Görünür Işık Altında HKUST-1 ile Peroksimonosülfat Aktivasyonu Yoluyla Parasetamolün Fotokatalitik Bozunumu

Abstract

Parasetamol, su ortamlarında giderek daha sık tespit edilen ve üreme, hormonal denge ve ekosistem güvenliği üzerinde potansiyel riskler oluşturabilen yeni ortaya çıkan kirleticilerden biridir. Bu nedenle, parasetamolün giderimi için etkili ve sürdürülebilir yöntemlerin geliştirilmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada bakır tabanlı metal-organik kafes yapısı HKUST-1, görünür ışık altında peroksimonosülfat (PMS) aktivasyonu için bir fotokatalizör olarak kullanılmış ve parasetamolün bozunumu incelenmiştir. HKUST-1/PMS/görünür ışık sistemi 150 dakika içerisinde %90’ın üzerinde giderim sağlayarak yalnızca PMS veya yalnızca görünür ışık kullanılan sistemlere kıyasla önemli ölçüde daha yüksek performans göstermiştir. Radikal yakalama deneyleri sülfat radikallerinin (SO4•⁻) başlıca aktif tür olduğunu, hidroksil radikallerinin (•OH) ise sürece katkı sağladığını göstermiştir. PMS/görünür ışık sistemine kıyasla HKUST-1’in varlığı bozunma hızını belirgin şekilde artırmış ve fotokataliz ile PMS aktivasyonu arasında güçlü bir sinerjik etki olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca HKUST-1’in yapısal bozulma göstermeden birden fazla döngü boyunca yüksek kararlılık ve yeniden kullanılabilirlik sergilediği PXRD analizleri ile doğrulanmıştır. Bu çalışma, saf HKUST-1’in farmasötik kirleticilerin gideriminde etkili ve geri kazanılabilir bir fotokatalizör olarak kullanılabileceğini ve görünür ışık altında MOF tabanlı PMS aktivasyonu hakkında yeni bilgiler sunduğunu göstermektedir.

Keywords

• Metal-organik kafes
• HKUST-1
• fotokataliz
• parasetamol bozunumu
• peroksimonosülfat aktivasyonu

Paracetamol Degradation via Visible-Light-Assisted Peroxymonosulfate Activation on HKUST-1 MOF

Abstract

Paracetamol, increasingly detected in aquatic environments, is an emerging contaminant with potential risks to reproduction, hormonal balance, and ecosystem safety. Developing efficient and sustainable removal strategies is therefore essential. In this study, the copper-based metal–organic framework HKUST-1 was utilized as a photocatalyst to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) under visible-light irradiation for the degradation of paracetamol. The combined HKUST-1/PMS/Vis system demonstrated remarkable catalytic activity, achieving more than 90% removal of paracetamol within 150 minutes. This performance was significantly higher than that obtained using PMS or visible light individually, highlighting the strong synergistic interaction between the catalyst and PMS activation under visible light. Radical quenching experiments identified sulfate radicals (SO4•–) as the primary active species, with hydroxyl radicals (•OH) also contributing. Compared to PMS/Vis, the presence of HKUST-1 markedly accelerated the degradation rate, confirming a strong synergistic effect between photocatalysis and PMS activation. Moreover, HKUST-1 exhibited high stability and reusability, retaining performance over multiple cycles without structural degradation, as confirmed by PXRD. This study demonstrates that pristine HKUST-1 can serve as an effective and recyclable photocatalyst for pharmaceutical pollutant removal, offering new insights into MOF-based PMS activation under visible light.

Keywords

• HKUST-1
• Metal–organic framework
• photocatalysis
• paracetamol degradation
• peroxymonosulfate activation

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