YIELD, QUALITY AND COMPETITION PROPERTIES OF GRASS PEA AND WHEAT GROWN AS PURE AND BINARY MIXTURE IN DIFFERENT PLANT DENSITIES

Abstract

Mixtures of annual forage legumes with winter cereals for forage are practiced traditionally in the Mediterranean conditions. The objectives of this study were to compare grass pea and wheat pure stands as well as their mixtures in different plant densities under two seeding ratios for forage yield and quality and to estimate the effect of competition between the two species used in the intercropping systems. The experimental design was split plot in a randomized complete block with three replications. The main plot treatments were plant densities (350, 500 and 650 plant m-2) and sub-plots treatments were four sowing norm (pure grass pea (GP), 60% GP+ 40% W, 70% GP+ 30% W and pure wheat (W)). The results of the present study showed that plant densities do not have a significant effect on forage yield and quality, while the effect of mixture and pure stands on forage yield and quality were significant. According to the two-year average results, 60% GP + 40% W mixture gave the best results in terms of yield and quality. Calculated LER values showed that wheat+grass pea mixtures were more advantageous than pure stand of both species. As result of this research, 350 plant m-2 plant density and 60% GP + 40% W mixture can be recommended.

Keywords

• Competition,forage quality,grass pea,plant density

References

1. Anil, L., J. Park, R.H. Phipps and F.A. Miller. 1998. Temperate ıntercropping of cereals for forage: a review of the potential for growth and utilization with particular reference to the UK. Grass and Forage Sci. 53: 301-317.
2. Asci, O.O., Z. Acar and Y.K. Arici. 2015. Hay yield, quality traits and interspecies competition of forage pea-triticale mixtures harvested at different stages. Turk. J. Field Crops 20: 166-173.
3. Atis, I., K. Kokten, R. Hatipoglu, S. Yilmaz, M. Atak and E. Can. 2012. Plant density and mixture ratio effects on the competition between common vetch and wheat. Aust. J. Crop Sci. 6: 498-505.
4. Basaran, U., H. Mut, O. Onal-Asci, Z. Acar and I. Ayan. 2011. Variability in forage quality of Turkish grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) landraces. Turk. J. Field Crops 16: 9-14.
5. Basaran, U., E. Gulumser, H. Mut and M.C. Dogrusoz. 2018. Determination of silage yield and quality of grasspea+ cereal intercrops. Turk. J. Agric. Food Sci. Tech. 6(9): 1237-1242 (in Turkish).
6. Baxevanos, D., I.T. Tsialtas, D.N. Vlachostergios, I. Hadjigeorgiou, C. Dordas and A. Lithourgidis. 2017. Cultivar competitiveness in pea-oat intercrops under Mediterranean conditions. Field Crop. Res. 214: 94-103.
7. Bhatti, I.H., R. Ahmad, A. Jabbar, M.S. Nazir and T. Mahmood. 2006. Competitive behaviour of component crops in different sesame-legume intercropping systems. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 8:165-167.
8. Caballero, R., E.L. Goicoechea and P.J. Hernaiz. 1995. Forage yields and quality of common vetch and oat sown at varying seeding ratios and seeding rates of vetch. Field Crop. Res. 41:135-140.

