<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>ti̇hek akademik dergisi</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Türkiye İnsan Hakları ve Eşitlik Kurumu Akademik Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">2667-4599</issn>
                                                                                                        <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Türkiye İnsan Hakları ve Eşitlik Kurumu</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.59162/tihek.1665087</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Constitutional Law</subject>
                                                            <subject>Domestic Human Rights Law</subject>
                                                            <subject>Public Law (Other)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Anayasa Hukuku</subject>
                                                            <subject>Yurtiçi İnsan Hakları Hukuku</subject>
                                                            <subject>Kamu Hukuku (Diğer)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>ADALETİN EVRENSEL ÇAĞRISI: HUKUK VE İNSANLIK ARASINDA GAZZE’DEKİ İNSAN HAKLARI İHLALLERİNE YANITLAR</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>The Universal Call for Justice: Legal and Humanitarian  Responses to Human Rights Violations in Gaza</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0319-7358</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Narin</surname>
                                    <given-names>Serdar</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>DOKUZ EYLÜL ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20251230">
                    <day>12</day>
                    <month>30</month>
                    <year>2025</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>8</volume>
                                        <issue>14-15</issue>
                                        <fpage>147</fpage>
                                        <lpage>208</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20250325">
                        <day>03</day>
                        <month>25</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20250714">
                        <day>07</day>
                        <month>14</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2018, Türkiye İnsan Hakları ve Eşitlik Kurumu Akademik Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2018</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Türkiye İnsan Hakları ve Eşitlik Kurumu Akademik Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>7 Ekim 2023 tarihinden itibaren, İsrail’in Gazze Şeridi’ne başlattığı yoğun ve süreklilik arz eden askeri operasyonlar, uluslararası toplum nezdinde ciddi tartışmalara yol açmış; bu süreçte, uluslararası insan hakları ve insancıl hukuk normlarının ağır ve yaygın biçimde ihlal edildiğine dair kuvvetli emareler ortaya çıkmıştır. Söz konusu ihlaller, yalnızca orantısız güç kullanımıyla sınırlı kalmayıp; sivillerin ayrım gözetilmeksizin hedef alınması, zorla yerinden edilmeleri kolaylaştıran sistematik altyapı yıkımı, sağlık hizmetlerine erişimin engellenmesi, açlık ve susuzluk koşullarının kasten yaratılması gibi çok boyutlu eylemleri içermektedir. Bu bağlamda Gazze, devlet dışı silahlı aktörlerin saldırılarının ötesinde, bir devletin yürüttüğü geniş çaplı askerî harekâtın sivil nüfus üzerinde nasıl bir yıkım yaratabileceğini gösteren çarpıcı bir örnek haline gelmiş; uluslararası hukukun temel ilkeleri olan insan onuru, sivil dokunulmazlığı ve orantılılık ilkesi ağır biçimde ihlal edilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, 7 Ekim 2023 sonrasında Gazze’de meydana gelen olayları, uluslararası insan hakları hukuku, insancıl hukuk ve uluslararası ceza hukuku bağlamında bütüncül ve disiplinler arası bir yaklaşımla analiz etmektir. Bu çerçevede, özellikle İsrail’in eylemlerinin soykırım suçu, insanlığa karşı suçlar ve savaş suçları kapsamına girip girmediği sorusu, Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi Roma Statüsü, 1948 tarihli Soykırımı Önleme ve Cezalandırma Sözleşmesi, ve Cenevre Sözleşmeleri ışığında hukuki temellere dayalı olarak incelenmektedir. Çalışma kapsamında ayrıca, Birleşmiş Milletler raportörlerinin açıklamaları, Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesinin yetki alanı ve önceki içtihatları, ilgili devletlerin sorumlulukları ve ceza yargılamasına elverişlilik ilkeleri de değerlendirmeye alınmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucunda, Gazze’de yürütülen askeri faaliyetlerin yalnızca ağır insan hakları ihlalleriyle sınırlı kalmadığı; sistematik, planlı ve kasıtlı eylemlerle, soykırım suçunun oluşmasına ilişkin hukuki eşiklerin birçoğunun aşılmış olabileceği kanaatine varılmıştır. Buna rağmen, uluslararası toplumun tepkisinin büyük ölçüde siyasal ve seçici olduğu, hukuki yükümlülüklerin gerektirdiği düzeyde etkili önleme, soruşturma ve yargılama mekanizmalarının işletilmediği; cezasızlık pratiğinin ise yerleşik bir uluslararası sorun olarak yeniden görünürlük kazandığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu bağlamdaçalışma, sadece bir durum tespiti değil; aynı zamanda uluslararası hukuk düzeninin krizler karşısındaki etkinliğine dair normatif bir sorgulama niteliği de taşımaktadır.