The Two Faces of Narcissism: A Review on the Developmental Foundations of Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 4, 6 - 29, 31.12.2023

Havvanur Akyol Kol

Öz

Narcissism, a popular concept, is defined in various ways due to its complex nature and is classified as grandiose narcissism and vulnerable narcissism based on certain characteristics. Grandiose narcissism is expressed as the person’s belief that he/she is unique, emphasizing his/her own self and exhibiting exhibitionist and exploitative behaviors in relationships, while vulnerable narcissism is characterized by negative beliefs about self-efficacy and avoidant behaviors in social relationships. In DSM-5, the “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders”, the phenomenon of pathological narcissism is explained only with grandiose narcissism, while vulnerable narcissism is disregarded. In recent years, studies that include both dimensions of narcissism have gained significant importance in this respect. In addition, research on the etiology of narcissism emphasizes parent-child relationships, trauma, and
early childhood experiences, which are explained within the framework of environmental factors. In recent years, there has been a remarkable increase in research on the biological and genetic basis of narcissism. This literature review aims to examine the developmental foundations of pathological narcissism. In this regard, environmental factors such as parental attitudes, trauma
history, attachment style, and early maladaptive schemas, which play a role in the development of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism were examined. Subsequently, studies addressing biological factors, including biological temperament, and heritability have been reviewed. Finally, the developmental basis of narcissism is discussed, and suggestions are presented for future research on this subject in our country.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Grandiose narcissism, vulnerable narcissism, etiology of narcis- sism, parental attitudes, biological temperament, genetic factors

Narsisizmin iki yüzü: Büyüklenmeci ve kırılgan narsisizmin gelişimsel temelleri üzerine bir gözden geçirme.

Öz

Popüler bir kavram olan narsisizm, karmaşık doğası gereği çeşitli şekillerde tanımlanmakta ve belli özelliklerine göre büyüklenmeci ve kırılgan narsisizm olarak sınıflandırılmaktadır. Büyüklenmeci narsisizm kişinin benzersiz olduğuna inanarak kendi benliğini öne çıkarması, ilişkilerinde teşhirci ve sömürücü davranışlar sergilemesi olarak ifade edilirken; kırılgan narsisizm kişinin öz-yeterlik algısına yönelik olumsuz inançları ve çekingen davranışlar ile karakterizedir. “Mental Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal Ölçütleri El Kitabı”olan DSM-5’te patolojik narsisizm olgusu yalnızca büyüklenmeci narsisizm ile açıklanırken; kırılgan narsistik özellikler ihmal edilmektedir. Son dönemlerde, narsisizmin her iki boyutunu da içeren araştırmalar bu açıdan büyük bir önem
kazanmaktadır. Bununla beraber, narsisizmin etiyolojisini konu alan araştırmalarda çevresel faktörler çerçevesinde açıklanan ebeveyn-çocuk ilişkileri, travma yaşantısı ve erken çocukluk deneyimleri öne çıkmaktadır. Son yıllarda narsisizmin biyolojik ve genetik temellerini ortaya çıkaran araştırma sonuçları dikkat çekici düzeyde artmaktadır. Bu gözden geçirme makalesinde, patolojik narsisizmin gelişimsel temellerini incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda uluslararası alanyazındaki büyüklenmeci ve kırılgan narsisizmin gelişiminde rol oynayan ebeveyn tutumları, travma geçmişi, bağlanma biçimi, erken dönem uyumsuz şemaları gibi çevresel ve sosyal faktörlerle beraber; biyolojik mizaç ve kalıtımı kapsayan biyolojik faktörleri konu alan çalışmalar incelen-
miştir. Son olarak narsisizmin gelişimsel temelleri tartışılarak, ülkemizde bu konuda yapılabilecek olan araştırmalara öneriler sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Büyüklenmeci narsisizm, kırılgan narsisizm, narsisiz- min temelleri, ebeveyn tutumları, biyolojik mizaç, genetik faktörler

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