Termal Enerji Santrali Atıklarının Harç ve Beton Üretiminde Kullanımı: Bir İnceleme Çalışması

Öz

Bu çalışmada, termik santrallerden (uçucu kül, taban külü, senosfer ve biyokütle külü) elde edilen malzemeler ve nano katkıların harç, beton ve geopolimer beton üretiminde kullanımı ele alınmıştır. Son çalışmalar karşılaştırılmış ve değerlendirilmiştir. Termik santral atık ürünleri olan F ve C sınıfı uçucu küller, taban külleri, senosferler ve biyokütle küllerinin ve termik santral atığı olmayan destekleyici nano katkı maddelerinin (nano SiO₂, nano MgO) taze harç ve beton performansı ile sertleşmiş haldeki dayanıklılık performansı üzerindeki etkileri, kullanım oranı aşamaları incelenerek araştırılmıştır. Sonuçlar, F sınıfı uçucu külün çimentonun %15-%60’ı arasındaki oranlar- da dayanıklılığı artırdığını ve yüksek puzolanik performans gösterdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. C sınıfı uçucu kül daha yüksek başlangıç dayanımlarına ulaşabilir, ancak değişken yapısı sorunlara yol açabilir. Isıya dayanıklı kom- pozit malzemeler için kullanılan geopolimerler, %40’ı geçmeyen oranlarda senosfer kullanılarak üretilebilir ve senosfer sayesinde hafif olması sağlanabilir. %1-4 oranında nano SiO₂ katkı maddesinin kullanımı, harç ve beton yapısı içinde C-S-H oluşumunu artırarak iç yapıyı daha güçlü hale getirir; ancak daha yüksek yüzdelerde zararlı sonuçlar ortaya çıkabilir. Biyokütle külü bazlı geopolimerlerin geleneksel betona kıyasla yüksek oranda CO₂ emi- syonu azaltımı sağlayabildiği tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, yapılan mevcut çalışmaların uzun vadeli dura- bilite ve standardizasyon açısından sınırlı olduğu, bu alanlarda sürdürülebilirlik açısından daha fazla çalışmaya ihtiyaç duyulduğu bildirilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Uçucu kül
• taban külü
• senoesfer ve biyokütle külü
• nano katkılar
• harç ve beton
• geopolimer
• durabilite
• sürdürülebilirlik

Destekleyen Kurum

Kocaeli Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi

Proje Numarası

FAA-2025-4204

Teşekkür

Bu çalışma Kocaeli Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi tarafından FAA-2025-4204 nolu Acil Altyapı Destek projesi kapsamında desteklenmiştir. Makale projede kullanılan literatür bilgisi ile oluşturulmuştur.

Utilization of Thermal Power Plant Wastes in Mortar and Concrete Production: A Review Study

Öz

This study examines the use of materials obtained from thermal power plants (fly ash, bottom ash, cenosphere, and bi- omass ash) and nano-additives in the production of mortar, concrete, and geopolymer concrete through polymerization. Recent studies are compared and evaluated. The effects of class F and C fly ashes, bottom ashes, cenospheres, biomass as- hes, and non-thermal power plant waste supporting nano-additives (nano SiO₂, nano MgO) on the fresh mortar and concrete performance and the hardened strength performance are investigated by examining the usage ratio stages. The results show that class F fly ash increases strength and exhibits high pozzolanic performance at ratios between 15% and 60% of cement. Class C fly ash can achieve higher initial strengths, but its variable structure may lead to problems. Geopolymers used for heat-resistant composite materials can be produced using cenosphere at ratios not exceeding 40%, and their ligh- tness can be ensured thanks to the cenosphere. The use of 1-4% nano SiO₂ additives strengthens the internal structure of mortar and concrete by increasing C-S-H formation; however, higher percentages may lead to harmful results. Biomass ash-based geopolymers have been found to provide a significant reduction in CO₂ emissions compared to conventional concrete. However, it is reported that current studies are limited in terms of long-term durability and standardization, and more research is needed in these areas regarding sustainability.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Fly ash
• bottom ash
• cenosphere, and Biomass ash
• Nano Additives
• Mortar and Concrete
• geopolymer
• durability
• Sustainability

Destekleyen Kurum

Kocaeli University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit

Proje Numarası

FAA-2025-4204

Teşekkür

This study was supported by the Kocaeli University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit under the Emergency Infrastructure Support project numbered FAA-2025-4204. The article was created using the literature information utilized in the project.

Kaynakça

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