushing’s syndrome”, Clinica Chimica Acta, Cilt 388, Sayı 1–2, ss.5–14.
  • Rouits, E., Boisdron-Celle, M., Morel, A., Gamelin, E.,2003, “Simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography method for simultaneous determination of urinary free cortisol and 6beta-hydroxycortisol in routine practice. For CYP 3A4 activity evaluation in basal conditions and after grapefruit juice intake”, Journal of Chromatography B, Cilt 793, Sayı 2, ss.357–366.
  • Sánchez-Guijo, A., Hartmann, M.F., Shi, L., Remer, T., Wudy, S.A.,2014, “Determination of free cortisol and free cortisone in human urine by on-line turbulent flow chromatography coupled to fused-core chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (TFC-HPLC-MS/MS)”, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Cilt 406, Sayı 3, ss.793–801.
  • Shibli-Rahhal, A., Van Beek, M., Schlechte, J.A.,2006, “Cushing’s syndrome”, Clinics in Dermatology, Cilt 24, Sayı 4, ss.260–265.
  • Smajdor, J., Piech, R., Rumin, M., Paczosa-Bator, B.,2015, “New high sensitive hydrocortisone determination by means of adsorptive stripping voltammetry on renewable mercury film silver based electrode”, Electrochimica Acta, Elsevier Ltd, Cilt 182, ss.67–72.
  • Sochr, J., Cinkova, K., Svorc, L.,2014, “Electrochemical Behaviour Study and Sensitive Determination of Dopamine on Cathodically Pretreated”, Austin J Anal Pharm Chem., Cilt 1, Sayı 1, ss.1–7.
  • Sun, K., Ramgir, N., Bhansali, S.,2008, “An immunoelectrochemical sensor for salivary cortisol measurement”, Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical, Cilt 133, Sayı 2, ss.533–537.
  • Tang, C., Kassahun, K., McIntosh, I.S., Brunner, J., Rodrigues, A.D.,2000, “Simultaneous determination of urinary free cortisol and 6 b -hydroxycortisol by liquid chromatography – atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry and its application for estimating hepatic CYP3A induction”, Journal of Chromatography B, Cilt 742, ss.303–313.
  • Taylor, P., Özkan, S.A., Uslu, B., Aboul-enein, H.Y. (n.d.). “Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry Analysis of Pharmaceuticals and Biological Fluids Using Modern Electroanalytical Techniques Analysis of Pharmaceuticals and Biological Fluids Using Modern Electroanalytical”, Sayı December 2012, ss.37–41.
  • Turpeinen, U., Hämäläinen, E.,2013, “Determination of cortisol in serum, saliva and urine”, Best Practice and Research: Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Elsevier Ltd, Cilt 27, Sayı 6, ss.795–801.
  • Vabbina, P.K., Kaushik, A., Pokhrel, N., Bhansali, S., Pala, N.,2015, “Electrochemical cortisol immunosensors based on sonochemically synthesized zinc oxide 1D nanorods and 2D nanoflakes”, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Elsevier, Cilt 63, ss.124–130.
  • Van der Linden, W.E., Dieker, J.W.,1980, “Glassy carbon as electrode material in electro- analytical chemistry”, Analytica Chimica Acta, Cilt 119, Sayı 1, ss.1–24.
  • Vieira, J.G.H., Nakamura, O.H., Carvalho, V.M.,2014, “Determination of cortisol and cortisone in human saliva by a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method”, Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab, Cilt 58, Sayı 8, ss.844–850.
  • Whitworth, J.A., Brown, M.A., Kelly, J.J., Williamson, P.M.,1995, “Mechanisms of cortisol-induced hypertension in humans”, Steroids, Cilt 60, Sayı 1, ss.76–80.
  • Yardim, Y., Keskin, E., Zühre, Ş.,2013, “Talanta Voltammetric determination of mixtures of caffeine and chlorogenic acid in beverage samples using a boron-doped diamond electrode”, Cilt 116, ss.1010–1017.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ertuğrul Keskin

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Keskin, E. (2019). YALIN CAMSI KARBON ELEKTROT KULLANARAK FARMASÖTİK FORMULASYON VE İNSAN İDRARINDAN KORTİZOLÜN HIZLI KARE DALGA VOLTAMETRİK ANALİZİ. Selçuk Üniversitesi Mühendislik, Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 7(2), 434-447. https://doi.org/10.15317/Scitech.2019.210
AMA Keskin E. YALIN CAMSI KARBON ELEKTROT KULLANARAK FARMASÖTİK FORMULASYON VE İNSAN İDRARINDAN KORTİZOLÜN HIZLI KARE DALGA VOLTAMETRİK ANALİZİ. sujest. Haziran 2019;7(2):434-447. doi:10.15317/Scitech.2019.210
Chicago Keskin, Ertuğrul. “YALIN CAMSI KARBON ELEKTROT KULLANARAK FARMASÖTİK FORMULASYON VE İNSAN İDRARINDAN KORTİZOLÜN HIZLI KARE DALGA VOLTAMETRİK ANALİZİ”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Mühendislik, Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi 7, sy. 2 (Haziran 2019): 434-47. https://doi.org/10.15317/Scitech.2019.210.
EndNote Keskin E (01 Haziran 2019) YALIN CAMSI KARBON ELEKTROT KULLANARAK FARMASÖTİK FORMULASYON VE İNSAN İDRARINDAN KORTİZOLÜN HIZLI KARE DALGA VOLTAMETRİK ANALİZİ. Selçuk Üniversitesi Mühendislik, Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi 7 2 434–447.
IEEE E. Keskin, “YALIN CAMSI KARBON ELEKTROT KULLANARAK FARMASÖTİK FORMULASYON VE İNSAN İDRARINDAN KORTİZOLÜN HIZLI KARE DALGA VOLTAMETRİK ANALİZİ”, sujest, c. 7, sy. 2, ss. 434–447, 2019, doi: 10.15317/Scitech.2019.210.
ISNAD Keskin, Ertuğrul. “YALIN CAMSI KARBON ELEKTROT KULLANARAK FARMASÖTİK FORMULASYON VE İNSAN İDRARINDAN KORTİZOLÜN HIZLI KARE DALGA VOLTAMETRİK ANALİZİ”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Mühendislik, Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi 7/2 (Haziran 2019), 434-447. https://doi.org/10.15317/Scitech.2019.210.
JAMA Keskin E. YALIN CAMSI KARBON ELEKTROT KULLANARAK FARMASÖTİK FORMULASYON VE İNSAN İDRARINDAN KORTİZOLÜN HIZLI KARE DALGA VOLTAMETRİK ANALİZİ. sujest. 2019;7:434–447.
MLA Keskin, Ertuğrul. “YALIN CAMSI KARBON ELEKTROT KULLANARAK FARMASÖTİK FORMULASYON VE İNSAN İDRARINDAN KORTİZOLÜN HIZLI KARE DALGA VOLTAMETRİK ANALİZİ”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Mühendislik, Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi, c. 7, sy. 2, 2019, ss. 434-47, doi:10.15317/Scitech.2019.210.
Vancouver Keskin E. YALIN CAMSI KARBON ELEKTROT KULLANARAK FARMASÖTİK FORMULASYON VE İNSAN İDRARINDAN KORTİZOLÜN HIZLI KARE DALGA VOLTAMETRİK ANALİZİ. sujest. 2019;7(2):434-47.

MAKALELERINIZI 

http://sujest.selcuk.edu.tr

uzerinden gonderiniz