Reservoir Operations & Water Allocation Model: New York City Delaware River Basin Reservoirs

Öz

Delaware Nehir Havzası’nda bulunan ve New York şehrine içme ve kullanma suyu sağlayan rezervuarlar aynı zamanda enerji, ekosistem ve rekreasyon gibi sektörler için de önemli bir su kaynağıdır. Bu rezervuarlar Delaware Nehri’nin üst kısmında bulunmakta ve New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania ve Delaware gibi önemli eyaletlere su temin etmektedir. Ancak, değişen iklim koşulları sebebi ile nehir su sıkıntısına yatkın hale gelmekte ve bu nedenle yönetilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Stella isimli bir yazılım programı kullanılarak New York rezervuarları için hidrolojik bir model geliştirilmiştir. Bu model sayesinde, rezervuar işletim kuralları Stella programına matematiksel denklemler kullanılarak girilmiş ve havza içi ve dışı su ihtiyacı belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, farklı iklim koşullarında, havzadaki su kullanımının, sektörler üzerine etkileri daha iyi anlaşılmış ve olası kuraklık durumunda havzadaki su kıtlığı gibi problemler ele alınmıştır. Çalışılan modelde, rezervuarlara giren su miktarı ve her bir sektörün su ihtiyacı ile rezervuar işletim kuralları baz alınarak, günlük deşarj edilen su miktarı belirlenmiş ve sahada ölçülen veri ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın etkisi su kaynaklarının yönetiminde karar vericiler ile havzadaki su kaynaklarına ihtiyaç duyan paydaşlara kadar uzanır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• water
• resources
• management
• stella

Rezervuar Operasyonları & Su Tahsisi Modeli: New York Şehri Delaware Nehir Havzası Rezervuarları

Öz

Delaware Nehir Havzası’nda bulunan ve New York şehrine içme ve kullanma suyu sağlayan rezervuarlar aynı zamanda enerji, ekosistem ve rekreasyon gibi sektörler için de önemli su kaynaklarıdır. Bu rezervuarlar Delaware Nehri’nin üst kısmında bulunmakta ve New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania ve Delaware gibi önemli eyaletlere su temin etmektedir. Ancak, değişen iklim koşulları sebebi ile nehir susuzluk tehdidi altında kalmakta ve bu nedenle akıllıca yönetilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Stella isimli bir yazılım programı kullanılarak New York rezervuarları için hidrolojik bir model geliştirilmiştir. Bu model sayesinde, rezervuar işletim kuralları Stella programına matematiksel denklemler kullanılarak girilmiş ve havza içi ve dışı su ihtiyacı belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, farklı iklim koşullarında, havzadaki su kullanımının, sektörler üzerine etkileri daha iyi anlaşılmış ve olası kuraklık durumunda havzadaki su kıtlığı gibi problemler ele alınmıştır. Çalışılan modelde, rezervuarlara giren su miktarı ve her bir sektörün su ihtiyacı ile rezervuar işletim kuralları baz alınarak, günlük deşarj edilen su miktarı belirlenmiş ve sahada ölçülen veri ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın etkisi su kaynaklarının yönetiminde karar vericiler ile havzadaki su kaynaklarına ihtiyaç duyan paydaşlara kadar uzanır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• su kaynaklar yönetimi
• su tahsisi
• stella modeli

Kaynakça

1. Burns, D. A., Klaus, J., & McHale, M. R. (2007). Recent climate trends and implications for water resources in the Catskill Mountain region, New York, USA. Journal of Hydrology, 336(1), 155-170.
2. Center, N. R. C. (2015). Climate information for management and operational decisions (CLIMOD 2). Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Retrieved November 10, 2017, from: http://climod.nrcc.cornell.edu/ Cornell University. (1982). Before the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission: application for license for a major water power project, 5 megawatts or less (existing dam). Cornell University.
3. Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). (1977). Docket D-77-20 CP, Delaware River Basin Commission, West Trenton, NJ.
4. Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). (1979). Resolution No.79-8, Delaware River Basin Commission, West Trenton, NJ.
5. Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). (1980). Resolution No.80-16, Resolution No.80-19, Resolution No.80-26, Delaware River Basin Commission, West Trenton, NJ.
6. Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). (1981). Resolution No.81-12, Resolution No.81-25, Delaware River Basin Commission, West Trenton, NJ.
7. Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). (1982a). Interstate Water Management Recommendations of the Parties to the U.S. Supreme Court Decree of 1954 to the Delaware River Basin Commission Pursuant to Commission Resolution 78-20.
8. Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). (1982b). Resolution No.82-7, Resolution No.81-25, Delaware River Basin Commission, West Trenton, NJ.

9. Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). (1983). Docket D-77-20 CP (Revised), Delaware River Basin Commission, West Trenton, NJ.
10. Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). (1984). Resolution No.84-22, Delaware River Basin Commission, West Trenton, NJ.
11. Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). (1985). Resolution No.85-30, Conservation Order no. 7, Delaware River Basin Commission, West Trenton, NJ.
12. Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). (1987). Resolution No.87-20, Delaware River Basin Commission, West Trenton, NJ.
13. Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). (1990). Resolution No.90-12, Delaware River Basin Commission, West Trenton, NJ.
14. Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). (1993). Docket D-77-20 CP (Revision 2), Delaware River Basin Commission, West Trenton, NJ
15. Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). (1996). Resolution No.96-5, Delaware River Basin Commission, West Trenton, NJ.
16. Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). (1997). Docket D-77-20 CP (Revision 3), Delaware River Basin Commission, West Trenton, NJ.
17. Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). (1999). Docket D-77-20 CP (Revision 4), Delaware River Basin Commission, West Trenton, NJ.
18. Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). (2000). Resolution No.2000-14, Temporary Modification of Special Thermal Releases, Delaware River Basin Commission, West Trenton, NJ.
19. Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). (2001). Resolution No.2001-5, Extension of D-77-20 CP (Revision 4), Delaware River Basin Commission, West Trenton, NJ.
20. Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). (2001). Resolution No.2001-33, Delaware River Basin Commission, West Trenton, NJ.
21. Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). (2002a). Resolution 2002-6, Docket D-77-20 CP (Revision 5), Delaware River Basin Commission, West Trenton, NJ.
22. Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). (2002b). Resolution 2002-21, Docket D-77-20 CP (Revision 5, amended), Delaware River Basin Commission, West Trenton, NJ.
23. Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). (2002c). Resolution No.2002-33, Delaware River Basin Commission, West Trenton, NJ.
24. Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). (2002d). Resolution 2003-4, Docket D-77-20 CP (Revision 6), Delaware River Basin Commission, West Trenton, NJ.
25. Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). (2003). Resolution No.2003-26, Delaware River Basin Commission, West Trenton, NJ.
26. Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). (2004a). Resolution 2004-3, Docket D-77-20 CP (Revision 7), Delaware River Basin Commission, West Trenton, NJ.
27. Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). (2004b). Resolution 2004-9, Docket D-77-20 CP (Revision 8), Delaware River Basin Commission, West Trenton, NJ.
28. Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). (2008). Delaware River Basin Water Code, with Amendments Through July16, 2008, 18 CFR Part 410, DRBC, West Trenton, NJ, 182 p.
29. Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). (2011). The 2011 version of Flexible Flow Management Plan is posted on the ODRM website.
30. Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). (2013). State of Delaware River Basin. Retrieved January 20, 2017, from: http://nj.gov/drbc/library/documents/SOTB/2013brochure.pdf
31. Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). (2014). Salt Line. Retrieved January 20, 2017, from: https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1408/ML14086A553.pdf
32. Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). (2016). History of the Reservoir Releases Program in the Upper Delaware River Basin. Retrieved December 10, 2016, from: http://nj.gov/drbc/programs/basinwide/sotb2013/water_quantity.html
33. Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). (2017a). History of the Reservoir Releases Program in the Upper Delaware River Basin. Retrieved December 10, 2016, from: https://water.usgs.gov/osw/odrm/releases.html
34. Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). (2017b). History of the Reservoir Releases Program in the Upper Delaware River Basin. Retrieved December 10, 2016, from: http://nj.gov/drbc/basin/
35. Hoffman, J.L. (2004). Summary of Flows in the Delaware River at Trenton and Montague with Major Upstream Diversions, 1913-2002: Excel workbook, N.J. Geological Survey Digital Geodata Series DGS04-8, Trenton.
36. Hutson, S. S., Linsey, K. S., Ludlow, R. A., Reyes, B., & Shourds, J. L. (2016). Estimated use of water in the Delaware River Basin in Delaware, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania, 2010 (No. 2015-5142). US Geological Survey.
