IMPACT OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON BREAD WHEAT: SCREENING FOR CHANGES IN QUALITY, ANTIOXIDANT AND ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID CONTENT

Year 2024, Volume: 29 Issue: 2, 149 - 164, 24.12.2024

Ali Yiğit , Nermin Yaraşır , Osman Erekul

https://doi.org/10.17557/tjfc.1554201

Abstract

Wheat grain has a unique nutritional value and contains health-promoting and essential components in the daily
human diet. Increasing consumer awareness of health and association of whole grains with several health
benefits has led to a greater focus on sustainable and healthy wheat production. The aim of this study was to
determine the effect of nitrogen on yield and protein characteristics as well as antioxidant capacity and essential
amino acid profile of bread wheat genotypes adapted to different ecological conditions. Different nitrogen doses
(0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1) were applied to 15 genotypes (3 lines, 1 hybrid and cultivars) with different growth
habit to determine yield, quality, antioxidant and amino acid composition parameters. As a result of this study,
total phenol content, antioxidant activity and gluten index of wheat decreased although grain yield potential
increased in genotypes. In the results where the genetic factor is the primary focus, it was established that the
responses to nitrogen fertilizer doses exhibited variability across different years particularly the case during the
dry season. With regard to the YearxNitrogenxGenotype interaction, a notable increase was observed in total
phenol content and antioxidant activity, while a decline was evident in yield, protein, and wet gluten parameters,
particularly in the nitrogen dose applied during the dry season. The increase in protein content contributed
significantly and positively to the essential amino acid composition. However, increasing the amount of some
amino acids negatively affects others. The objective of this study is to identify and contribute insights into the
impact of nitrogen factor on product quality, health and nutrition issues, grain yield potential of genotypes, plant
breeding and agronomic studies.

Keywords

Triticum aestivum (L.), nitrogen, protein, gluten, antioxidant, lysine, methionine

Ethical Statement

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Supporting Institution

This study was supported by Turkey Council of Higher Education (YÖK) with Research Capacity Development Funds and Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Scientific Research Projects Institution

Project Number

ADÜ ÖYP Project number: 14045 and ADÜ BAP Project Number: ZRF-17018

Thanks

We’d like to thank for the coordinators of the project organized by Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK 2237-A “Doğa Bilimlerinde İstatistiksel Modelleme Teknikleri ve Uygulamaları Eğitimi” BİDEB project number: 1129B372100729). We would also like to thank Bahri Dağdaş International Agricultural Research Institute Directorate and its staff for their assistance in providing seed materials.

