The impact of glass powder on surface and morphological properties of Alumix 431 alloy

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 32 - 37, 30.06.2024

Ayşe Nur Acar , Doğan Kaya , Abdul Kadir Ekşi , Ahmet Ekicibil

Abstract

The Al-7xxx series alloys exhibit exceptional high strength, corrosion resistance, and excellent finishing characteristics, making them a common choice for manufacturing automotive and aerospace components. To further enhance the mechanical and structural properties of these alloys, they are often reinforced with alloy powders. This study focuses on Alumix 431, an Al-7xxx series alloy, and glass powder obtained through the grinding of waste glass. The primary aim of this research is to evaluate the use of glass powder as a reinforcement material in metallic alloys, such as aluminum alloys, with a particular emphasis on utilizing waste materials. The impact of glass powder on the surface and structural properties of Alumix 431 has been systematically examined. A homogeneous mixture was achieved by blending the alloy with 15% (wt) glass powder. Subsequently, this homogeneous mixture was subjected to a 0.6-ton shock pressure and underwent a heat-treatment process at a temperature of 650 °C in a furnace for a duration of 1 hour. The physical properties of this composite material, including hardness, density measurements, surface topography, and microstructural properties, were characterized using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy images, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy spectra, and X-ray diffraction analysis for crystal structure determination. The incorporation of glass powder into the alloy resulted in improved hardness and density properties. The maximum hardness and bulk density values were achieved with the Alumix 431-15% GP alloy, measuring 41.846 N/mm² and 2.451 g/cm³, respectively. Conversely, the minimum apparent porosity and water absorption values were observed in this composite material, measuring 2.293% and 0.935%, respectively. Furthermore, the study determined the occurrence of various phases, such as Al2CuMg, diopside, cristobalite,, between Alumix 431 and glass powder.

Keywords

Al-7xxx alloys, Alumix 431 alloy, powder metallurgy, structural property, surface morphology