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>Since October 7, 2023, the intensive and sustained military operations launched by Israel in the Gaza Strip have provoked serious debates within the international community. During this period, strong indications have emerged suggesting grave and widespread violations of international human rights and humanitarian law. These violations are not limited to the disproportionate use of force; they also encompass multidimensional acts such as the deliberate targeting of civilians without distinction, the systematic destruction of infrastructure facilitating forced displacement, obstruction of access to healthcare, and the intentional creation of conditions of famine and thirst. In this context, Gaza has become a striking illustration of the extent of devastation that a large-scale military campaign conducted by a state can inflict upon a civilian population, going beyond the attacks of non-state armed actors. Fundamental principles of international law including human dignity, the inviolability of civilians, and the principle of proportionality have been severely breached. The primary objective of this study is to analyze the events that have unfolded in Gaza since October 7, 2023, through a comprehensive and interdisciplinary lens, situated within the frameworks of international human rights law, international humanitarian law, and international criminal law. In this regard, particular attention is devoted to assessing whether Israel’s conduct may fall within the legal definitions of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes, based on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, the 1948 Genocide Convention, and the Geneva Conventions. The study further engages with statements issued by United Nations special rapporteurs, the jurisdiction and relevant jurisprudence of the International Criminal Court, the responsibilities of states, and the principles governing the admissibility of criminal proceedings. The findings of the research indicate that the military operations conducted in Gaza have not merely resulted in severe human rights violations, but may also fulfill numerous legal thresholds for the commission of genocide through systematic, deliberate, and premeditated acts. Nevertheless, it is concluded that the response of the international community has remained predominantly political and selective; that effective mechanisms of prevention, investigation, and prosecution, as mandated by legal obligations, have not been meaningfully activated; and that the practice of impunity has once again resurfaced as a deeply entrenched problem within the international legal order. In this regard, the study does not merely offer a situational assessment, but simultaneously constitutes a normative inquiry into the efficacy and resilience of the international legal framework in the face of profound crises.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>İnsan Hakları</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Soykırım</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  İnsancıl Hukuk</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Uluslararası Adalet Divanı</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Human Rights</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Genocide</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Humanitarian Law</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  International Court of Justice</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Abu-Sittah, G. (2023). London surgeon says he saw ‘massacre unfold’ while working in Gaza hospitals. 14 Mart 2025 tarihinde The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/
world/2023/nov/27/london-surgeon-says-saw-massacre-unfold-working-gaza-hospitals
adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Acer, Y. (2024, Ekim). BM Genel Kurulu’nun tarihi kararı: İşgal 12 ay içinde sona
ermeli. Kriter Dergisi - Aylık Siyaset, Toplum ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 9(94). Siyaset, Ekonomi ve
Toplum Araştırmaları Vakfı (SETA) Yayınları. 26 Aralık 2024 tarihinde https://kriterdergi.com/dis-politika/bm-genel-kurulunun-tarihi-karari-isgal-12-ay-icinde-sona-ermeli adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ahmed, K., Gayle, D., &amp; Mousa, A. (2024). ‘Ecocide in Gaza’: does scale of environmental
destruction amount to a war crime? 14 Mart 2025 tarihinde The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aktaş, İ. (2024, Ağustos 11). İsrail Devleti Devlet Olma Meşruiyetini Kaybetti: Terör
Devletinin Varlığını İnkâr Etmek Meşrudur. Yeni Şafak Gazetesi. 20 Mart 2025 tarihinde
https://www.yenisafak.com/yazarlar/ihsan-aktas/israil-devleti-devlet-olma-mesruiyetini-kaybetti-teror-devletinin-varligini-inkar-etmek-mesrudur-4638070 adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Albanese, F. (2024, March 25). Anatomy of a genocide: Report of the Special Rapporteur
on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967 (A/HRC/55/73).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">United Nations Human Rights Council.1-27; 21 Mart 2025 tarihinde https://www.ohchr.
