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            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>tojras</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>The Online Journal of Recreation and Sports</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">2146-9598</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2146-9598</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>METİN YAMAN</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22282/tojras.1778459</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Sociology of Sports</subject>
                                                            <subject>Exercise and Sports Psychology</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Spor Sosyolojisi</subject>
                                                            <subject>Egzersiz ve Spor Psikolojisi</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Social Disintegration Scale: Development Process and an Analysis on Recreational Activity Participation</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>Sosyal Bozulma Ölçeği: Geliştirme Süreci ve Rekreatif Etkinlik Katılımı Üzerine Bir İnceleme</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6638-551X</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Kavalcı</surname>
                                    <given-names>İlkay</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>HİTİT ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SPOR BİLİMLERİ FAKÜLTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4289-3049</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Ayrancı</surname>
                                    <given-names>Mert</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>HİTİT ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260430">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>30</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>15</volume>
                                        <issue>2</issue>
                                        <fpage>143</fpage>
                                        <lpage>151</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20250905">
                        <day>09</day>
                        <month>05</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260117">
                        <day>01</day>
                        <month>17</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2012, The Online Journal of Recreation and Sports</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2012</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>The Online Journal of Recreation and Sports</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>The aim of this research is to develop a valid and reliable psychometric tool to measure the levels of social disintegration experienced by individuals in their social lives. To this end, the Social Disintegration Scale (SDS) was developed, and its psychometric properties were tested. The sample consisted of a total of 321 university students studying at various universities in Turkey. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and internal consistency coefficients were examined in the study. The scale consisted of 25 items and four factors: social alienation, lack of social support, social belonging/connection, and societal alienation. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the four-factor model provided an acceptable level of fit with the data (χ²/df=2.99; CFI=.86; RMSEA=.079). Cronbach’s Alpha values ranged from .80 to .88 across all dimensions of the scale. Furthermore, it was found that male participants had higher levels of social disintegration, and those who did not participate in recreational activities had higher social disintegration scores compared to those who did. The findings reveal that social disintegration is a multidimensional construct shaped by an individual’s interaction with psychological, social, and environmental resources. A high score on the scale indicates a high level of social disintegration, while a low score suggests that the individual is more socially connected, supported, and integrated into society. This developed scale is proposed as a functional and applicable tool for identifying social integration problems in various social groups, particularly university students.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>Bu araştırmanın amacı, bireylerin toplumsal yaşantılarında maruz kaldıkları sosyal çözülme durumlarını ölçmeye yönelik geçerli ve güvenilir bir psikometrik araç geliştirmektir. Bu doğrultuda Sosyal Bozulma Ölçeği (SBÖ) geliştirilmiş ve psikometrik özellikleri test edilmiştir. Çalışmanın örneklemini, Türkiye’de çeşitli üniversitelerde öğrenim görmekte olan toplam 321 üniversite öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri, iç tutarlılık katsayıları incelenmiştir. Ölçek; sosyal yabancılaşma, sosyal destek eksikliği, sosyal bağlılık/aidiyet ve toplumsal yabancılaşma olmak üzere dört faktör ve 25 maddeden oluşmuştur. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonuçları, dört faktörlü modelin veriyle kabul edilebilir düzeyde uyum sağladığını göstermiştir (χ²/df=2.99; CFI=.86; RMSEA=.079). Ölçeğin tüm boyutlarında Cronbach’s Alpha değerleri .80 ile .88 arasında değişmektedir. Ayrıca, erkek katılımcıların sosyal bozulma düzeylerinin daha yüksek olduğu, rekreatif etkinliklere katılmayanların ise sosyal bozulma düzeyi puanlarının katılanlara oranla daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bulgular, sosyal çözülmenin çok boyutlu bir yapı olduğunu ve bireyin psikolojik, sosyal ve çevresel kaynaklarla olan etkileşimiyle şekillendiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Ölçekten alınan yüksek puan, bireyin sosyal bozulma düzeyinin yüksek olduğunu; düşük puan ise sosyal olarak daha bağlı, desteklenen ve topluma entegre olduğunu gösterir. Geliştirilen bu ölçek, başta üniversite öğrencileri olmak üzere farklı sosyal gruplarda sosyal bütünleşme sorunlarını tespit etmeye yönelik işlevsel ve uygulanabilir bir araç olarak önerilmektedir.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>sosyal bozulma</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  sosyal yabancılaşma</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  aidiyet</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  sosyal destek</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  ölçek geliştirme</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  rekreasyon</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>social disintegration</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  social alienation</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  sense of belonging</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  social support</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  scale development</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  recreation</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                    <funding-group specific-use="FundRef">
                    <award-group>
                                                    <funding-source>
                                <named-content content-type="funder_name">Bu araştırma, Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu (TÜBİTAK) 2209-A Üniversite Öğrencileri Araştırma Projeleri Destekleme Programı kapsamında desteklenmiştir.</named-content>
                            </funding-source>
                                                                            <award-id>1919B012424849</award-id>
                                            </award-group>
                </funding-group>
                                </article-meta>
    </front>
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