References

• Azadbeh,M., Razzaghi, Z.A., Properties evolution during transient liquid phase sintering of PM Alumix 431, Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2009, 648906
• Lee, E., Oak, J.J., Kim, Y., Park, Y., Effect of Added Gas-Atomized Al-Si/SiC p Composite Powder on the Sinterability and Mechanical Properties of Alumix 431 fabricated by Hot-Pressing Process, Korean Journal of Metals and Materials, 2017, 55(2):98-109
• Zhou, B., Liu, B., Zhang, S., The advancement of 7xxx series aluminum alloys for aircraft structures: A review, Metals, 2021, 11(5):718
• Yu, B.C., Bae, K.C., Jung, J.K., Kim, Y.H., Park, Y.H., Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and wear properties of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu/in-situ Al–9Si–SiCp/pure Al composite by powder metallurgy, Metals and Materials International, 2018, 24, 576-585
• Eksi, A., Veltl, G., Petzoldt, F., Lipp, K., Sonsino, C., Tensile and fatigue properties of cold and warm compacted Alumix 431 alloy, Powder metallurgy, 2004, 47(1): 60-64
• Schaffer, G., Huo, S., On development of sintered 7 xxx series aluminium alloys, Powder Metallurgy, 1999, 42(3):219-226
• Acar, A.N., Mutlu, R.N., Kaya, D., Ekşi, A.K., Ekicibil, A., Fe addition influence on the mechanical and thermophysical behaviours of PM Alumix 431 alloy, Journal of Molecular Structure, 2021, 130031
• Rudianto, H., Jang, G., Yang, S., Kim, Y., Dlouhy, I., Effect of SiC particles on sinterability of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu P/M alloy, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, 2015, 60(2):1382-1385
• Leszczyńska-Madej, B., Madej, M., Wąsik, A., Analysis of sintering process of Alumix431-B4C composites, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2023, 171362
• Souza, A.C., Pereira, M.F., Mossin, L.C., Thermal and mechanical characterization of blindex glass powder residue® for the production of ecological coating, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2021, 1794-1803
• Zhang, H., Hu, Y., Hou, G., An, Y., Liu, G., The effect of high-velocity oxy-fuel spraying parameters on microstructure, corrosion and wear resistance of Fe-based metallic glass coatings, Journal of non-crystalline solids 2014, 406, 37-44
• Hasanuzzaman, M., Rafferty, A., Sajjia, M., Olabi,A.-G., Properties of glass materials, Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering, 2016, 647-657
• Saify, S., Radhi, M.S., Al-Mashhadi, S.A., Mareai, B., Jabr, S.F., Mohammed, Z.A., Al-Khafaji, Z., Al-Husseinawi, F., Impact of waste materials (glass powder and silica fume) on features of high-strength concrete, Open Engineering, 2023, 13(1):20220479
• Setina, J., Gabrene, A., Juhnevica, I., Effect of pozzolanic additives on structure and chemical durability of concrete, Procedia Engineering, 2013, 57, 1005-1012
• Martin,.J.W., Glasses and ceramics, in: J.W. Martin (Ed.), Materials for Engineering (Third Edition), Woodhead Publishing, 2006, 133-158
• Lee, J.E., Kim, E., Hwang, J.B., Choi, J.C., Lee, J.K., Flake formation and composition in soda-lime-silica and borosilicate glasses, Heliyon, 2023, 9(6)
• Gruben, G., Vysochinskiy, D., Coudert, T., Reyes, A., Lademo, O.G., Determination of Ductile Fracture Parameters of a Dual‐Phase Steel by Optical Measurements, Strain, 2013, 49(3):221-232
• Sander, G., Jiang, D., Wu, Y., Birbilis, N., Exploring the possibility of a stainless steel and glass composite produced by additive manufacturing, Materials & Design, 2020, 196, 109179
• Wubieneh, T.A., Tegegne, S.T., Fabrication and Characterization of Aluminum (Al-6061) Matrix Composite Reinforced with Waste Glass for Engineering Applications, Journal of Nanomaterials, 2022, 8409750
• Hoseini, M., Meratian, M., Fabrication of in situ aluminum–alumina composite with glass powder, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2009, 471(1): 378-382
• Kumar, D.R., Loganathan, C., Narayanasamy, R., Effect of glass in aluminum matrix on workability and strain hardening behavior of powder metallurgy composite, Materials & Design, 2011, 32(4): 2413-2422
• Bharanidaran, R., Evaluation of hardness and impact strength of aluminium alloy (LM6)–soda–lime composite, Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2021, 19(2):196-201
• Xie, M., Wang, Z., Zhang, G., Yang, C., Zhang, W., Prashanth, K., Microstructure and mechanical property of bimodal-size metallic glass particle-reinforced Al alloy matrix composites, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2020, 814, 152317