org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session55/advance-versions/a-hrc-55-73-auv.pdf adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Amnesty International. (2022). Israel’s apartheid against Palestinians: Cruel system of domination and crime against humanity. Amnesty International. 23 Mart 2025 tarihinde https://
www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/02/israels-apartheid-against-palestinians-a-cruel-system-of-domination-and-a-crime-against-humanity/ adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Anadolu Ajansı. (2024, Ağustos 7). Türkiye UAD’de İsrail’e karşı açılan soykırım davasına
müdahillik bildirimini sundu. Anadolu Ajansı. 23 Mart 2025 tarihinde https://www.aa.com.
tr/tr/dunya/turkiye-uadde-israile-karsi-acilan-soykirim-davasina-mudahillik-bildirimini-sundu/3297776 adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Anadolu Ajansı (b). (2024, Ağustos 7). 5 soruda Türkiye’nin UAD’deki İsrail’e karşı soykırım davasına müdahillik başvurusu. Anadolu Ajansı. 26 Mart 2025 tarihinde https://www.
aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/5-soruda-turkiyenin-uaddeki-israile-karsi-soykirim-davasina-mudahillik-basvurusu/3296167 adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Anadolu Ajansı (c). (2024, Mart 2). Nikaragua, Almanya’nın İsrail’e verdiği askeri desteği
durdurması için UAD’de dava açtı. Anadolu Ajansı. 12 Mart 2025 tarihinde https://www.aa.
com.tr/tr/dunya/nikaragua-almanyanin-israile-verdigi-askeri-destegi-durdurmasi-icin-uadde-dava-acti/3153182 adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Anadolu Ajansı(d). (2024, Mart 30). UAD’de görülen Nikaragua-Almanya davasında
son durum. Anadolu Ajansı. 13 Mart 2025 tarihinde https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz/gorus-uadde-gorulen-nikaragua-almanya-davasinda-son-durum/3208883 adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aral, B. (2020) Bitmeyen İhanet: Emperyalizmin Gölgesinde Filistin Sorunu ve
Uluslararası Hukuk. M. Mustafa Kulu (Söyleşi Yapan), İsrailiyat: İsrail ve Yahudi Çalışmaları
Dergisi, (6), 98–125.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Barak, A. (2024, January 26). Separate opinion of Judge ad hoc Barak (1-10). International
Court of Justice. 12 Mart 2025 tarihinde https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240126-ord-01-05-en.pdf adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bilgi Üniversitesi İnsan Hakları Merkezi. (2024). Birleşmiş Milletler Sözleşmeler.
Bilgi Üniversitesi. 26 Aralık 2024 tarihinde https://insanhaklarimerkezi.bilgi.edu.tr/tr/content/26-birlesmis-milletler-sozlesmeler/ adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bisharat, G. (2013). Violence’s law: Israel’s campaign to transform international legal
norms. Journal of Palestine Studies, 43, 68–84. 24 Şubat 2025 tarihinde https://doi.org/10.1525/
jps.2013.43.3.68 adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Boussaa, S., Dardona, Z. W., &amp; Amane, M. (2025). Challenges and risk factors for infectious diseases in Gaza due to the current conflict. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 31(2),
127–133. https://doi.org/10.26719/2025.31.2.127.Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, &amp; United Kingdom. (2023,
November 15). Joint declaration of intervention. International Court of Justice.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Çağıran, M. E. (2024). Soykırım Sözleşmesinin Gazze’de Uygulanması Davasında
Uluslararası Adalet Divanı’nın İhtiyati Tedbir Kararı. TBB Dergisi, (172), 331-359.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dubow,S.(2014). Apartheid, 1948–1994, Oxford University Press. El-Affendi, A. (2024).
