tojras The Online Journal of Recreation and Sports 2146-9598 2146-9598 METİN YAMAN 10.22282/tojras.1839264 Physical Training and Sports Beden Eğitimi ve Oyun The Relationship Between Sleep Quality and Performance During the Competition in Professional Badminton Players Profesyonel Badmintoncularda Uyku Kalitesinin Müsabaka Performansına Etkisi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2199-9987 Günay Erkan MANISA CELAL BAYAR UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SPORTS SCIENCES https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3760-1454 Alsoy Şevval Buse DOKUZ EYLÜL ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SPOR BİLİMLERİ FAKÜLTESİ https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7211-3368 Futsi Dilan MANISA CELAL BAYAR UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SPORTS SCIENCES https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5003-4776 Uylas Erdem DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SPORTS SCIENCE https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7735-4048 Güdücü Çağdaş DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY, SCHOOL OF MEDICINE https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0254-5923 Kurt Cem TRAKYA UNIVERSITY, KIRKPINAR ACADEMY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS, DEPARTMENT OF COACHING EDUCATION https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4105-2029 Çatıkkaş Fatih Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi 04 30 2026 15 2 204 210 12 09 2025 04 13 2026 Copyright © 2012, The Online Journal of Recreation and Sports 2012 The Online Journal of Recreation and Sports

Sleep is crucial for athletic performance, as insufficient rest impairs cognitive function, psychomotor skills, and reaction time, all critical during competition. Research specifically on this relationship in badminton is limited. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between sleep quality, gender differences, and tournament performance in professional badminton players. The sample included 78 professional badminton players (39 male, 39 female), aged 15–33. Sleep quality over the past month was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The tournament results and world rankings were taken from the Badminton World Federation Webpage Non-parametric tests (Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test) were used for gender comparisons due to non-normal data distribution, and Spearman Correlation Analysis was applied for variable relationships. The mean PSQI Total Score for all athletes was 5.97 ± 2.74, which is close to the threshold (>6) indicating ‘poor sleep quality’. Although there was no significant difference in the Total PSQI Score between genders (p = 0.752), female athletes showed a significantly higher score in the Habitual Sleep Efficiency subscale (0.59 ± 1.09) compared to males (0.17 ± 0.45) (p = 0.036). Furthermore, a negative, significant correlation was found between the PSQI Daytime Dysfunction subcomponent and tournament results specifically in male participants (p = 0.015, r = -0.388). The international professional badminton players tend toward impaired overall sleep quality, with female athletes exhibiting significantly lower sleep efficiency than their male counterparts.

Uyku, yetersiz dinlenmenin bilişsel işlevi, psikomotor becerileri ve tepki süresini bozması nedeniyle atletik performans için hayati öneme sahiptir; bu unsurların tamamı müsabaka sırasında kritik öneme sahiptir. Bu ilişkinin badminton özelindeki araştırmaları sınırlıdır. Bu nedenle, bu çalışma profesyonel badminton oyuncularında uyku kalitesi, cinsiyet farklılıkları ve turnuva performansı arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmıştır. Örneklem, 15-33 yaş aralığında 78 profesyonel badminton oyuncusundan (39 erkek, 39 kadın) oluşmuştur. Geçen ayki uyku kalitesi, Pittsburgh Uyku Kalitesi İndeksi (PSQI) kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Turnuva sonuçları ve dünya sıralamaları Badminton Dünya Federasyonu Web Sayfasından alınmıştır. Verilerin normal dağılım göstermemesi nedeniyle cinsiyet karşılaştırmaları için parametrik olmayan testler (Wilcoxon İşaretli Sıralar Testi) kullanılırken, değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiler için Spearman Korelasyon Analizi uygulanmıştır. Tüm sporcular için ortalama PSQI Toplam Skoru 5.97 ± 2.74 olup, bu değer "kötü uyku kalitesini" gösteren eşiğe (>6) yakındır. Cinsiyetler arasında Toplam PSQI Skorunda anlamlı bir fark olmamasına rağmen (p = 0.752), kadın sporcular Alışılmış Uyku Verimliliği alt ölçeğinde erkeklere göre (0.17 ± 0.45) anlamlı derecede daha yüksek bir skor (0.59 ± 1.09) göstermiştir (p = 0.036). Ayrıca, PSQI Gündüz İşlev Bozukluğu alt bileşeni ile turnuva sonuçları arasında, özellikle erkek katılımcılarda, negatif ve anlamlı bir korelasyon (p = 0.015, r = -0.388) bulunmuştur. Uluslararası profesyonel badminton oyuncuları genel uyku kalitesinde bozulmaya eğilimli olup, kadın sporcular erkek meslektaşlarına göre anlamlı ölçüde daha düşük uyku verimliliği sergilemektedir.

