Municipal Solid Wastes Gasification/Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Integrated CHP System
Yıl 2012,
Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3, 28 - 34, 23.07.2016
Ademola Rabiu
Ismail Adefeso
Daniel Ikhu-omoregbe
Öz
Secured, cheap and clean energy sources are very vital for economic growth and development. The current fossil fuel dominated energy scene is not sustainable. There is increasing interest in biomass as a sustainable energy source to arrest the fast depletion of the global fossil fuel reserves and the attendant environmental challenge posed by its end uses. Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) is continuously generated with no threat of depletion. Over 70% of MSW is composed of combustible materials ideal for energy production. Gasification of the MSW via the refuse derived fuel (RDF) route will generate heat for power generation and synthesis gas rich in hydrogen as feed to fuel cell in a combined heat and power (CHP) systems. This study proposed a MSW treatment and processing strategy for energy and hydrogen production. It explores waste-to-energy approaches to eliminate the environmental footprints of the current MSW treatments and disposal methods in South Africa
Kaynakça
- Ahmed, I. I and Gupta, A. K. (2009) Hydrogen Production from Polystyrene Pyrolysis and Gasification: Characteristics and Kinetics. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34(15):6253-6264.
- Basu, P. (2010) Biomass Gasification and Pyrolysis Practical Design and Theory. Burlington, MA 01803, USA: Elsevier Academic Press.
- Burnley, S., Phillips, R., Coleman, T. & Rampling, T. (2011) Energy Implications of the Thermal Recovery of Biodegradable Municipal Waste Materials in the United Kingdom. Waste Management, 31(9-10):1949-1959.
- Chaudhari, S.T., Dalai, A.K., Bakhshi N.N. (2003) Production of Hydrogen and/or Syngas (H2+CO) via Steam Gasification of Biomass-Derived Chars. Energy Fuels, 17(4):1062-1067.
- Chen, C., Jin, Y-Q., Yan, J-H. & Chi, Y.( 2011) Simulation of Municipal Solid Waste Gasification in Two Different Types of Fixed Bed Reactors. Fuel, doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2011.06.075.
- Chifamba, P. (2007) Trace Metal Contamination of Water at a Solid Waste Disposal Site at Kariba, Zimbabwe. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 32(1): 71-78.
- Dalai, A.K., Batta, N., Eswaramoorthi, I. and Schoenau, G.J. (2011) Gasification of Refuse Derived Fuel in a Fixed Bed Reactor for Syngas Production. Waste Management, 29(1):252-258.
- Deswarte, F.E.I., J.H. Clark, A.J. Wilson, J.J.E. Hardy, R. Marriott, S.P. Chahal, C. Jackson, G. Heslop, M. Birkett, T.J. Bruce and G.Whiteley (2007) Toward an Integrated Straw-Based Biorefinery, Biofuels, Bioprod. Bioref., 1, 245–254.
- Department of Science and Technology, .n.d. Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Research, Development and Innovation Strategy. http: http://www.dst.gov.za/fuel cells html [5 February 2010]
- Eskom. (2011). Annual Review (2011). Johannesburg: Eskom.
- European Commission (2005) Biomass – Green Energy for Europe. http://www. managenergy.net/download/ r1270.pdf
- Floyd, H. & Anthony, L. (1996) Analysis of Heavy Metals Emission from Municipal Waste Combustion Technology. Journal of Hazard Mater, 47(1-3):77-102.
- Galvagno, S., Casu, S., Casciaro, G., Martino, M., Russo, A. and Portofino, S. (2006) Steam Gasification of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF): Influence of Process Temperature on Yield and Product Composition. Energy Fuels, 20(5):2284-2288.
- Gordon, M. (2002) Dioxin Characterization Formation and Minimization during Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Incineration: Review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 68(3):343-368.
- Gravitis, J. (2007) Zero Techniques and Systems – ZETS Strength and Weakness, J. Cleaner Product., 15, 1190–1197. He, M., Hu, Z., Xiao, B., Li, J., Guo, X., Luo, S., Yang, F., Feng, Y., Yang, G. & Liu, S. (2009) Hydrogen-Rich Gas from Catalytic Steam Gasification of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW): Influence of Catalyst and Temperature on Yield and Product Composition. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34(5):195-203.
- Hedman, B., Burvall, J., Nillson, C. and Marklund, S. (2005) Emissions from Small-Scale Energy Production using CoCombustion of Biofuel and the Dry Fraction of Household Waste, Waste Management, 25: 311–321.
- IPCC-International Panel on Climate Change (2006) Guidelines for GHG Inventories, Vol. 5, Waste. Downloaded from <http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html>.
- Kwak, T.H., Maken, S., Lee, S., Park, J.W., Min, B.R. and Yoo, Y.D. (2006) Environmental Aspects of Gasification of Korean Municipal Solid Waste in a Pilot Plant. Fuel, 85(14-15): 2012-2017.