The futility of genocide studies after Gaza. Journal of Genocide Research, 1–7. 21 Mart 2025
tarihinde https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2024.2305525 adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Frankowska, M. (1990). The United States should withdraw its reservations to the
genocide convention: A response to Professor Paust’s proposal. Michigan Journal of International Law, 12, 141–149.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Galaria, I. (2024, February 16). I’m an American doctor who went to Gaza. What I saw wasn’t
war – it was annihilation. 14 Mart 2025 tarihinde Los Angeles Times:https://www.latimes.
com/opinion/story/2024-02-16/rafah-gaza-hospitals-surgery-israel-bombing-ground-offensive-children adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gurmendi, A. (2024, March 29). Comparing the ICJ’s provisional measures orders in South
Africa v. Israel. Opinio Juris. 12 Mart 2025 tarihinde https://opiniojuris.org/2024/03/29/
comparing-the-icjs-provisional-measures-orders-in-south-africa-v-israel/ adresinden
alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Güzel, H. İ. (2024). 7 Ekim Sonrası Gerçekleşen İnsan Hakları İhlalleri Üzerine Bir
İnceleme, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13(2), 661-681. 13 Mart 2025
tarihinde https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1439091 adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hitaj, E. (2024). The “specific intent” to commit genocide under the UN Genocide Convention
of 1948: The case of South Africa v. Israel before the International Court of Justice. In From national
sovereignty to negotiation sovereignty “Days of Law Rolando Quadri”, Belgrade, 14 June 2024: Thematic conference proceedings of international significance. https://doi.org/10.56461/zr_24.fnstns.05.Human Rights Watch. (2021). A threshold crossed: Israeli authorities and the crimes of
apartheid and persecution. 11 Mart 2025 tarihinde https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/04/27/
threshold-crossed/israeli-authorities-and-crimes-apartheid-and-persecution adresinden
alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Horowitz, I. L. (2017). Taking lives: Genocide and state power. Routledge.International
Court of Justice. (2023). Application instituting proceedings and request for the indication of provisional measures (Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
Crime of Genocide in the Gaza Strip [South Africa v. Israel]). 14 Mart 2025 tarihinde https://
www.icj-cij.org/node/203394 adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">International Court of Justice (b). (2023, November 15). Joint Declaration of Intervention of Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (The
Gambia v. Myanmar) (para. 72), 12 Maart 2025 tarihinde https://www.icj-cij.org/index.php/
node/203299 adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">International Court of Justice(c). (2024, April 5). Declaration of intervention by the Republic of Colombia, Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
Crime of Genocide in the Gaza Strip (South Africa v. Israel) (para. 127), 11 Mart 2025 tarihinde https://www.icj-cij.org/node/203860 adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">International Court of Justice (d). (2024, January 11). Verbatim record, public hearing on
11 January 2024: Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of
Genocide in the Gaza Strip (South Africa v. Israel), 11 Şubat 2025 tarihinde https://www.icj-cij.
org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240111-ora-01-00-bi.pdf adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">International Court of Justice ( e ).Application of the Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (The Gambia v. Myanmar), 11 Şubat 2025 tarihinde https://
www.icj-cij.org/index.php/case/178 adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">International Court of Justice (f). (2024, March 6). Urgent request and application for the
indication of additional provisional measures and the modification of the court’s prior provisional measures decisions pursuant to Article 41 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice and Articles
75 and 76 of the Rules of Court of the International Court of Justice (1-11), 10 Mart 2025 tarihinde
https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240306-wri-01-00-en.