37. HydroLogics, Inc. (2004). Strategy for Resolution of Interstate Flow Management Issues In the Delaware River Basin, Prepared for the Delaware River Basin Commission.
38. ISEE Systems (2017) System thinking for education and research. Retrieved February 20, 2017, from https://www.iseesystems.com/store/products/stella-architect.aspx
39. Institute for Water Resources (IWR). (2014). Aspects of governing water allocation in the U.S. Prepared for Agencia Nacional de Aguas in accordance with a 2013 ANA-USACE Agreement Component, Regulatory Aspects, Task 4, Document 4.1, Technical Report with emphasis on “Water Rights as a Commodity”.
40. Klipsch J, Hurst M., Fleming M. (2010). Delaware River Basin flood analysis model, reservoir operations and streamflow routing component. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
41. Ludlow, R. A., & Gast, W. A. (2000). Estimated water withdrawals and use in Pennsylvania, 1995 (No. 174-99). US Dept. of the Interior, US Geological Survey.
42. Mandarano, L. A., & Mason, R. J. (2013). Adaptive management and governance of Delaware River water resources. Water Policy, 15(3), 364-385.
43. Miller, R. L., Bradford, W. L., & Peters, N. E. (1988). Specific conductance: theoretical considerations and application to analytical quality control. US Government Printing Office.
44. Nandalal, K. D. W., & Simonovic, S. P. (2003). Resolving conflicts in water sharing: A systemic approach. Water Resources Research, 39(12).
45. New Jersey Water Supply Advisory Council Department (NJDEP). (2014). Managing the Delaware River. The 1954 Supreme Court Decree, the Good Faith Agreement, and the Flexible Flow Management Program. The New Jersey Perspective, Part 1. Retrieved March 5, 2017, from: http://www.nj.gov/dep/workgroups/docs/wsc-managing-delaware-river-part-1.pdf
46. New Jersey Water Supply Advisory Council Department (NJDEP). (2014). Managing the Delaware River. The 1954 Supreme Court Decree, the Good Faith Agreement, and the Flexible Flow Management Program. The New Jersey Perspective, Part 2. Retrieved March 5, 2017, from: http://www.nj.gov/dep/workgroups/docs/wsc-managing-delaware-river-part-2.pdf
47. New York City Department of Environmental Conservation (NYCDEP). (1974). Proposed Alternative Releases from New York City Reservoirs in the Upper Delaware River Basin: Summary: Plan Development Bureau, Office of Program Development, Planning and Research, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation.
48. Palmer, R. N. (2010). Basic Introduction to STELLA II. University of Washington. Seattle, Washington.
49. Office of Delaware River Master (ODRM). (2015). Report of the River Master of the Delaware River for the Period of December 1, 1984 – November 30, 1985. U.S. Geological Survey open file report 86-0606.
50. Office of Delaware River Master (ODRM), 2016. Retrieved January, 5, 2017, from: http://water.usgs.gov/osw/odrm/releases.html.
51. Ravindranath, A., Devineni, N., & Kolesar, P. (2016). An environmental perspective on the water management policies of the Upper Delaware River Basin. Water Policy, 18(6), 1399-1419.
52. Santoro, E. D. (2004). Delaware Estuary Monitoring Report–Covering Monitoring Developments and Data Collected or Reported during 1999–2003.
53. Stuckey, M. H., & Ulrich, J. E. (2016). User’s guide for the Delaware River Basin Streamflow Estimator Tool (DRB-SET) (No. 2015-1192). US Geological Survey.
54. Survey, G. (1982). U.S. Geological Survey Water-supply Paper: U.S. Government Printing Office.
55. Supreme Court of the United States (U.S.). (1954). Amended Decree, State of New Jersey v. State of New York and City of New York. The City of New York Environmental Protection (NYCEP). (2017). Retrieved February 4, 2017, from: http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/watershed_protection/neversink.shtml
56. The City of New York Environmental Protection (NYCEP). (2017a). Retrieved February 4, 2017, from: http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/watershed_protection/pepacton.shtml
57. The City of New York Environmental Protection (NYCEP). (2017b). History of New York City's Water Supply System. Retrieved February 4, 2017, from: http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/drinking_water/history.shtml
58. The Nature Conservancy (TNC). (2011). Delaware River Basin Priority Conservation Areas and Recommended Strategies. Final report to the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation. Retrieved October 17, 2016, from: http://www.state.nj.us/drbc/library/documents/DEbasin-priority-areas_2011NFWF.pdf
59. Weston, R. T. (1989). The Delaware River Basin: Courts, Compacts and Commissions.
60. Yagecic. J.,R. MaxGillivray, E. Silldorff, E. Vowinkel. (2012). Chapter 3- Water Quality in the Technical Report for the Delaware Estuary & Basin. Partnership for the Delaware Estuary. PDE Report Ni. 12-01. pp. 63-106.