References

• Acikgoz, N., E. Ilker and A. Gokcol. 2004. Assessment of biological research on the computer. Ege University Seed Technology Center. ISBN: 973-483-607-8(2) Bornova-Izmir.
• Arshad, M. S., J. H. Kwon, F. M. Anjum, M. Imran, Z. Amjad, M. Nadeem, S. Hussain. 2017. Wheat antioxidants, their role in bakery industry, and health perspective. Wheat Improvement, Management and Utilization. IntechOpen, Doi: 10.5772/67276.
• Anjum F. M, I. Ahmad, M. S. Butt, M. A. Sheikh and I. Pasha. 2005. Amino acid composition of spring wheats and losses of lysine during chapati baking. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 18: 523-532. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2004.04.009.
• Aydogan, S., M. Sahin, A. A. Gocmen, B. Demir, S. Hamzaoglu, S. Taner. 2018. Determining the diversity of bread wheat varieties on yield and quality traits at rainfed and irrigated conditions. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences. 32 (2): 170-173.
• Aykut Tonk, F., E. Ilker, O. Tatar, A. Recber, M. Tosun. 2011. Effects of different rain amount and distributions on bread wheat yield. Journal of Agriculture Faculty of Ege University. 48 (2): 127-132 (in Turkish).
• Bagulho, A. S., R. Costa, A. S. Almeida, N. Pinheiro, J. Moreira, C. Gomes, J. Coco, A. Costa, J. Coutinho, B. Macãs. 2015. Influence of year and sowing date on bread wheat quality under Mediterranean conditions. Emir. J. Food Agric. 27 (2): 186-199.
• Barutcular, C., M. Yıldırım, M. Koc, H. Dizlek, C. Akıncı, A. El Sabagh, H. Saneoka, A. Ueda, M. S. Islam, I. Toptas, O. Albayrak, A. Tanrıkulu. 2016. Quality traits performance of bread wheat genotypes under drought and heat stress conditions. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 25 (12a): 6159-6165.
• Basyigit Koseoglu, B., B. Bahar, C. Baltaci, S. Aykanat, H. Barut 2024. Participation of urea application stages on flour quality in bread wheat. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Food Sciences, 8 (3): 571-580.
• Beta, T., S. Nam, J. E. Dexter, H. D. Sapirstein. 2005. Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of pearled wheat and roller-milled fractions. Cereal Chemistry. 82 (4): 390-393.
• Boukid, F., M. Dall’Asta, L. Bresciani, P. Mena, D. Del Rio, L. Calani, R. Sayar, Y. Weon Seo, I. Yacoubi, M. Mejri 2019. Phenolic profile and antioxidant capacity of landraces, old and modern Tunisian durum wheat. European Food Research and Technology. 245 (1): 73-82.
• Brand Williams W, M. E. Cuvelier, C. Berset 1995. Use of a radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Lebensm. Wiss. u. Technology Food Science and Technology 28(1): 25-30. DOI: 10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5.
• Cosentino, S. L., E. Sanzone, G. Testa, C. Patané, U. Anastasi, D. Scordia 2018. Does post-anthesis heat stress affect plant phenology, physiology, grain yield and protein content of durum wheat in a semi-arid Mediterranean environment. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 2018: 1-15.
• Chaudhary, D., N. K. Swati and R. Dhyani. 2022. Genetic analysis of yield and its attributes in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) under irrigated and rainfed conditions. Euphytica. 218 (9), 135.
• Dupont, F. M., and S. B. Altenbach 2003. Molecular and Biochemical Impacts of Environmental Factors on Wheat Grain Development and Protein Synthesis. Journal of Cereal Science, 38: 133-146.
• Erekul, O., K. P. Götz, T. Gurbuz. 2012. Effect of supplemental irrigation on yield and bread-making quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties under the Mediterranean climatical conditions. Turkish Journal of Field Crops. 17 (1): 78-86.
• Erekul, O., K. P. Götz, Y. O. Koca. 2012a. Effect of sulphur and nitrogen fertilization on bread-making quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties under Mediterranean climate conditions. Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality. 85: 17-22.
• Götz, K. P. and O. Erekul. 2023. Influence of sink size on 15N and 13C allocation during different phenological phases of spring wheat cultivars. Nitrogen. 4(1): 28-36.
• Hao, T., R. Chen, J. Jia, C. Zhao, Y. Du, W. Li, L. Zhao, H. Duan 2023. Enhancing Wheat Gluten Content and Processing Quality: An Analysis of Drip Irrigation Nitrogen Frequency. Plants, 12, 3974. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12233974.
• Kaluza W. Z, R. M. McGrath, T. C. Roberts and H. H. Schröder. 1980. Separation of phenolics of Sorghum bicolor (L.) moench grain. Journal of Food Chem. Vol: 28(6): 1191-1196. DOI: 10.1021/jf60232a039.