pdf adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">International Court of Justice (g). (2024, March 28). Application of the Convention on
the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in the Gaza Strip (South Africa v. Israel) –
Provisional measures, order (para. 36).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">International Court of Justice (h). (2024, January 26). Declaration of Judge Bhandari (para. 8), 03 Şubat 2025 tarihinde https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240126-ord-01-03-en.pdf adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">International Court of Justice (ı). (2024, March 28). Joint declaration of Judges Xue,
Brant, Gómez Robledo and Tladi (para. 4), 28 Şubat 2025 tarihinde https://www.icj-cij.org/
sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240328-ord-01-03-en.pdf adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">International Court of Justice ( j). (2024, March 28). Declaration of Judge Charlesworth (para. 7), 11 Mart 2025 tarihinde https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240328-ord-01-05-en.pdf adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">International Court of Justice (k). (2024, March 28). Joint declaration of Judges Xue,
Brant, Gómez Robledo and Tladi (para. 7), 11 Mart 2025 tarihinde https://www.icj-cij.org/
sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240328-ord-01-03-en.pdf adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">International Court of Justice (l). (2004). Legal consequences of the construction of a wall
in the occupied Palestinian territory, advisory opinion (para. 139, p. 62), 5 Mart 2025 tarihinde
https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/131/advisory-opinions adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">International Court of Justice (m). (2024). Alleged breaches of certain international obligations in respect of the occupied Palestinian territory (Nicaragua v. Germany). International Court
of Justice, 7 Şubat 2025 tarihinde https://www.icj-cij.org/case/193 adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">International Court of Justice (n). (2004). Legal consequences of the construction of a wall
in the occupied Palestinian territory, advisory opinion (para. 159, page 200).International Court
of Justice, 8 Nisan 2025 tarihinde https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/131/advisory-opinions adresinden alındı.
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). (1998). Prosecutor v. Jean-Paul
Akayesu, Case No. ICTR-96-4-T, Judgment (2 September 1998).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi İnsan Hakları Hukuku Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi.
(2024).Birleşmiş Milletler sözleşmeleri, 10 Mart 2025 tarihinde https://insanhaklarimerkezi.
bilgi.edu.tr/tr/content/26-birlesmis-milletler-sozlesmeler/ adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jabareen, H., &amp; Bishara, S. (2019). The Jewish nation-state law: Antecedents and constitutional implications. Journal of Palestine Studies, 48(2), 46–53.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kaya, Y. Ç., Kayar, A. (2024). Uluslararası Hukuk Çerçevesinde İsrail-Filistin Çatışması: Devlet Dışı Aktörler ve Meşru Müdafaa. Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Yenilik Dergisi, 10(2),
231-236. 19 Şubat 2025 tarihinde https://doi.org/10.20979/ueyd.1469204 adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kayhan, A. K., &amp; Karaoğlu, A. O. (Eds.). (2023). Uluslararası Hukukta Filistin Meselesi.
Adalet Yayınevi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Khalidi, R.(2020). The Hundred Years’ War on Palestine: A History of Settler Colonialism
and Resistance, 1917–2017. Metropolitan Books,</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kılıç Yaşın, G. (2024). Soykırım Hukukunun Evrimi: Bosna Savaşı’nın Rolü Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Uluslararası Suçlar ve Tarih, (25), 27-33, 11 Mart 2025 tarihinde https://doi.
org/10.54842/ustich.1436952 adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lachowski, T. (2025). Making the Genocide Convention globally effective by the doctrine of prevention: Comments on the ICJ provisional measures orders in the case of South Africa v. Israel. Polish Review of International and European Law, 13(2), 211-249. https://doi.
org/10.21697/2024.13.2.07.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention. (2023, December 29). Statement on Why
We Call The Israeli Attack on Gaza Genocide. Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention and
Human Security.Makouya, C. (2024). The Gaza situation: Genesis of the problem, and how international law
has attempted to resolve it. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4843845.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mamdani, M.(2012). Define and Rule: Native as Political Identity, Harvard University
Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mercan, M. H. (2024, Haziran). İsrail’in Artan Saldırganlığı ve Uluslararası Ceza
Mahkemesi ile Adalet Divanı Bünyesinde Son Gelişmeler. Kriter Dergisi-Aylık Siyaset Toplum
ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 9(91). Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Toplum Araştırmaları Vakfı (Seta) Yayınları, 12 Mart 2025 tarihinde https://Kriterdergi.Com/Dis-Politika/İsrailin-Artan-Saldirganligi-Ve-Uluslararasi-Ceza-Mahkemesi-İle-Adalet-Divani-Bunyesinde-Son-Gelismeler adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Moses, A. D. (2010). Raphael Lemkin, culture, and the concept of genocide. In A. B.
