Exploring the Silent Connection Between Sleep Disorders (i.e., OSA, Insomnia) and Cardiovascular Diseases: Pathophysiology and Insights

Abstract

Sleep is a complex physiological phenomenon crucial for health. Despite this, millions suffer from sleep disorders, contributing to a range of health issues, particularly cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The pathophysiological mechanisms linking sleep disorders, such as insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), to cardiovascular risk factors include disruptions in inflammatory, autonomic, and metabolic pathways. Increased sympathetic nervous system activity, chronic inflammation, and metabolic dysregulation stemming from poor sleep can lead to conditions like hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance, significantly elevating the risk for CVD. This article reviews the connection between sleep quality and cardiovascular disease risks. Sleep disorders (i.e., insomnia and OSA) have been found to impact cardiovascular risk factors adversely. Studies have found an association between abnormal sleep and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality by higher risks of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and dyslipidemia. The review also discusses non-pharmacological interventions, such as relaxation training, Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), and red-light therapy, which have shown efficacy in improving sleep quality and reducing cardiovascular risks. Dual orexin receptor antagonists and Ashwagandha promise to enhance sleep quality and cardiovascular health, but further research is needed. Addressing sleep disorders and promoting healthy sleep practices are essential for mitigating the global burden of cardiovascular diseases, underscoring the need for continued research and effective public health interventions.

Keywords

• Cardiovascular diseases
• Insomia
• Obstructive sleep apnea

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