<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>togübi̇l</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Turhal Uygulamalı Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">3023-8153</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id/>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Development Economics - Macro</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Kalkınma Ekonomisi - Makro</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>Küresel Enerji Paradigmasında Kaya Gazı: Türkiye’nin Potansiyel Ekonomik Kazanımları</article-title>
                                                                                                                                        </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Kutluay</surname>
                                    <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0557-3281</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Birol</surname>
                                    <given-names>Yunus Emre</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20251223">
                    <day>12</day>
                    <month>23</month>
                    <year>2025</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>3</volume>
                                        <issue>2</issue>
                                        <fpage>1</fpage>
                                        <lpage>16</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20250917">
                        <day>09</day>
                        <month>17</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20251215">
                        <day>12</day>
                        <month>15</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2023, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Turhal Uygulamalı Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Turhal Uygulamalı Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Bu makale, küresel enerji dengelerini değiştiren kaya gazı devriminin Türkiye ekonomisi ve enerji arz güvenliği üzerindeki potansiyel etkilerini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada öncelikle, kaya gazı üretiminde dünya lideri konumundaki ABD’nin bu alandaki teknolojik ve piyasa hâkimiyeti ile Çin ve Avrupa Birliği’nin daha sınırlı kalan ilerlemesi incelenmektedir. Ayrıca, kaya gazının yeryüzüne çıkarılması için kullanılan hidrolik kırılma yönteminin yol açtığı su kirliliği ve deprem riski gibi ciddi çevresel endişeler ele alınmaktadır. Makalenin odak noktasını, yüksek oranda enerjide dışa bağımlı olan Türkiye’nin sahip olduğu kaya gazı potansiyeli oluşturmaktadır. Yapılan analiz, söz konusu çevresel risklerin etkin bir şekilde yönetilmesi koşuluyla, yerli kaya gazı üretiminin; cari açığın azalması, enflasyon üzerindeki baskıların hafiflemesi ve döviz rezervlerinin güçlenmesi yönünde önemli ekonomik fırsatlar sunabileceğini ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca, bu kaynağın devreye alınmasının enerji arz güvenliğini arttıracağı, istihdam yaratacağı, teknolojik gelişmeyi tetikleyeceği ve Türkiye’nin uluslararası enerji koridoru olarak konumunu güçlendireceği sonucuna varılmaktadır. Dolayısıyla, kaya gazı, Türkiye için hem ekonomik hem de stratejik anlamda kritik bir enerji kaynağı olarak değerlendirilmektedir.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>This article aims to investigate the potential impacts of the shale gas revolution, which has been transforming global energy balances, on the Turkish economy and energy supply security. The study first examines the technological and market dominance of the United States, the world leader in shale gas production, alongside the more limited progress made by China and the European Union. Furthermore, it addresses serious environmental concerns associated with the hydraulic fracturing method used to extract shale gas, such as water pollution and seismic risks. The focal point of the article is Türkiye’s indigenous shale gas potential, given its high dependence on foreign energy sources. The analysis reveals that, provided the associated environmental risks are effectively managed, domestic shale gas production could offer significant economic opportunities, including a reduction in the current account deficit, alleviation of inflationary pressures, and strengthening of foreign exchange reserves. Moreover, it is concluded that the utilization of this resource would enhance energy supply security, generate employment, stimulate technological advancement, and reinforce Türkiye’s position as an international energy corridor. Therefore, shale gas is regarded as a critical energy resource for Türkiye both in economic and strategic terms.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Kaya Gazı</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Hidrolik Kırılma</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Enerji Arz Güvenliği</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Türkiye</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                                                                                                    </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ahıshalı, M. A. (2013). Kaya gazı: Dünya enerji düzenine etkileri ve Türkiye potansiyeli. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 3(1), 12–34. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/nevsosbilen/issue/19736/211202</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Akgül, B. İ. (2022, 6 Ekim). Avrupa’nın yasaklı enerjisi: Kaya gazı. TRT Haber. https://www.trthaber.com/haber/dunya/avrupanin-yasakli-enerjisi-kaya-gazi-713846.html</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bellani, J., Verma, H. K., Khatri, D., Makwana, D., &amp; Shah, M. (2021). Shale gas: A step toward sustainable energy future. Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, 11(5), 2127–2141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13202-021-01157-7</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Birol, Y. E. (2019). Avrupa Birliği enerji arz güvenliği politikası. İstanbul: Kriter Yayınevi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Chevron. (t.y.). Shale and tight resources. https://www.chevron.com/what-we-do/energy/oil-and-natural-gas/shale</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Chiriac, M. (2015, February 23). Chevron ends shale gas projects in Romania. Balkan Insight. https://balkaninsight.com/2015/02/23/chevron-give-up-shale-gase-projects-in-romania/</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Çaşkurlu, S. (2022). ABD-Çin hegemonya mücadelesi: Kaya gazı devrimi, yenilenebilir enerji ve nadir elementler. Fiscaoeconomia, 6(1), 59–80. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1041487</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dodoiu, M. (2024, January 12). Romania-Energy, Romania country commercial guide. International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/romania-energy</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dreyer, I., &amp; Stang, G. (2013). The shale gas ‘revolution’: Challenges and implications for the EU (Brief, No. 11). European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS). https://www.iss.europa.eu/publications/briefs/shale-gas-revolution-challenges-and-implications-eu</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dulkadir, D. (2020). Dünya güç hiyerarşisinde dönüşüm ve Çin’in hegemonik yükselişi. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(2), 78–94. https://doi.org/10.51124/jneusbf.2020.2</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Elmastaş, N. (2015). Türkiye’nin enerji sektörü açısından şeyl (kaya) gazı potansiyeli ve önemi. Turkish Studies, 10(14), 291–310. http://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.8854</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Enerji Günlüğü. (2023, 26 Eylül). Çin’in kaya gazı üretimi 60 milyar m3’ü aştı. https://www.enerjigunlugu.net/cinin-kaya-gazi-uretimi-60-milyar-m3u-asti-55813h.htm</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı. (2025, 12 Mart). Petrol aramacılığında yeni dönem. https://enerji.gov.tr/haber-detay?id=21459</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Erbach, G. (2014, December 11). Shale gas and EU energy security (Briefing, PE 542.167). European Parliament, European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS). https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_BRI(2014)542167</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Erik, N. Y. (2016). Şeyl gazı (kaya gazı) ve çevresel etkileri. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 37(4), 426–438. http://doi.org/10.17776/csj.52270</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Fu, E., &amp; He, W. (2024). The development and utilization of shale oil and gas resources in China and economic analysis of energy security under the background of global energy crisis. Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, 14(8–9), 2315–2341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13202-024-01818-3</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gürbüz, Ö. (2015, 24 Mart). Türkiye’de kaya gazı: Çok bilinmeyenli denklem. Heinrich Böll Stiftung Türkiye. https://tr.boell.org/tr/2015/03/24/turkiyede-kaya-gazi-cokbilinmeyenli-denklem</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">International Trade Administration. (2024, January 20). Denmark-Renewable energy products, Denmark country commercial guide. U.S. Department of Commerce. https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/denmark-renewable-energy-products</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kabakcı, F. (2024, 10 Ocak). Çin’in doğal gaz üretimi 2023’te yüzde 5,6 arttı. Anadolu Ajansı. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/cinin-dogal-gaz-uretimi-2023te-yuzde-5-6-artti/3105277</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Karagöl, E. T., &amp; Kavaz, İ. (2017). Kaya gazının küresel enerji piyasalarındaki yeri ve Türkiye&#039;deki geleceği (Analiz No: 222). Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Toplum Araştırmaları Vakfı (SETA). https://www.setav.org/assets/uploads/2017/12/222.R.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Karslı, S. (2015a). Enerji sektöründe kaya gazının rolü. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5(3), 17–23. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jist/issue/15545/385063</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Karslı, S. (2015b). Son gelişmeler ışığında Türkiye’de kaya gazı. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5(3), 25–31. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jist/issue/15545/385064</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Karslı, S., Kaya, F., Güllüce, H., &amp; Özakın, A. N. (2016). Shale gas potentıal in Turkey and its role in world energy markets. Mugla Journal of Science and Technology, 2(1), 27–29. https://doi.org/10.22531/muglajsci.269968</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kay, A. (2025, May 2). LNG exports benefit Americans. American Gas Association (AGA). https://www.aga.org/lng-exports-benefit-americans/</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kaya, S. Ç. (2024). Kaya gazı ve kaya gazının lojistiği. Enderun, 8(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.59274/enderun.1328474</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kaynak, A. B. (2022). Kaya gazı devriminin gölgesinde Doğu Akdeniz’de enerji keşifleri: İş birliği için fırsat mı, çatışma için gerekçe mi?. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (14), 69–90. https://doi.org/10.32739/uskudarsbd.8.14.102</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kurtaran, G. (2022, 22 Eylül). İngiltere kaya gazı çıkarılmasına yönelik yasağı kaldırdı. Anadolu Ajansı. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/ingiltere-kaya-gazi-cikarilmasina-yonelik-yasagi-kaldirdi/2692231</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kutluay, M. (2022). Doğu Akdeniz’de enerjinin politik ekonomisi: Türkiye örneği [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lis, A., &amp; Stankiewicz, P. (2017). Framing shale gas for policy-making in Poland. Journal of Environmental Policy &amp; Planning, 19(1), 53–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2016.1143355</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mason, C. F., Muehlenbachs, L. A., &amp; Olmstead, S. M. (2015). The economics of shale gas development. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 7, 269–289. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-100814-125023</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Morrison, W. M. (2019). China’s economic rise: History, trends, challenges, and implications for the United States (RL33534). Congressional Research Service. https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/RL33534</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nie, S., &amp; Downs, E. (2024, October 2). Rising production, consumption show China is gaining ground in its natural gas goals. Center on Global Energy Policy (CGEP) at Columbia University, School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA). https://www.energypolicy.columbia.edu/rising-production-consumption-show-china-is-gaining-ground-in-its-natural-gas-goals/</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">NTV. (2022, 27 Ağustos). Avrupa enerji krizinde kaya gazına yönelebilir. https://www.ntv.com.tr/ntvpara/avrupa-enerji-krizinde-kaya-gazina-yonelebilir,mmW3qOZQEEWvmhBQqZ5w4Q</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Oral, M. (2018). Küresel enerji talebinde konvansiyonel olmayan kaynakların rolü. Journal of Awareness, 3(5), 279–286. https://doi.org/10.26809/joa.2018548637</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özalp, M. (2018). Dünya enerji rekabetinde oyun değiştirici olarak kaya gazının rolü ve Türkiye’ye olası etkileri. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(4), 2926–2959. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.480839</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özdemir, Y. (2020). Türkiye’nin enerji stratejisi. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Öztürk, T., &amp; Durak, İ. N. (2022). Çin enerji politikası: ABD ile rekabetin tehdit dengesi kuramı bağlamında değerlendirilmesi. Diplomasi ve Strateji Dergisi, 3(1), 1–40. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/dsd/issue/70508/1125285</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pamir, A. N. (2003). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de enerji, Türkiye’nin enerji kaynakları ve enerji politikaları. Metalurji Dergisi, 134(23), 1–39. https://metalurji.org.tr/dergi/dergi134/d134_73100.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rogers, H. (2013). UK shale gas–hype, reality and difficult questions. Oxford Energy Comment, The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies.  https://www.oxfordenergy.org/publications/uk-shale-gas-hype-reality-and-difficult-questions/</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sanlı, B., Ekiz, N., &amp; Karbuz, S. (2011). An investigation of the future natural gas prices and its effect on Turkey. https://www.barissanli.com/calismalar/2011/gas2011May.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sevim, C. (2014). Kaya (şeyl) gazının uluslararası enerji politikalarına etkileri. Ege Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(1), 49–64. https://doi.org/10.18354/esam.74863</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sıvış, E. (2019). ABD’nin Avrupa enerji pazarına yönelik izlediği dış politika: Kaya gazı devrimi ve Avrupa pazarında Rus hâkimiyetine karşı LNG hamlesi. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(3), 2177–2202. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.581534</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Simon, A., Aitken, G., Flues, F., &amp; Mümmler, H. (2013). Ressourcenschwindel schiefergas. Berlin: Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung. https://savearchive.zbw.eu/handle/11159/71</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Stephenson, M. H. (2016). Shale gas in North America and Europe. Energy Science &amp; Engineering, 4(1), 4–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.96</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Şengüler, İ. (2012). Şeyl gazı (shale gas) ve ekonomik değeri. MTA Doğal Kaynaklar ve Ekonomi Bülteni, (13), 44–48. https://www.mta.gov.tr/v3.0/hizmetler/bulten13</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tiftikçigil, B. Y., &amp; Yesevi, Ç. G. (2015). Türkiye’de enerji görünümü stratejiler ve ilişkiler. İstanbul: Derin Yayınları.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Turan, İ. (2020). Çin’in enerji güvenliği politikası: Kuşak yol inisiyatifi ve Avrasya’da “Yeni büyük oyun”. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı. (2024). 2023 petrol ve doğal gaz sektör raporu. https://www.tpao.gov.tr/file/2405/tpao-2023-petrol-ve-dogal-gaz-sektor-raporu-19746659d1d4d2383.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı. (t.y.). Ankonvansiyonel. https://www.tpao.gov.tr/ankonvansiyonel</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref50">
                        <label>50</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2013). Technically recoverable shale oil and shale gas resources: An assessment of 137 shale formations in 41 countries outside the United States [Independent Statistics &amp; Analysis]. U.S. Department of Energy. https://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/worldshalegas/pdf/overview.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref51">
                        <label>51</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Van de Graaf, T., Haesebrouck, T., &amp; Debaere, P. (2018). Fractured politics? The comparative regulation of shale gas in Europe. Journal of European Public Policy, 25(9), 1276–1293. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2017.1301985</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref52">
                        <label>52</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Vinson &amp; Elkins. (2016, September). Denmark (Global traditional energy resources). https://www.velaw.com/traditional-energy-tracker/resources/denmark/</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref53">
                        <label>53</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Wachtmeister, H., Kuchler, M., &amp; Höök, M. (2021). How many wells? Exploring the scope of shale gas production for achieving gas self-sufficiency in Poland. Natural Resources Research, 30(3), 2483–2496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-021-09858-w</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref54">
                        <label>54</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Wang, Q., Chen, X., Jha, A. N., &amp; Rogers, H. (2014). Natural gas from shale formation – The evolution, evidences and challenges of shale gas revolution in United States. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 30, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.065</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref55">
                        <label>55</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">World-Energy. (2025, March 13). China extends subsidies for unconventional gas drilling. https://www.world-energy.org/article/50237.html</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref56">
                        <label>56</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yapıcı, M. İ. (2015). Avrupa’nın enerji arz güvenliği açısından yükselen aktör: Romanya. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, 14(2), 85–¬¬¬107. https://doi.org/10.1501/Avraras_0000000224</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref57">
                        <label>57</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yılankırkan, N. (2020). Shale gas, its potential and impacts. Journal of Amasya University the Institute of Sciences and Technology, 1(1), 37–46. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jauist/issue/55760/737838</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref58">
                        <label>58</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yıldız, D. (2014). Kaya gazı ve su ilişkisi (Rapor No: 7). Hidropolitik Akademi. https://www.hidropolitikakademi.org/uploads/wp/2014/10/KAYA-GAZI-VE-SU-RAPORU.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref59">
                        <label>59</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zaretskaya, V. (2025, March 27). The United States remained the world’s largest liquefied natural gas exporter in 2024. Today in Energy, In-Brief Analysis. U.S. Energy Information Administration. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=64844</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref60">
                        <label>60</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zissu, A. (2016, January 27). How to tackle fracking in your community. Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). https://www.nrdc.org/stories/how-tackle-fracking-your-community</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