Smith (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of genocide studies (pp. 19-41). Oxford University Press, 11
Ocak 2025 tarihinde https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199232116.013.0002 adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Niditch,S.(1993). War in the Hebrew Bible: A Study in the Ethics of Violence, OxfordUniversity Press. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. (OHCHR). (2024, October). UN Commission Finds War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity in Israeli Attacks. OHCHR,
17 Ocak 2025 tarihinde https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/10/un-commission-finds-war-crimes-and-crimes-against-humanity-israeli-attacks adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref50">
                        <label>50</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR ). (2024). Update report: Six-month update report on the human rights situation in Gaza: 1 November 2023 to 30
April 2024 (pp. 1–32), 18 Ocak 2025 tarihinde https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/countries/opt/20241106-Gaza-Update-Report-OPT.pdf adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref51">
                        <label>51</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). (2024c) (2024, April). Le Conseil adopte cinq résolutions, dont celle demandant qu’un cessez-le-feu.... OHCHR. 26Aralık 2024 tarihinde https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/04/le-conseil-adopte-cinq-resolutions-dont-celle-demandant-quun-cessez-le-feu adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref52">
                        <label>52</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özarslan, B. B. (2014). Soykırım Suçunun Önlenmesi ve Cezalandırılması Sözleşmesi Açısından Hocalı Katliamı. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(1), 194-203.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref53">
                        <label>53</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Paust, J. J. (1989). Congress and genocide: They’re not going to get away with it. Michigan Journal of International Law, 11, 90–104.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref54">
                        <label>54</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Perugini, N., &amp; Gordon, N. (2024). Medical Lawfare: The Nakba and Israel’s Attacks
on Palestinian Healthcare. Journal of Palestine Studies, 53(1), 68–91, 23 Aralık 2024 tarihinde
https://doi.org/10.1080/0377919X.2024.2330366 adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref55">
                        <label>55</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Republic of Colombia. (2024). Declaration of intervention by the Republic of Colombia (5
April 2024) [ Judicial opinion]. International Court of Justice.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref56">
                        <label>56</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Schabas, W. A. (2010). The Law and Genocide. in D. Bloxham &amp; A. D. Moses (Eds.),The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Research (Pp. 123-141). Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref57">
                        <label>57</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Schabas, W. A. (2009). Genocide in international law: The crime of crimes (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref58">
                        <label>58</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Scherrer, C. P. (1999). Towards a theory of modern genocide: Comparative genocide research– Definitions, criteria, typologies, cases, key elements, patterns and voids. Journal of Genocide Research, 1(1), 13–23, 13 Ocak 2025 tarihinde https://doi.
org/10.1080/14623529908413932 adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref59">
                        <label>59</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Semerdjian, E. (2024). A world without civilians. Journal of Genocide Research, 24(1),
1-6, 13 Ocak 2025 tarihinde https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2024.2306714 adresinden
alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref60">
                        <label>60</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Shaw, M. (2010). Palestine in an international historical perspective on genocide.Holy Land Studies, 9(1), 1–24,1 11 Ocak 2025 tarihinde https://doi.org/10.3366/hls.2010.0203
adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref61">
                        <label>61</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Soraya, N., Muhammad, A., &amp; Ladiqi, S. (2024). ICC jurisdiction: Against Israeli war
and humanitarian crimes targeting Palestinian civilians 2023. Jurnal Media Hukum. https://doi.
org/10.18196/jmh.v31i1.20938.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref62">
                        <label>62</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sultany, N. (2024a). A Threshold Crossed: On Genocidal Intent and the Duty to Prevent Genocide in Palestine. Journal of Genocide Research, 11 Ocak 2025 tarihinde https://doi.