9. Canbolat, O. 2012. Comparison of in vitro gas production, organic matter digestibility, relative feed value and metabolizable energy contents of some cereal forages. J. Fac. Vet. Medicine Kafkas Univ. 18: 571-577 (in Tukish).
10. Cacan, E. and H.S. Yilmaz. 2015. Effects on hay yield and quality of different Hungarian vetch + wheat mixture ratio in Bingol conditions. Turk. J. Agric. Nat. Sci. 2(3): 290–296 (in Tukish).
11. Dhima, K.V., A.S Lithourgidis, I.B. Vasilakoglou and C.A. Dordas. 2007. Competition indices of common vetch and cereal intercrops in two seeding ratio. Field Crop. Res. 100: 249-256.
12. Dogrusoz, M.C, H. Mut, U. Basaran and E. Gulumser. 2019. Performance of legumes-turnip mixtures with different seed rates. Turk. J. Agric. Food Sci. Tech. 7(1): 81-86.
13. Ghanbari-Bonjar, A. and H.C. Lee. 2002. Intercropped field beans (Vicia faba) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) for whole crop forage: effect of nitrogen on forage yield and quality. J. Agr. Sci. 138:311-315.
14. Hackmann, T.J., J.D. Sampson and J.N. Spain. 2008. Comparing relative feed value with degradation parameters of grass and legume forages. J. Anim. Sci. 86: 2344–2356.
15. Haynes, R.J. 1980. Competitive aspects of the grass- legume association. Adv. Agron. 33: 227-261.
16. Hauggaard-Nielsen, H,. M.K. Andersen, B. Jornsgaard and E.S. Jensen. 2006. Density and relative frequency effects on competitive interactions and resource use in pea-barley intercrops. Field Crop. Res. 95:256-267
17. Holland, J.B. and E.C. Brummer. 1999. Cultivar effects on oat-berseem clover intercrops. Agron. J. 91: 321 – 329.
18. Jiang, J., M. Su, Y. Chen, N. Gao, C. Jiao, Z. Sun, F. Li and C. Wang. 2013. Correlation of drought resistance in grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) with reactive oxygen species scavenging and osmotic adjustment. Biologia 68(2): 231-240.
19. Karabulut, A. and O. Canbolat. 2005. Feed evaluation and analysis methods. Bursa: Uludag University Press (in Turkish).
20. Karadag, Y. and U. Buyukburc. 2003. Effects of seed rates on forage production, seed yield and hay quality of annual legume -barley mixtures. Turk. J. Agric. For. 27:169-174.
21. Karadag, Y. and U. Buyukburc. 2004. Forage qualities, forage yields and seed yields of some legume–triticale mixtures under rainfed conditions. Acta. Agr. Scand. B-S. P. 54: 140-148.
22. Karadag, Y. 2009. Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.). In: Forage Crops, Legume Forage Crops, Volume II, Ed. Avcioglu, R., Hatipoglu, R. and Karadag, Y., 471-479, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Publication (in Turkish).
23. Karadag, Y, M. Yavuz, M. Karaalp, S. Akbay and H. Kir. 2011. The determination of the yield and quality characteristics of some grass pea lines under Tokat Kazova ecological conditions. IX. Turkey Field Crops Congress, 12-15 September, Volume III, Bursa, pp. 1625-1630 (in Turkish).
24. Kavut, Y.T., H. Geren, H. Soya, R. Avcioglu and B. Kir. 2014. Effects of rate mixture and time of harvest on the winter second crop performances of mixtures of some annual legumes and Italian ryegrass. Journal of Agriculture Faculty of Ege University 51(3): 279-288 (in Turkish).
25. Kokten, K., F. Toklu, I. Atis and R. Hatipoglu. 2009. Effects of seeding rate on forage yield and quality of vetch (Vicia sativa L.) triticale (Triticosecale Wittm.) mixtures under east Mediterranean rainfed conditions. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 8:5367-5372.
26. Kusvuran, A, M. Kaplan and R.I. Nazli. 2014. Intercropping of Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under different plant varieties and mixture rates. Legume Res. 37 (6): 590-599.
27. Lithourgidis, A.S., I.B. Vasilakoglou, K.V. Dhima, C.A. Dordas and M.D. Yiakoulaki. 2006. Forage yield and quality of common vetch mixtures with oat and triticale in two seeding ratios. Field Crop. Res. 99:106-113.
