Paraoxonase Activity an Independent Contributor in SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 4, 174 - 179, 29.10.2022

Mukund R Mogarekar Pushpa Rajan , Mahendrakumar G Dhabe Rahul M Zıne

https://doi.org/10.46310/tjim.1092894

Öz

Background The aim of the present study was the estimation of serum paraoxonase (PON1) activity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
Material and Methods In this cross-sectional study we estimated serum paraoxonase activity in 73 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and 73 healthy controls.
Results The results showed that PON1 activity was significantly decreased in patients with SARS-CoV-2 (1.30±0.55 kU/L) than in healthy controls (1.913±0.48 kU/L, p<0.05). In addition, we found that the levels ALT/AST, bilirubin, creatinine, and urea tests were significantly increased in patients with SARS-CoV-2 than in normal subjects (p<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression reveals that PON1 activity is independently associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Conclusions SARS-CoV-2 may decrease the PON1 activity in patients which needs more clarification.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Paraoxonase (PON), Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronaviruse-2 (SARS-CoV-2), High density lipoprotein (HDL)

Kaynakça

• Primo-Parmo SL, Sorenson RC, Teiber J, La Du BN. The human serum paraoxonase/arylesterase gene (PON1) is one member of a multigene family. Genomics. 1996 May 1;33(3):498-507. doi: 10.1006/geno.1996.0225.
• Ng CJ, Wadleigh DJ, Gangopadhyay A, Hama S, Grijalva VR, Navab M, Fogelman AM, Reddy ST. Paraoxonase-2 is a ubiquitously expressed protein with antioxidant properties and is capable of preventing cell-mediated oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein. J Biol Chem. 2001 Nov 30;276(48):44444-9. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M105660200.
• Mackness MI, Arrol S, Abbott C, Durrington PN. Protection of low-density lipoprotein against oxidative modification by high-density lipoprotein associated paraoxonase. Atherosclerosis. 1993 Dec;104(1-2):129-35. doi: 10.1016/0021-9150(93)90183-u.
• Proteins and Cell Regulation, vol 6. In: Mackness B, Mackness M, Aviram M, Paragh G, eds. The Paraoxonases: Their Role in Disease Development and Xenobiotic Metabolism. Netherlands: Springer; 2008:6:103-38.
• Mackness B, Mackness MI, Arrol S, Turkie W, Durrington PN. Effect of the molecular polymorphisms of human paraoxonase (PON1) on the rate of hydrolysis of paraoxon. Br J Pharmacol. 1997 Sep;122(2):265-8. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0701390.
• Meilhac O, Tanaka S, Couret D. High-density lipoproteins are bug scavengers. Biomolecules. 2020 Apr 12;10(4):598. doi: 10.3390/biom10040598.
• Mogarekar MR, Chawhan SS. The determination of Q192R polymorphism of paraoxonase 1 by using non-toxic substrate p-nitrophenylacetate. Indian J Hum Genet. 2013 Jan;19(1):71-7. doi: 10.4103/0971-6866.112897.
• Wang G, Zhang Q, Zhao X, Dong H, Wu C, Wu F, Yu B, Lv J, Zhang S, Wu G, Wu S, Wang X, Wu Y, Zhong Y. Low high-density lipoprotein level is correlated with the severity of COVID-19 patients: an observational study. Lipids Health Dis. 2020 Sep 7;19(1):204. doi: 10.1186/s12944-020-01382-9.
• Hu X, Chen D, Wu L, He G, Ye W. Declined serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol is associated with the severity of COVID-19 infection. Clin Chim Acta. 2020 Nov;510:105-10. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.07.015.
• Papotti B, Macchi C, Favero C, Iodice S, Adorni MP, Zimetti F, Corsini A, Aliberti S, Blasi F, Carugo S, Bollati V, Vicenzi M, Ruscica M. HDL in COVID-19 patients: Evidence from an Italian Cross-Sectional Study. J Clin Med. 2021 Dec 18;10(24):5955. doi: 10.3390/jcm10245955.
• Mousavizadeh L, Ghasemi S. Genotype and phenotype of COVID-19: Their roles in pathogenesis. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2021 Apr;54(2):159-63. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.022.
• Joynt GM, Wu WK. Understanding COVID-19: what does viral RNA load really mean? Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Jun;20(6):635-6. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30237-1.
• Ruan Q, Yang K, Wang W, Jiang L, Song J. Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Med. 2020 May;46(5):846-8. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-05991-x.
• Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, Qiu Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Wei Y, Xia J, Yu T, Zhang X, Zhang L. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):507-13. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7.
• Eckerson HW, Wyte CM, La Du BN. The human serum paraoxonase/arylesterase polymorphism. Am J Hum Genet. 1983 Nov;35(6):1126-38.
• Eren E, Yilmaz N, Aydin O. Functionally defective high-density lipoprotein and paraoxonase: a couple for endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. Cholesterol. 2013;2013:792090. doi: 10.1155/2013/792090.
• Cho KH, Kim JR, Lee IC, Kwon HJ. Native high-density lipoproteins (HDL) with higher paraoxonase exerts a potent antiviral effect against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), while glycated HDL lost the antiviral activity. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021 Feb 1;10(2):209. doi: 10.3390/antiox10020209.
• De Lorenzo A, Escobar S, Tibiriçá E. Systemic endothelial dysfunction: A common pathway for COVID-19, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2020 Jul 24;30(8):1401-2. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.05.007.
• Varga Z, Flammer AJ, Steiger P, Haberecker M, Andermatt R, Zinkernagel AS, Mehra MR, Schuepbach RA, Ruschitzka F, Moch H. Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. Lancet. 2020 May 2;395(10234):1417-8. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30937-5.
• Escher R, Breakey N, Lämmle B. Severe COVID-19 infection associated with endothelial activation. Thromb Res. 2020 Jun;190:62. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.014.
• Huertas A, Montani D, Savale L, Pichon J, Tu L, Parent F, Guignabert C, Humbert M. Endothelial cell dysfunction: a major player in SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19)? Eur Respir J. 2020 Jul 30;56(1):2001634. doi: 10.1183/13993003.01634-2020.
• Hilser JR, Han Y, Biswas S, Gukasyan J, Cai Z, Zhu R, Tang WHW, Deb A, Lusis AJ, Hartiala JA, Allayee H. Association of serum HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein A1 levels with risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Lipid Res. 2021;62:100061. doi: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100061.
• Mogarekar MR, Kale SS. Paraoxonase 1 and HDL functionality in 5-10 years duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic foot. Gazz Med Ital - Arch Sci Med. 2019;178:515-20. doi: 10.23736/S0393-3660.18.03875-5.
• Masana L, Correig E, Ibarretxe D, Anoro E, Arroyo JA, Jericó C, Guerrero C, Miret M, Näf S, Pardo A, Perea V, Pérez-Bernalte R, Plana N, Ramírez-Montesinos R, Royuela M, Soler C, Urquizu-Padilla M, Zamora A, Pedro-Botet J; STACOV-XULA research group. Low HDL and high triglycerides predict COVID-19 severity. Sci Rep. 2021 Mar 30;11(1):7217. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-86747-5.
• Rodríguez-Tomàs E, Iftimie S, Castañé H, Baiges-Gaya G, Hernández-Aguilera A, González-Viñas M, Castro A, Camps J, Joven J. Clinical performance of paraoxonase-1-related variables and novel markers of inflammation in coronavirus disease-19. A machine learning approach. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021 Jun 21;10(6):991. doi: 10.3390/antiox10060991.
• Begue F, Tanaka S, Mouktadi Z, Rondeau P, Veeren B, Diotel N, Tran-Dinh A, Robert T, Vélia E, Mavingui P, Lagrange-Xélot M, Montravers P, Couret D, Meilhac O. Altered high-density lipoprotein composition and functions during severe COVID-19. Sci Rep. 2021 Jan 27;11(1):2291. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-81638-1.
• Xu L, Liu J, Lu M, Yang D, Zheng X. Liver injury during highly pathogenic human coronavirus infections. Liver Int. 2020 May;40(5):998-1004. doi: 10.1111/liv.14435.
• Qu J, Zhu HH, Huang XJ, He GF, Liu JY, Huang JJ, Chen Y, Qu Q, Wu YL, Chen XY, Lu Q. Abnormal indexes of liver and kidney injury markers predict severity in COVID-19 patients. Infect Drug Resist. 2021 Aug 10;14:3029-40. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S321915.
• Deng X, Liu B, Li J, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Xu K. Blood biochemical characteristics of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a systemic review and meta-analysis. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020 Jul 28;58(8):1172-81. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2020-0338.