• Kerienė, I., A. Mankevičienė, S. Bliznikas, D. Jablonskytė-Raščė, S. Maikštėnienė, R. Česnulevičienė 2015. Biologically active phenolic compounds in buckwheat, oats and winter spelt wheat. Zemdirbyste 2015, 102, 289–296.
• Khalid A, A. Hameed and M. F. Tahir 2023. Wheat quality: A review on chemical composition, nutritional attributes, grain anatomy, types, classification, and function of seed storage proteins in bread making quality. Front. Nutr. 10:1053196. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1053196.
• Kong, L., Y. Xie, L. Hu, J. Si, Z. Wang 2017. Excessive nitrogen application dampens antioxidant capacity and grain filling in wheat as revealed by metabolic and physiological analyses. Scientific Reports. 7, 43363, doi: 10.1038/srep43363.
• Koppensteiner, L. J., H. P. Kaul, H. P. Piepho, N. Barta, P. Euteneuer, J. Bernas, R. W. Neugschwandtner 2022. Yield and yield components of facultative wheat are affected by sowing time, nitrogen fertilization and environment. European Journal of Agronomy. 140, 126591.
• Ma, D., D. Sun, Y. Li, C. Wang, Y. Xie and T. Guo. 2014. Effect of nitrogen fertilization and irrigation on phenolic content, phenolic acid composition, and antioxidant activity of winter wheat grain. J. Sci. Food Agric 95:1039-1046. DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6790.
• Martini, D., F. Taddei, R. Ciccoritti, M. Pasquini, I. Nicoletti, D. Corradini, M. G. D’Egidio. 2015. Variation of total antioxidant activity and of phenolic acid, total phenolics and yellow coloured pigments in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) as a function of genotype, crop year and growing area. Journal of Cereal Science. 65: 175-185.
• Mazzoncini, M., D. Antichi, N. Silvestri, G. Ciantelli, C. Sgherri. 2015. Organically vs Conventionally Grown Winter Wheat: Effects on Grain Yield, Technologically Quality, and on Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Bran and Refined Flour. Food Chemistry. 175: 445-451.
• Maqbool, S., S. Ahmad, Z. Kainat, M. I. Khan, A. Maqbool, M. A. Hassan and Z. He. 2022. Root system architecture of historical spring wheat cultivars is associated with alleles and transcripts of major functional genes. BMC Plant Biology. 22(1), 590.
• Massoudifar, O., F. D. Kodjouri, G. N. Mohammadi and M. J. Mirhadi 2014. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels and irrigation on quality characteristics in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 60:7, 925-934, DOI: 10.1080/03650340.2013.856004
• Meng, F., J. Jia, H. Duan, Y. Du, Y. Zhang, Z. Zhu and C. Zhao. 2024. Difference analysis of yield and nitrogen use characteristics of different wheat varieties. ACS Agricultural Science & Technology. 4(2), 266-273.
• Mpofu, A., H. D. Sapirstein, T. Beta. 2006. Genotype and environmental variation in phenolic content, phenolic acid composition and antioxidant activity of hard spring wheat. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54: 1265-1270.
• Mut, Z., O. D. E. Kose, H. Akay. 2017. Determination of grain yield and quality traits of some bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties. Anadolu Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 32: 85-95 (in Turkish).
• Naneli, I., M. A. Sakin, A. S. Kiral. 2015. Determination of yield and quality of some bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties at Tokat-Kazova conditions. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpasa University. 32 (1): 91-103 (in Turkish).
• Narwal, S., V. Thakur, S. Sheoran, S. Dahiya, S. Jaswal, R. K. Gupta. 2014. Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Content of the Indian Wheat Varieties. J. Plant Biochem. Biotechnol. 23 (1): 11-17.
• Noberbekova, N. K., Y. T. Suleimenov, R. K. Zhapayev. 2018. Influence of fertilizing with nitrogen fertilizer on the content of amino acids in sweet sorghum grain. Agriculture and Food Sciences Research. 5 (2): 64-67.
• Olivoto, T. and A.D. Lúcio 2020. Metan: An R Package for Multi‐Environment Trial Analysis. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 11, 783–789, doi:10.1111/2041-210X.13384.
• Punia, S., and K. S. Sandhu. 2015. Functional and antioxidant properties of different milling fractions of Indian barley cultivars. Carpathian Journal of Food Science & Technology. 7(4).
• Qabaha, K 2010. Development and optimization of a microwave-assited protein hydrolysis method to permit amino acid profiling of cultivated and wild wheats and to relate the amino acid to grain mineral concentrations. Sabancı University, Graduate School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Ph.D. thesis.