28. Lithourgidis, A.S., D.N. Vlachostergios, C.A. Dordas and C.A. Damalas. 2011. Dry matter yield, nitrogen content, and competition in pea cereal intercropping systems. Eur. J. Agron. 34: 287-294.
29. McGilchrist, C.A. 1965. Analysis of competition experiments. Biometrics 21: 975–985.
30. Osman, A.E. and N. Nersoyan. 1986. Effect of the proportion of species on the yield and quality of forage mixtures and on the yield of barley in the following year. Exp. Agr. 22: 345–351.
31. Moore, J.E. and D.J. Undersander. 2002. Relative forage quality: an alternative to relative feed value and quality index. In: Proceedings 13th Annual Florida Ruminant Nutrition Symposium, 10- 11 January, Florida, pp: 16–32.
32. Pasynkova, E.N. and A.A. Zavalin. 2010. Evaluation of the efficiency of spring wheat and vetch mixed crops. Rus. Agric. Sci. 36: 5–8.
33. Poland, C., T. Galler and L. Tisor. 2003. Effect of chickling vetch (Lathyrus sativus L.) or alfalfa (Medicago sativa) hay in gestating ewe diets. Lathyrus Lathyrism Newsletter 3:38–40.
34. Putnam, D. 2004. Forage quality testing and markets; where are we going? In: Proceedings of the National Alfalfa Symposium and 34th California Alfalfa Symposium, 13-15 December, San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 327-344.
35. Rakeih, N., H. Kayyal, A. Larbi and N. Habib. 2010. Forage yield and competition indices of triticale and barley mixed intercropping with common vetch and grasspea in the Mediterranean Region. Jordan J. Agric. Sci. 6: 194-207.
36. Rohweder, D.A., R.F. Barnes and N. Jorgensen. 1978. Proposed hay grading standards based on laboratory analyses for evaluating quality. J. Anim. Sci. 47:747-759.
37. Salawu, M.B., A.T. Adesogan, C.N. Weston and S.P. Williams. 2011. Dry matter yield and nutritive value of pea/wheat bi-crops differing maturity at harvest, pea to wheat ratio and pea variety. Anim. Feed. Sci. Tech. 94: 77-87.
38. Seydosoglu, S. and G. Gelir. 2019. A research on the silage properties of grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) herbages mixed at different rates. Igdir Univ. J. Inst. Sci.Tec. 9(1): 397-406 (in Turkish).
39. TUIK. 2019. Crop production statistics; forage crops. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1001 (Accessed April 12, 2019).
40. Tuna, C. and A. Orak. 2007. The Role of intercropping on yield potential of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) /oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivated in pure stand and mixtures. J. Agric.Biolog. Sci. 2:14-19.
41. Van Dyke, N.J. and P.M. Anderson. 2002. Interpreting a Forage Analysis. Alabama Cooperative Extension. Circular ANR-890.
42. Van Soest, P.J., J.B. Robertson and B.A. Lewis. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74:3583-3597.
43. Wahla, I.H., R. Ahmad, Ehsanullah, A. Ahmad and A. Jabbar. 2009. Competitive functions of components crops in some barley based intercropping systems. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 11: 69–72.
44. Wall, D.A. and C.G. Campbell. 1993. Competitiveness of Lathyrus grown in monoculture and intercropping systems with cereals. J. Prod. Agric. 6: 399-403.
45. Weigelt, A. and P. Jolliffe. 2003. Indices of plant competition. Journal of Ecology 91: 707–720.
46. Yilmaz, S., M. Atak and M. Erayman. 2008. Identification of advantages of maize-legume intercropping over solitary cropping through competition indices in the East Mediterranean Region. Turk. J. Agric. For. 32:111-119.
47. Yilmaz, S., A. Ozel, M. Atak and M. Erayman. 2015. Effects of seeding rates on competition indices of barley and vetch intercropping systems in the Eastern Mediterranean. Turk. J. Agric. For. 39: 135-143.
48. Zajac, T., A. Oleksy, A. Stoklosa, A. Klimek-Kopyra and B. Kulig. 2013. The development competition and productivity of linseed and pea-cultivars grown in a pure sowing or in a mixture. Eur. J. Agron. 44: 22-31.