- Laurent, J P., Oliver, F. and Goure, J.P. (2005) Monitoring Moisture Content in Municipal Solid waste: Results of a Preliminary Test under Laboratory Conditions, International Workshop on Hydro-Physico-Mechanics of Landfills, Grenoble University, 21 – 22 March 2005, http://www.infogeos.com/files/news/document/04-Laurent.pdf
- Mangizvo, R. V. (2008) Management Practices at the Mucheke Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Site in Masvingo City, in Zimbabwe” Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 10(2):147-164.
- McIlveen-Wright, D.R., Moglie, M., Rezvani, S., Huang, Y., Anderson, M., Redpath, A.D. & Hewitt, N.J. (2011) A TechnoEconomic Analysis of Biomass Gasifiers Integrated with High and Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. International Journal of Energy Research, 35 (11):1-11. Article in Press.
- Min, T.J., Yoshikawa, K. & Murakami, K. (2005) Distributed Gasification and Power Generation from Solid Wastes. Energy, 30(11-12): 2219-2228.
- Mountouris, A., Voutsas, E. and Tassios, D. (2006) Solid Waste Plasma Gasification: Equilibrium Model Development and Exergy Analysis. Energy Conversions and Management, 47(13-14):1723-1737.
- Okonkwo, J. O. & Mothiba, M. (2004) Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Pollution Levels of Heavy Metals in the Rivers in Thohoyandou, South Africa, Journal of Hydrology, 308(1-4): 122-127.
- Parfitt, J.P. and Bridgwater, E. (2008) Municipal Waste Composition: A Review of Municipal Waste Component Analyses. Defra Wr 0119, Defra, London, UK.
- USDOE and USDA (2005) Biomass as Feedstock for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry: The Technical Feasibility of a Billion-Ton Annual Supply. Available online http://www1.eere. energy.gov/biomass/pdfs/final billionton vision report2.pdf.
- USEPA (1998) Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the United States, 1998 Update. US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste, US.
- Wright, M. and Brown, R.C. (2007) Comparative Economics of Biorefineries Based on the Biochemical and Thermochemical Platforms, Biofuels, Bioprod. Bioref., 1, 49–56.
- Wu, C. and Williams, P.T. (2010a) Pyrolysis–Gasification of Post-Consumer Municipal Solid Plastic Waste for Hydrogen Production. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35(3): 949-957.
- Wu, C. and Williams, P.T. ( 2010b) Pyrolysis–Gasification of Plastics, Mixed Plastics and Real-World Plastic Waste with and without Ni–Mg–Al Catalyst. Fuel, 89(10):3022-3032.
- Xiao, B., Wang, Y.Y. & Su, Q. (2006) The Research of Treating Municipal Solid Waste by Gasification. China Resources Comprehensive Utilization, 24: 18-20, in Chinese.
- Zhang, Q., Liran Dor, Dikla Fenigshtein, Weihong Yang, Wlodzmierz Blasiak (2012) Gasification of municipal solid waste in the Plasma Gasification Melting process, Applied Energy, 90 (1): 106-112.
Yıl 2012,
Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3, 28 - 34, 23.07.2016
Ademola Rabiu
Ismail Adefeso
Daniel Ikhu-omoregbe
Kaynakça
- Ahmed, I. I and Gupta, A. K. (2009) Hydrogen Production from Polystyrene Pyrolysis and Gasification: Characteristics and Kinetics. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34(15):6253-6264.
- Basu, P. (2010) Biomass Gasification and Pyrolysis Practical Design and Theory. Burlington, MA 01803, USA: Elsevier Academic Press.
- Burnley, S., Phillips, R., Coleman, T. & Rampling, T. (2011) Energy Implications of the Thermal Recovery of Biodegradable Municipal Waste Materials in the United Kingdom. Waste Management, 31(9-10):1949-1959.
- Chaudhari, S.T., Dalai, A.K., Bakhshi N.N. (2003) Production of Hydrogen and/or Syngas (H2+CO) via Steam Gasification of Biomass-Derived Chars. Energy Fuels, 17(4):1062-1067.
- Chen, C., Jin, Y-Q., Yan, J-H. & Chi, Y.( 2011) Simulation of Municipal Solid Waste Gasification in Two Different Types of Fixed Bed Reactors. Fuel, doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2011.06.075.
- Chifamba, P. (2007) Trace Metal Contamination of Water at a Solid Waste Disposal Site at Kariba, Zimbabwe. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 32(1): 71-78.
- Dalai, A.K., Batta, N., Eswaramoorthi, I. and Schoenau, G.J. (2011) Gasification of Refuse Derived Fuel in a Fixed Bed Reactor for Syngas Production. Waste Management, 29(1):252-258.
- Deswarte, F.E.I., J.H. Clark, A.J. Wilson, J.J.E. Hardy, R. Marriott, S.P. Chahal, C. Jackson, G. Heslop, M. Birkett, T.J. Bruce and G.Whiteley (2007) Toward an Integrated Straw-Based Biorefinery, Biofuels, Bioprod. Bioref., 1, 245–254.