• Ragaee S, E. M. Abdel-Aal and M. Noaman. 2006. Antioxidant activity and nutrient composition of selected cereals for food use. Food Chemistry.98: 32–38. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.04.039.
• Rossini, F, M.E. Provenzano, F. Sestili, R. Ruggeri 2018. Synergistic Effect of Sulfur and Nitrogen in the Organic and Mineral Fertilization of Durum Wheat: Grain Yield and Quality Traits in the Mediterranean Environment. Agronomy, 8, 189. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8090189.
• Shewry, P. R. 2007. Improving the protein content and composition of cereal grain. Journal of Cereal Science. 46: 239-250.
• Sharma, A., S. Garg, I. Sheikh, P. Vyas, H. S. Dhaliwal 2020. Effect of wheat grain protein composition on end-use quality. J Food Sci Technol 57, 2771–2785. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-04222-6.
• Siddiqi, R. A., T. P. Singh, M. Rani, D. S. Sogi and M. A. Bhat. 2020. Diversity in grain, flour, amino acid, protein profiling, and proportion of total flour proteins of different wheat cultivars of North India. Frontiers in Nutrition. 7(141): 1-16. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00141.
• Stumpf, B., F. Yan, B. Honermeier. 2015. Nitrogen Fertilization and Maturity Influence the Phenolic Concentration of Wheat Grain (Triticum aestivum). J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 178: 118-125.
• Sohail, M., I. Hussain, S. K. Tanveer, S. H. Abbas, M. Qamar, M. S. Ahmed, S. Waqar, S. 2018. Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Methods on Wheat Yield and Quality. Science, Technology and Development. 37 (2): 89-92.
• Sonntag, F., D. Bunzel, S. Kulling, F. Porath, E. Pach, I. Pawelzik, I. Smit, M. Naumann 2020. Effect of potassium fertilization on the concentration of antioxidants in two cocktail tomato cultivars. Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality, 93: 34-43. https://doi.org/10.5073/JABFQ.2020.093.005.
• Sumer, F. O. and H. Erten. 2023. The effects of phosphorus on nutritional characteristic of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 28(2).
• Tatar, O. M. 2011. Physiological regulation of drought stress related with yield components of some wheat cultivars. Ege University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, PhD Thesis, İzmir (in Turkish).
• Tatar, O., U. Cakalogullari, F. A. Tonk, D. Istipliler and R. Karakoc. 2020. Effect of drought stress on yield and quality traits of common wheat during grain filling stage. Turkish Journal of Field Crops. 25(2), 236-244.
• Verma, B., P. Hucl, R. N. Chibbar. 2008. Phenolic content and antioxidant properties of Bran in 51 wheat cultivars. Cereal Chemistry. 85 (4): 544-549.
• Yigit, A. and O. Erekul. 2023. Antioxidant activity and essential amino acid content of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 29(1), 130-141.
• Yu, L 2008. Overview and Prospective. In Wheat Antioxidants, ed. L. Yu, 1-5. Wiley: John Wiley & Sons Inc. Zhang, X., W. Qin, S. Chen, L. Shao and H. Sun. 2017. Responses of yield and WUE of winter wheat to water stress during the past three decades—A case study in the North China Plain. Agricultural Water Management, 179 47-54.
• Zhang, X., X. Liu, L. Wang, Q. Zhao, Y. Yu, R. Du, R. and Y. Wang, Y. 2024. Wheat yield and grain-filling characteristics due to cultivar replacement in the Haihe Plain in China. Frontiers in Plant Science. 15, 1374453.
• Zeibig, F., B. Kilian, H. Ozkan, S. Pantha and M. Frei. 2024. Phenotyping and identification of target traits for de novo domestication of wheat wild relatives. Food and Energy Security. 13(1), e497.
• Žilić, S., A. Serpen, G. Akillioglu, M. Janković, V. Gokmen. 2012. Distributions in phenolic compounds, yellow pigments and oxidative enzymes in wheat grains and their relation to antioxidant capacity of bran and debranned flour. Journal of Cereal Science. 56: 652-658.
• Zorb, C., U. Ludewig, M. J. Hawkesford. 2018. Perspective on wheat yield and quality with reduced nitrogen supply. Trends in Plant Science. 23 (11): 1029-1037.
• Zrcková M., I. Capouchová, M. Eliášová, L. Paznocht, K. Pazderů, P. Dvořák, P. Konvalina, M. Orsák, Z. Štěrba 2018. The effect of genotype, weather conditions and cropping system on antioxidant activity and content of selected antioxidant compounds in wheat with coloured grain. Plant Soil Environ., 64. https://doi.org/10.17221/430/2018-PSE.