 Badminton Sleep Quality Performance PSQI (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) Badminton Uyku Kalitesi Performans PSQI (Pittsburgh Uyku Kalitesi İndeksi) The data collection and ethical review processes for this study were conducted with the support of Dokuz Eylül University. The preparation, correspondence, and publication processes were completed with the support of Manisa Celal Bayar University, where the corresponding author is currently affiliated. Aǧargün, M. Y., Kara, H., & Solmaz, M. (1997). Subjective sleep quality and suicidality in patients with major depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 31(3), 377–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3956(96)00037-4 Bani Younis, M. K., Hayajneh, F. A., & Alduraidi, H. (2019). Effectiveness of using eye mask and earplugs on sleep length and quality among intensive care patients: A quasi‐experimental study. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 25(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12740 Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28(2), 193–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4 Carter, J. R., Gervais, B. M., Adomeit, J. L., & Greenlund, I. M. (2020). Subjective and objective sleep differ in male and female collegiate athletes. Sleep Health, 6(5), 623–628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2020.01.016 Charest, J., & Grandner, M. A. (2020). Sleep and athletic performance. Sleep Medicine Clinics, 15(1), 41–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2019.11.005 Duston, A., Holtman, S., Bowen, A. E., Cree, M. G., Nadeau, K., Wright, K. P., Simon, S. L., & Diniz Behn, C. G. (2025). Sex differences in circadian timing and biological night in adolescents. Journal of Biological Rhythms, 40(1), 7–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/07487304241309165 Ferrar, P., Hosea, L., Henson, M., Dubina, N., Krueger, G., Staff, J., & Gilbert, W. (2018). Building high performing coach-athlete relationships: The USOC’s National team coach leadership education program (NTCLEP). International Sport Coaching Journal, 5(1), 60–70. https://doi.org/10.1123/iscj.2017-0102 Halson, S. L. (2014). Sleep in elite athletes and nutritional interventions to enhance sleep. Sports Medicine, 44(S1), 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0147-0 Halson, S. L., Johnston, R. D., Appaneal, R. N., Rogers, M. A., Toohey, L. A., Drew, M. K., Sargent, C., & Roach, G. D. (2022). Sleep quality in elite athletes: Normative values, reliability and understanding contributors to poor sleep. Sports Medicine, 52(2), 417–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01555-1 Hatia, M., Loureiro, N., Ribeiro, J., Moeda, F., Melo, M., Tocha, J., Schonenberger, A., & Correia, C. (2024). A narrative review of the impact of sleep on athletes: Sleep restriction causes and consequences, monitoring, and interventions. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.76635 Juliff, L. E., Halson, S. L., & Peiffer, J. J. (2015). Understanding sleep disturbance in athletes prior to important competitions. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 18(1), 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.02.007 Kaczmarek, F., Bartkowiak-Wieczorek, J., Matecka, M., Jenczylik, K., Brzezińska, K., Gajniak, P., Marchwiak, S., Kaczmarek, K., Nowak, M., Kmiecik, M., Stężycka, J., Krupa, K. K., & Mądry, E. (2025). Sleep and athletic performance: a multidimensional review of physiological and molecular mechanisms. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(21), 7606. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14217606 Kirschen, G. W., Jones, J. J., & Hale, L. (2020). The impact of sleep duration on performance among competitive athletes: a systematic literature review. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 30(5), 503–512. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000622 Kölling, S., Duffield, R., Erlacher, D., Venter, R., & Halson, S. L. (2019). Sleep-related issues for recovery and performance in athletes. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 14(2), 144–148. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0746 L, F., M, S., AB, R., & MP, T. (2021). Sleep quality and anxiety in different sports categories. Frontiers in Medical Case Reports, 02(04), 01–09. https://doi.org/10.47746/FMCR.2021.2401 Malhotra, R. K., & Avidan, A. Y. (2014). Sleep Stages and Scoring Technique. In Atlas of Sleep Medicine (pp. 77–99). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4557-1267-0.00003-5 Mallampalli, M. P., & Carter, C. L. (2014). Exploring sex and gender differences in sleep health: A society for women’s health research report. Journal of Women’s Health, 23(7), 553–562. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2014.4816 Manunyanon, S., Pengked, K., Hareebin, Y., & Tawanwongsri, W. (2025). Prevalence of sleep inadequacy among badminton players: A systematic review. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.87495 Nedelec, M., Aloulou, A., Duforez, F., Meyer, T., & Dupont, G. (2018). The variability of sleep among elite athletes. Sports Medicine - Open, 4(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-018-0151-2 Nobari, H., Azarian, S., Saedmocheshi, S., Valdés-Badilla, P., & García Calvo, T. (2023). Narrative review: The role of circadian rhythm on sports performance, hormonal regulation, immune system function, and injury prevention in athletes. Heliyon, 9(9), e19636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19636 Perez-Pozuelo, I., Zhai, B., Palotti, J., Mall, R., Aupetit, M., Garcia-Gomez, J. M., Taheri, S., Guan, Y., & Fernandez-Luque, L. (2020). The future of sleep health: a data-driven revolution in sleep science and medicine. Npj Digital Medicine, 3(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-0244-4 Roberts, S. S. H., Teo, W.-P., & Warmington, S. A. (2019). Effects of training and competition on the sleep of elite athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 53(8), 513–522. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099322 Romyn, G., Lastella, M., Miller, D. J., Versey, N. G., Roach, G. D., & Sargent, C. (2018). Daytime naps can be used to supplement night-time sleep in athletes. Chronobiology International, 35(6), 865–868. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2018.1466795 Silva, A., Narciso, F. V., Rosa, J. P., Rodrigues, D. F., da Silva Cruz, A. Â., Tufik, S., Viana, F., Bichara, J. J., Dias Pereira, S. R., da Silva, S. C., & de Mello, M. T. (2019). Gender differences in sleep patterns and sleep complaints of elite athletes. Sleep Science, 12, 242–248. https://doi.org/10.5935/1984-0063.20190084 Teece, A. R., Beaven, M., Argus, C. K., Gill, N., & Driller, M. W. (2023). Comparing perceived sleep quality, practices, and behaviors of male and female elite rugby union athletes with the use of sleep questionnaires. Sleep Science, 16(03), e271–e277. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1772788 Tobaldini, E., Costantino, G., Solbiati, M., Cogliati, C., Kara, T., Nobili, L., & Montano, N. (2017). Sleep, sleep deprivation, autonomic nervous system and cardiovascular diseases. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 74, 321–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.004 Tubbs, A. S., Dollish, H. K., Fernandez, F., & Grandner, M. A. (2019). The basics of sleep physiology and behavior. In Sleep and Health (pp. 3–10). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815373-4.00001-0 van Sluijs, R., Wilhelm, E., Rondei, Q., Omlin, X., Crivelli, F., Straumann, D., Jäger, L., Riener, R., & Achermann, P. (2020). Gentle rocking movements during sleep in the elderly. Journal of Sleep Research, 29(6). https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12989 Vitale, K. C., Owens, R., Hopkins, S. R., & Malhotra, A. (2019). Sleep Hygiene for Optimizing Recovery in Athletes: Review and Recommendations. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(08), 535–543. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0905-3103 Watson, A. M. (2017). Sleep and Athletic Performance. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 16(6), 413–418. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000418 Xu, A., & Li, X. (2024). Sleep Patterns During Pre-Competition Training Phase: A Comparison Between Male and Female Collegiate Swimmers. Nature and Science of Sleep, Volume 16, 369–379. https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S444472