- Department of Science and Technology, .n.d. Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Research, Development and Innovation Strategy. http: http://www.dst.gov.za/fuel cells html [5 February 2010]
- Eskom. (2011). Annual Review (2011). Johannesburg: Eskom.
- European Commission (2005) Biomass – Green Energy for Europe. http://www. managenergy.net/download/ r1270.pdf
- Floyd, H. & Anthony, L. (1996) Analysis of Heavy Metals Emission from Municipal Waste Combustion Technology. Journal of Hazard Mater, 47(1-3):77-102.
- Galvagno, S., Casu, S., Casciaro, G., Martino, M., Russo, A. and Portofino, S. (2006) Steam Gasification of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF): Influence of Process Temperature on Yield and Product Composition. Energy Fuels, 20(5):2284-2288.
- Gordon, M. (2002) Dioxin Characterization Formation and Minimization during Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Incineration: Review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 68(3):343-368.
- Gravitis, J. (2007) Zero Techniques and Systems – ZETS Strength and Weakness, J. Cleaner Product., 15, 1190–1197. He, M., Hu, Z., Xiao, B., Li, J., Guo, X., Luo, S., Yang, F., Feng, Y., Yang, G. & Liu, S. (2009) Hydrogen-Rich Gas from Catalytic Steam Gasification of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW): Influence of Catalyst and Temperature on Yield and Product Composition. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34(5):195-203.
- Hedman, B., Burvall, J., Nillson, C. and Marklund, S. (2005) Emissions from Small-Scale Energy Production using CoCombustion of Biofuel and the Dry Fraction of Household Waste, Waste Management, 25: 311–321.
- IPCC-International Panel on Climate Change (2006) Guidelines for GHG Inventories, Vol. 5, Waste. Downloaded from <http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html>.
- Kwak, T.H., Maken, S., Lee, S., Park, J.W., Min, B.R. and Yoo, Y.D. (2006) Environmental Aspects of Gasification of Korean Municipal Solid Waste in a Pilot Plant. Fuel, 85(14-15): 2012-2017.
- Laurent, J P., Oliver, F. and Goure, J.P. (2005) Monitoring Moisture Content in Municipal Solid waste: Results of a Preliminary Test under Laboratory Conditions, International Workshop on Hydro-Physico-Mechanics of Landfills, Grenoble University, 21 – 22 March 2005, http://www.infogeos.com/files/news/document/04-Laurent.pdf
- Mangizvo, R. V. (2008) Management Practices at the Mucheke Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Site in Masvingo City, in Zimbabwe” Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 10(2):147-164.
- McIlveen-Wright, D.R., Moglie, M., Rezvani, S., Huang, Y., Anderson, M., Redpath, A.D. & Hewitt, N.J. (2011) A TechnoEconomic Analysis of Biomass Gasifiers Integrated with High and Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. International Journal of Energy Research, 35 (11):1-11. Article in Press.
- Min, T.J., Yoshikawa, K. & Murakami, K. (2005) Distributed Gasification and Power Generation from Solid Wastes. Energy, 30(11-12): 2219-2228.
- Mountouris, A., Voutsas, E. and Tassios, D. (2006) Solid Waste Plasma Gasification: Equilibrium Model Development and Exergy Analysis. Energy Conversions and Management, 47(13-14):1723-1737.
- Okonkwo, J. O. & Mothiba, M. (2004) Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Pollution Levels of Heavy Metals in the Rivers in Thohoyandou, South Africa, Journal of Hydrology, 308(1-4): 122-127.
- Parfitt, J.P. and Bridgwater, E. (2008) Municipal Waste Composition: A Review of Municipal Waste Component Analyses. Defra Wr 0119, Defra, London, UK.
- USDOE and USDA (2005) Biomass as Feedstock for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry: The Technical Feasibility of a Billion-Ton Annual Supply. Available online http://www1.eere. energy.gov/biomass/pdfs/final billionton vision report2.pdf.
- USEPA (1998) Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the United States, 1998 Update. US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste, US.
- Wright, M. and Brown, R.C. (2007) Comparative Economics of Biorefineries Based on the Biochemical and Thermochemical Platforms, Biofuels, Bioprod. Bioref., 1, 49–56.
- Wu, C. and Williams, P.T. (2010a) Pyrolysis–Gasification of Post-Consumer Municipal Solid Plastic Waste for Hydrogen Production. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35(3): 949-957.
- Wu, C. and Williams, P.T. ( 2010b) Pyrolysis–Gasification of Plastics, Mixed Plastics and Real-World Plastic Waste with and without Ni–Mg–Al Catalyst. Fuel, 89(10):3022-3032.
- Xiao, B., Wang, Y.Y. & Su, Q. (2006) The Research of Treating Municipal Solid Waste by Gasification. China Resources Comprehensive Utilization, 24: 18-20, in Chinese.
- Zhang, Q., Liran Dor, Dikla Fenigshtein, Weihong Yang, Wlodzmierz Blasiak (2012) Gasification of municipal solid waste in the Plasma Gasification Melting process, Applied Energy, 90 (1): 106-112.