Stiffness Requirements for Shear Diaphragms Used for Stability Bracing of Slender Steel Beams
Yıl 2017,
Cilt: 28 Sayı: 4, 8105 - 8128, 01.10.2017
Oğuz Özgür Eğilmez
,
Mustafa Vardaroğlu
Andaç Akbaba
Öz
The buckling
resistance of steel I-beams can be increased by providing lateral bracing along
the length of the beams by either cross-frames or diaphragms. Metal sheeting
that is often used in steel buildings and bridge constructions to support the
fresh concrete, acts like a shear diaphragm and provides continuous bracing to
steel beams. An adequate bracing system must possess sufficient stiffness and
strength. A computational study was conducted to investigate stiffness
requirements of shear diaphragms used to brace slender steel I-beams. Both
double and single symmetrical axis sections were studied. Beams that are braced
by cross-frames in addition to diaphragms have also been investigated.
Stiffness requirements have been proposed for shear diaphragms used to brace
slender steel I-beams.
Kaynakça
- Referans 1: ANSYS, Finite Element Model Users Manual, (Version 11.0), ANSYS Inc., Canonsburg, Pa, USA, 2007.
- Referans 2: AISC, Specification for structural steel buildings, 14th Ed., Chicago, 2010.
- Referans 3: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO).
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Bridge Design Specifications, 7th Ed., Washington, D.C., 2014.
- Referans 4: CANAM, Steel Deck Diaphragm Catalogue, Boucherville.
Davies J.M., Bryan E.R. (1982). Manual of Stressed Skin Diaphragm Design, JW&S, NY, USA, 2007.
- Referans 5: Davies J. M., and Bryan E. R., Manual of Stressed Skin Diaphragm Design, Wiley Press, 1982.
- Referans 6: Egilmez, O. O. And Alkan, D., “Çelik köprü I-kirişlerine yanal destek sağlayan trapez sac kalıpların mukavemeti,” Teknik Dergi, 20, 4891-4904, 2009.
- Referans 7: Egilmez, O. O., Helwig, T., Jetann, C., Lowery, R., “Stiffness and strength of metal bridge deck forms”, Journal of Bridge Engineering, 12(4), 429-437, 2007.
- Referans 8: Egilmez, O. O, Herman, R., Helwig, T., “Lateral stiffness of steel bridge I-girders braced by metal deck forms”, Journal of Bridge Engineering, 14(1), 17-25, 2009.
- Referans 9: Egilmez, O. O., Helwig, T., Herman, R., “Buckling behavior of steel bridge I-girders braced by permanent metal deck forms”, Journal of Bridge Eng., 17(4), 624-633, 2012.
- Referans 10: Egilmez, O., Helwig, T., and Herman, R., “Using metal deck forms for construction bracing of steel bridges,” J. Bridge Engrg., ASCE, in press, 2016.
Referans 11:] Errera, S. and Apparao, T. (1976), “Design of I-shaped beams with diaphragm bracing”, Journal of the Structural Division, 102(4), 769-781.
- Referans 12 Helwig, T. A. and Frank, K. H., “Stiffness requirements for diaphragm bracing of beams”, Journal of Structural Engineering, 125(11), 1249-1256, 1999.
- Referans 13 Helwig, T. A. and Yura, J. A. (2008a), “Shear diaphragm bracing of beams. I: Stiffness requirements”, Journal of Structural Engineering , 134(3), 348-356.
- Referans 14 Helwig, T. A. and Yura, J. A. (2008b), “Shear diaphragm bracing of beams. II: Design requirements”, Journal of Structural Engineering, 134(3), 357-363.
- Referans 15: Luttrell, L. D. & Steel Deck Institute (1981). Steel Deck Institute diaphragm design manual, 1st Ed., MO.
- Referans 16: Luttrell, L. D. & Steel Deck Institute (2004). Steel Deck Institute diaphragm design manual, 3rd Ed., Canton.
- Referans 17: Nethercot, D. and Trahair, N. (1975), “Design of diaphragm-braced I-beams”, Journal of the Structural Division, 101(10), 2045-2061.
- Referans 18: Türkye Cumhuriyet, Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı, Çelik yapıların tasarım ve yapım kuralları, Ankara, 2016
- Referans 19: Wang, L. and Helwig, Todd A. (2005), “Critical imperfections for beam bracing systems”, Journal of Structural Engineering, 131(6), 933-940.
- Referans 20: Winter, G. (1960), “Lateral bracing of columns and beams”, Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 125(1), 807–826.
- Referans 21: Yura, J., A. (2001), “Fundamentals of beam bracing”, Eng. J., 38(1), 11-26.
- Referans 22: Ziemian, R., ed. (2110), Guide to Stability Design Criteria for Metal Structures, 6th Ed., JW & S, USA.