org/10.1080/14623528.2024.2351261 adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref63">
                        <label>63</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sultany, N. (2024b). It’s not just Israel in the dock over genocide, it’s everyone who looked
away. 14 Mart 2025 tarihinde The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/jan/12/israel-gaza-genocide-south-africa-the-hague adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref64">
                        <label>64</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Thompson, L. (2001). A History of South Africa, 3. Edition, New Haven: Yale University
Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref65">
                        <label>65</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Anadolu Ajansı. (2024, Aralık 27). Türkiye, UAD’de İsrail’e karşı açılan soykırım davasınamüdahillik bildirimini sundu. Anadolu Ajansı, 11 Ocak 2025 tarihinde https://www.aa.com.
tr/tr/dunya/turkiye-uadde-israile-karsi-acilan-soykirim-davasina-mudahillik-bildirimini-sundu/3297776 adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref66">
                        <label>66</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Türkiye İnsan Hakları ve Eşitlik Kurumu (TİHEK). (2024, Ekim). Filistin’de insan hakları ihlalleri ve Gazze soykırımı raporu (s. 31–179). Ankara, 11 Ocak 2025 tarihinde https://
www.tihek.gov.tr/filistinde-insan-haklari-ihlalleri-ve-gazze-soykirimi-raporu-yayimlandi
adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref67">
                        <label>67</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Türkiye İnsan Hakları ve Eşitlik Kurumu (TİHEK b). (2024, Kasım 21). Uluslararası
Ceza Mahkemesi’nin Binyamin Netanyahu ve Yoav Gallant Hakkında Verdiği Yakalama Kararına İlişkin Basın Açıklaması, 10 Ocak 2025 tarihinde https://www.tihek.gov.tr/uluslararasi-ceza-mahkemesinin-binyamin-netanyahu-ve-yoav-gallant-hakkinda-verdigi-yakalama-kararina-iliskin-basin-aciklamasi adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref68">
                        <label>68</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Uluslararası Müslüman Topluluklarla Dayanışma Vakfı. (2023). 7 Ekim Sonrası Gazze’de Yaşanan Uluslararası Hukuk ve İnsan Hakları İhlalleri. 13 Mart 2025 tarihinde Uluslararası
Müslüman Topluluklarla Dayanışma Vakfı: https://www.musdav.org.tr/pdf/7ekimsonrasindagazzedeyasananinsanhaklariihlalleri.pdf adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref69">
                        <label>69</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">UN Human Rights Office. (2024, April 15). Gaza: UN experts deplore use of purported AI
to commit ‘domicide’ in Gaza, call for reparative approach to rebuilding. OHCHR. 14 Mart 2025
tarihinde https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/04/gaza-un-experts-deplore-use-purported-ai-commit-domicide-gaza-call adresinden alınmıştır.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref70">
                        <label>70</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">UNICEF. (2024). Gazze binlerce çocuğa mezar oluyor. UNICEF Türkiye. 26
Aralık 2024 tarihinde https://www.unicef.org/turkiye/bas%C4%B1n-b%C3%BCltenleri/gazze-binlerce-%C3%A7ocu%C4%9Fa-mezar-oluyor adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref71">
                        <label>71</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">UNICEF. (2023, October 31). Gaza has become a graveyard for thousands of children,10 Ocak 2025 tarihinde https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/gaza-has-become-graveyard-thousands-children adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref72">
                        <label>72</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">United Nations. (2024). Hamas &amp; Israel Committed War Crimes, Claims İndependent Rights Probe. United Nations in Palestine, 11 Ocak 2025 tarihinde https://palestine.
un.org/en/271470-hamas-israel-committed-war-crimes-claims-independent-rights-probe
adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref73">
                        <label>73</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">United Nations (2024b). (2024, September). General Assembly overwhelmingly passes resolution demanding end to Palestine occupation. UN News, 13 Mart 2025 tarihinde https://news.
un.org/en/story/2024/09/1154391 adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref74">
                        <label>74</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). (2024, April 23).UN human rights chief deplores harrowing killings of children and women in Rafah, 11 Ocak 2025
tarihinde https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/04/un-human-rights-chief-deplores-harrowing-killings-children-and-women-rafah adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref75">
                        <label>75</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">UN. (2023, November 6). Gaza ‘becoming a graveyard for children’, warns UN Secretary-General, calling for humanitarian ceasefire – Press release, 10 Mart 2025 tarihinde https://www.
