Is the impact of international tourism demand on the labor underutilization rate consistent in different models? The case of Turkiye

Mustafa Kırca

doi:10.48119/toleho.1774676

Is the impact of international tourism demand on the labor underutilization rate consistent in different models? The case of Turkiye

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of international tourism demand on the labor underutilization rate in Turkiye, covering the period from 2014Q1 to 2025Q1. For this purpose, the consistency between international tourism demand and labor underutilization is examined using seven models, estimated with additional variables that affect the labor underutilization rate. The effects specified in the aim are investigated using the Fractional Frequency Fourier Augmented ARDL (FFFA-ARDL) Bound Test. There are significant cointegration relationships in seven different models. According to the estimated coefficients, a 1% increase in long-run international tourism demand reduces the labor underutilization rate by 0.12%-0.28%. In the short-run, however, this effect is sometimes positive and sometimes negative.

Keywords

Labor Underutilization Rate, International Tourism Demand, FFFA-ARDL

Ethical Statement

This manuscript does not contain research that requires ethics committee approval.

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Tourism (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Mustafa Kırca ^*
0000-0002-5630-7525
Türkiye

Publication Date

January 3, 2026

Submission Date

August 31, 2025

Acceptance Date

October 17, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 7 Number: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.48119/toleho.1774676

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA53PK65YJ

APA

Kırca, M. (2026). Is the impact of international tourism demand on the labor underutilization rate consistent in different models? The case of Turkiye. Journal of Tourism Leisure and Hospitality, 7(2), 118-139. https://doi.org/10.48119/toleho.1774676

AMA

1.Kırca M. Is the impact of international tourism demand on the labor underutilization rate consistent in different models? The case of Turkiye. TOLEHO. 2026;7(2):118-139. doi:10.48119/toleho.1774676

Chicago

Kırca, Mustafa. 2026. “Is the Impact of International Tourism Demand on the Labor Underutilization Rate Consistent in Different Models? The Case of Turkiye”. Journal of Tourism Leisure and Hospitality 7 (2): 118-39. https://doi.org/10.48119/toleho.1774676.

EndNote

Kırca M (January 1, 2026) Is the impact of international tourism demand on the labor underutilization rate consistent in different models? The case of Turkiye. Journal of Tourism Leisure and Hospitality 7 2 118–139.

IEEE

[1]M. Kırca, “Is the impact of international tourism demand on the labor underutilization rate consistent in different models? The case of Turkiye”, TOLEHO, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 118–139, Jan. 2026, doi: 10.48119/toleho.1774676.

ISNAD

Kırca, Mustafa. “Is the Impact of International Tourism Demand on the Labor Underutilization Rate Consistent in Different Models? The Case of Turkiye”. Journal of Tourism Leisure and Hospitality 7/2 (January 1, 2026): 118-139. https://doi.org/10.48119/toleho.1774676.

JAMA

1.Kırca M. Is the impact of international tourism demand on the labor underutilization rate consistent in different models? The case of Turkiye. TOLEHO. 2026;7:118–139.

MLA

Kırca, Mustafa. “Is the Impact of International Tourism Demand on the Labor Underutilization Rate Consistent in Different Models? The Case of Turkiye”. Journal of Tourism Leisure and Hospitality, vol. 7, no. 2, Jan. 2026, pp. 118-39, doi:10.48119/toleho.1774676.

Vancouver

1.Mustafa Kırca. Is the impact of international tourism demand on the labor underutilization rate consistent in different models? The case of Turkiye. TOLEHO. 2026 Jan. 1;7(2):118-39. doi:10.48119/toleho.1774676

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Is the impact of international tourism demand on the labor underutilization rate consistent in different models? The case of Turkiye

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