Narin Çelik Kirişlere Stabilite Desteği Sağlayan Kayma Diyaframlarının Rijitlik Gereklilikleri
Yıl 2017,
Cilt: 28 Sayı: 4, 8105 - 8128, 01.10.2017
Oğuz Özgür Eğilmez
,
Mustafa Vardaroğlu
Andaç Akbaba
Öz
Çelik I-kirişlerin
burkulma kapasitesi, noktasal veya sürekli destek elemanları kullanılarak
artırılmaktadır. Yapım aşamasında taze betonu taşımak için kiriş uzunluğunca
kullanılan trapez sac kalıplar, bir kayma diyaframı gibi davranırlar ve çelik
kirişlere sürekli destek sağlarlarlar. Bir destek elemanının görevini yerine
getirebilmesi için yeterli rijitliğe ve dayanıma sahip olması gerekmektedir. Narin
gövdeli çelik kirişleri destekleyen kayma diyaframlarının rijitlik
gerekliliklerini araştırmak için sayısal bir çalışma yapılmıştır. Çift ve tek
simetri eksenli kesitler incelenmiştir. Kiriş orta açıklığında noktasal destek
elemanı bulunduran kirişler de analiz edilmiştir. Narin gövdeli çelik I-kirişleri
destekleyen kayma diyaframları için minimum rijitlilik gereklilikleri önerilmiştir.
Kaynakça
- Referans 1: ANSYS, Finite Element Model Users Manual, (Version 11.0), ANSYS Inc., Canonsburg, Pa, USA, 2007.
- Referans 2: AISC, Specification for structural steel buildings, 14th Ed., Chicago, 2010.
- Referans 3: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO).
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Bridge Design Specifications, 7th Ed., Washington, D.C., 2014.
- Referans 4: CANAM, Steel Deck Diaphragm Catalogue, Boucherville.
Davies J.M., Bryan E.R. (1982). Manual of Stressed Skin Diaphragm Design, JW&S, NY, USA, 2007.
- Referans 5: Davies J. M., and Bryan E. R., Manual of Stressed Skin Diaphragm Design, Wiley Press, 1982.
- Referans 6: Egilmez, O. O. And Alkan, D., “Çelik köprü I-kirişlerine yanal destek sağlayan trapez sac kalıpların mukavemeti,” Teknik Dergi, 20, 4891-4904, 2009.
- Referans 7: Egilmez, O. O., Helwig, T., Jetann, C., Lowery, R., “Stiffness and strength of metal bridge deck forms”, Journal of Bridge Engineering, 12(4), 429-437, 2007.
- Referans 8: Egilmez, O. O, Herman, R., Helwig, T., “Lateral stiffness of steel bridge I-girders braced by metal deck forms”, Journal of Bridge Engineering, 14(1), 17-25, 2009.
- Referans 9: Egilmez, O. O., Helwig, T., Herman, R., “Buckling behavior of steel bridge I-girders braced by permanent metal deck forms”, Journal of Bridge Eng., 17(4), 624-633, 2012.
- Referans 10: Egilmez, O., Helwig, T., and Herman, R., “Using metal deck forms for construction bracing of steel bridges,” J. Bridge Engrg., ASCE, in press, 2016.
Referans 11:] Errera, S. and Apparao, T. (1976), “Design of I-shaped beams with diaphragm bracing”, Journal of the Structural Division, 102(4), 769-781.
- Referans 12 Helwig, T. A. and Frank, K. H., “Stiffness requirements for diaphragm bracing of beams”, Journal of Structural Engineering, 125(11), 1249-1256, 1999.
- Referans 13 Helwig, T. A. and Yura, J. A. (2008a), “Shear diaphragm bracing of beams. I: Stiffness requirements”, Journal of Structural Engineering , 134(3), 348-356.
- Referans 14 Helwig, T. A. and Yura, J. A. (2008b), “Shear diaphragm bracing of beams. II: Design requirements”, Journal of Structural Engineering, 134(3), 357-363.
- Referans 15: Luttrell, L. D. & Steel Deck Institute (1981). Steel Deck Institute diaphragm design manual, 1st Ed., MO.
- Referans 16: Luttrell, L. D. & Steel Deck Institute (2004). Steel Deck Institute diaphragm design manual, 3rd Ed., Canton.
- Referans 17: Nethercot, D. and Trahair, N. (1975), “Design of diaphragm-braced I-beams”, Journal of the Structural Division, 101(10), 2045-2061.
- Referans 18: Türkye Cumhuriyet, Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı, Çelik yapıların tasarım ve yapım kuralları, Ankara, 2016
- Referans 19: Wang, L. and Helwig, Todd A. (2005), “Critical imperfections for beam bracing systems”, Journal of Structural Engineering, 131(6), 933-940.
- Referans 20: Winter, G. (1960), “Lateral bracing of columns and beams”, Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 125(1), 807–826.
- Referans 21: Yura, J., A. (2001), “Fundamentals of beam bracing”, Eng. J., 38(1), 11-26.
- Referans 22: Ziemian, R., ed. (2110), Guide to Stability Design Criteria for Metal Structures, 6th Ed., JW & S, USA.