un.org/unispal/document/gaza-becoming-a-graveyard-for-children-warns-un-secretary-general-calling-for-humanitarian-ceasefire-press-release adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref76">
                        <label>76</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">United Nations Security Council. (2018, May 24). Adopting resolution 2417 (2018), Security Council strongly condemns starving of civilians, unlawfully denying humanitarian access as
warfare tactics. United Nations, 17 Mart 2025 tarihinde https://press.un.org/en/2018/sc13354.
doc.htm adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref77">
                        <label>77</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">United Nations (c). (2024, February 23). Arms exports to Israel must stop immediately:
UN experts. United Nations, 19 Mart 2025 tarihinde https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/02/arms-exports-israel-must-stop-immediately-un-experts adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref78">
                        <label>78</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">United Nations. (1965). International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Racial Discrimination. Adopted by General Assembly resolution 2106 (XX) of 21 December
1965, 10 Mart 2025 tarihinde https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments- mechanisms/instruments/international-convention-elimination-all-forms-racial adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref79">
                        <label>79</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">United Nations. (1979). Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Adopted by General Assembly resolution 34/180 of 18 December 1979.
https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-elimination-all-forms-discrimination-against-women United Nations. (1984). Convention
against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Adopted by General Assembly resolution 39/46 of 10 December 1984. https://www.ohchr.org/en/
instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-against-torture-and-other-cruel-inhuman-or-degrading</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref80">
                        <label>80</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">United Nations. (1989). Convention on the Rights of the Child. Adopted
by General Assembly resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989. https://www.ohchr.org/en/
instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-rights-child</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref81">
                        <label>81</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Valentino, B. A. (2004). Final solutions: Mass killing and genocide in the 20th century.
Cornell University Press, 20 Mart 2025 tarihinde http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt24hg9z adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref82">
                        <label>82</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Xue, C., Brant, H., Gómez Robledo, A., &amp; Tladi, D. (2024). Joint declaration of Judges
Xue, Brant, Gómez Robledo and Tladi (28 March 2024) [ Judicial opinion]. International Court
of Justice, 20 Mart 2025 tarihinde https://www.icj-cij.org adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref83">
                        <label>83</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Xue, C. (2024). Declaration of Judge Xue (26 January 2024) [ Judicial opinion]. International Court of Justice, 10 Ocak 2025 tarihinde https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/
case-related/192/192-20240126-ord-01-01-en.pdf adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref84">
                        <label>84</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yalçın, A. E. (2023). BM çocuk hakları sözleşmesinin üzerinden sadece 34 yıl geçmişken
Filistin. Türkgün Gazetesi. 27 Aralık 2024 tarihinde https://www.turkgun.com/kose-yazisi/197591/bm-cocuk-haklari-sozlesmesinin-uzerinden-sadece-34-yil-gecmisken-filistin
adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref85">
                        <label>85</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yalçın, A. E. (b) (2023, Aralık 8). İnsanlığın sınıfta kaldığı bir dünya. Türkgün Gazetesi. 27 Aralık 2024 tarihinde https://www.turkgun.com/kose-yazisi/197641/insanligin-sinifta-kaldigi-bir-dunya adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref86">
                        <label>86</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yalçın, A. E. (2024, Mart 15). Türk ve İslam dünyasında uluslararası ceza mahkemesi kurulmalı. Türkgün Gazetesi. 27 Aralık 2024 tarihinde https://www.turkgun.com/kose-yazisi/197971/turk-ve-islam-dunyasinda-uluslararasi-ceza-mahkemesi-kurulmali adresinden
alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref87">
                        <label>87</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yusuf, A. (2024). Declaration of Judge Yusuf (28 March 2024) [ Judicial opinion]. International Court of Justice. 20 Şubat 2025 tarihinde https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/
files/case-related/192/192-20240328-ord-01-02-en.pdf adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