• Chen, G., Chen, Q., Wang, B., Du, Z., Microstructure evolution and tensile mechanical properties of thixoformed high performance Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy, Metals and Materials International, 2015, 21, 897-906
• Hiremath, A., Hemanth, J., Experimental evaluation of the coefficient of thermal expansion of chilled aluminum alloy-borosilicate glass (P) composite, J Mater Environ, 2017, 8(12), 4246-4252
• Hemanth, J., Wear behavior of chilled (metallic and non-metallic) aluminum alloy–glass particulate composite, Materials & design, 2002, 23(5), 479-487
• Hou, L., Liu, S., Zhu, X., Interaction of Glass Powder with Al Powder and Zinc Oxide in Aluminum Paste, Coatings, 2024, 14(1):64
• Bhowmik, A., Meher, A., Biswas, S., Dey, D., Kumar, M.S., Biswas, A., Alsharabi, R.M., Synthesis and Characterization of Borosilicate Glass Powder-Reinforced Novel Lightweight Aluminum Matrix Composites, Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2022, 9487900
• Qin, D., Hu, Y., Li, X., Waste glass utilization in cement-based materials for sustainable construction: A review, Crystals, 2021, 11(6):710
• Adediran, A.A., Akinwande, A.A., Balogun, O.A., Adesina, O.S., Olayanju, A., Mojisola, T., Evaluation of the properties of Al-6061 alloy reinforced with particulate waste glass, Scientific African, 2021, 12
• Sharma, P., Sharma, S., Khanduja, D., Production and some properties of Si3N4 reinforced aluminium alloy composites, Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, 2015, 3(3):352-359
• Yc, M.K., Shankar, U., Evaluation of mechanical properties of aluminum alloy 6061-glass particulates reinforced metal matrix composites, International Journal of Modern Engineering Research, 2012, 2(5):3207-3209
• Shu, W., Hou, L., Zhang, C., Zhang, F., Liu, J., Liu, J., Zhuang, L., Zhang, J., Tailored Mg and Cu contents affecting the microstructures and mechanical properties of high-strength Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloys, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2016, 657, 269-283
• Li, X., Yu, J., Modeling the effects of Cu variations on the precipitated phases and properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys, Journal of Materials engineering and Performance, 2013, 22, 2970-2981
• Rudianto, H., Jang, G.J., Yang, S.S., Kim, Y.J., Dlouhy, I., Evaluation of sintering behavior of premix Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy powder, Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2015, 987687
• Mondal, C., Mukhopadhyay, A., On the nature of T (Al2Mg3Zn3) and S (Al2CuMg) phases present in as-cast and annealed 7055 aluminum alloy, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2005, 391(1-2):367-376
• Lin, Y., Jiang, Y.-Q., Xia, Y.-C., Zhang, X.-C., Zhou, H.-M., Deng, J., Effects of creep-aging processing on the corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of an Al–Cu–Mg alloy, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2014, 605, 192-202
• Wang, J.-q., Zhang, B., Wu, B., Ma, X., Size-dependent role of S phase in pitting initiation of 2024Al alloy, Corrosion Science, 2016, 105, 183-189
• Hashimoto, T., Zhang, X., Zhou, X., Skeldon, P., Haigh, S., Thompson, G., Investigation of dealloying of S phase (Al2CuMg) in AA 2024-T3 aluminium alloy using high resolution 2D and 3D electron imaging, Corrosion science, 2016, 103, 157-164
• Lacroix, L., Blanc, C., Pébère, N., Thompson, G., Tribollet, B., Vivier, V., Simulating the galvanic coupling between S-Al2CuMg phase particles and the matrix of 2024 aerospace aluminium alloy, Corrosion Science, 2012, 64, 213-221
• Shi, H., Tian, Z., Hu, T., Liu, F., Han, E.-H., Taryba, M., Lamaka, S., Simulating corrosion of Al2CuMg phase by measuring ionic currents, chloride concentration and pH, Corrosion Science, 2014, 88, 178-186
• Schaffer, G.B., Yao, J.-Y., Bonner, S., Crossin, E., Pas, S.J., Hill, A.J., The effect of tin and nitrogen on liquid phase sintering of Al–Cu–Mg–Si alloys, Acta Materialia, 2008, 56(11):2615-2624
• Acar, A.N., Kaya, D., Ekşi, A.K., Ekicibil, A., Structural and Surface Properties of Glass Powder Coated Cr Steels, The International Journal of Materials and Engineering Technology, 2021, 4(2):109-116
• Samad, H.A., Jaafar, M., Othman, R., Kawashita, M., Razak, N.H.A., New bioactive glass-ceramic: synthesis and application in PMMA bone cement composites, Bio-medical materials and engineering, 2011, 21(4):247-258
• Rawlings, R., Wu, J., Boccaccini, A., Glass-ceramics: their production from wastes—a review, Journal of materials science, 2006, 41, 733-761