Developing a Sufficient and Effective Coastal Tourism Model

Year 2019, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 29 - 34, 29.09.2019

Athina Papageorgiou

Abstract

Coastal tourism is nowadays the most important tourism activity worldwide and its development is based on the optimal combined use of tourism resources available in the coastal region. Over-development of a destination, however, leads to significant environmental, cultural, economic and social impacts on communities and infrastructures of destinations. Important differentiations are, therefore, needed for re-designing existing destinations and developing new and under-developed ones in sustainable ways. This model must be based on a strategy to regulate, control and finance tourism development proposals using universally accepted rules and practices. It is concluded that sustainable tourism development of a certain coastal area requires the involvement of all stakeholders, as well as the strong commitment of the state to ensure broad participation and consensus. Sustainability in tourism is a continuous process that requires thorough impact monitoring and adoption of all necessary measures to prevent, suppress and/or correct all emerging problems on a case-by-case and day-by-day basis.

Keywords

Strategic coastal tourism development, sustainable tourism, environmental impact

References

• Agarwal, S. (2002). Restructuring seaside tourism: The resort lifecycle. Annals of Tourism Research, 29 (1), 25-55.
• Agenda 21. (1992). United Nations Conference on Environment & Development. Retrieved from https:// sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/ Agenda21.pdf.
• Burbridge, P. R. (1999). The Guiding Principles for a European ICZM Strategy. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/ environment/iczm/pdf/burbridge.pdf.
• Butler, R.W. (1980). The concept of the tourist area lifecycle of evolution: implications for management of resources. Canadian Geographer, 24 (1), 5-12, Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ abs/10.1111/j.1541-0064.1980.tb00970.x.
• Butler, R.W. (2011). Tourism Area Life Cycle. Retrieved from http://www.goodfellowpublishers.com/free_files/ fileTALC.pdf.
• Cicin-Sain, B., Maqungo, S., Arico, S. & Balgos, M. (2008). Submission of the Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands. Retrieved from https://www.cbd.int/doc/ meetings/mar/ewbcsima-01/other/ewbcsima-01 gfoci-en.pdf.
• Coastalwiki. (xx). Impact of tourism in coastal areas: Need of sustainable tourism strategy. Retrieved from http:// www.coastalwiki.org/wiki/Impact_of_tourism_ in_ coastal_areas:_Need_of_sustainable_tourism_strategy.
• Coastlearn. (2012). Sustainable Tourism. Retrieved from http://www.coastlearn.org/tourism/introduction. html.
• Coccossis, H. and Mexa, A. (eds) (2004). The Challenge of Tourism Carrying Capacity Assessment: Theory and Practice. Ashgate: Aldershot.
• EC-European Commission. (xx). Coastal and maritime tourism. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/ maritimeaffairs/policy/coastal_tourism_en.
• EC-European Commission. (2013). Sustainable Tourism for Development Guidebook (1st Ed.), Retrieved from https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/ pdf/10.18111/9789284415496.
• EC-European Commission. (2014). A European Strategy for more Growth and Jobs in Coastal and Maritime Tourism. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/ sites/maritimeaffairs/files/docs/body/coastal-andmaritime- tourism_en.pdf.
• EEA-European Environment Agency. (2017). Tourism. Retrieved from https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/ tourism.
• EU-European Union. (2016). Guide on EU funding for the tourism sector. 2014-2020, Retrieved from https://publications.europa.eu/en/publicationdetail/-/ publication/e0707433-aa5f-11e6-aab7- 01aa75ed71a1.
• FAO-Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (1998). Integrated coastal area management and agriculture, forestry and fisheries, FAO Guidelines, Rome. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/W8440e/ W8440e00.htm.
• Gossling, S. (2002). Global Environmental Consequences of Tourism. Global Environmental Change, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 283-302.
• Honey, M. & Krantz, D. (2007). Global Trends in Coastal Tourism. Retrieved from http://www. unep.fr/shared/publications/pdf/DTIx1091xPASustainableCoastalTourism-Planning.pdf.
• Lal Mukherjee, A. (2013). Impact of tourism in coastal areas: Need of sustainable tourism strategy. Retrieved from http://www.coastalwiki.org/wiki/ Impact_of_tourism_ in_coastal_areas:_Need_of_sustainable_tourism_ strategy.
• Lew, A.A. (2017). Modeling the Resilience Adaptive Cycle. Retrieved from http://www.tourismcommunities.com/ blog/modeling-the-resilience-adaptive-cycle.
• Lytras, P. & Papageorgiou, A. (2014). Tourism that hurts. Athens: Papazisis.
• Morrison, A. (2013). Destination management and destination marketing: The platform for excellence in tourism destinations. Tourism Tribune, 28(1), pp. 6-9.
• Morrison, A.M. (2013b). Marketing and managing tourism destinations. New York, NY: Routledge.
• Papageorgiou, M. (2016). Coastal and marine tourism: A challenging factor in Marine Spatial Planning. Ocean & Coastal Management, 129, pp 44-48.
• Petrosillo, I., Zurlini, G., Corliano, M.E., Zaccarelli, N. & Dadamo, M. (2007). Tourist perception of recreational environment and management in a marine protected area. Landscape Urban Planning, 79: 29-37.
• Smeenge, M. & Offringa, Β. (2013). Coastal Tourism-The Dutch Perspective. Retrieved from http://www. kenniscentrumtoerisme.nl/l/library/download/13755.
• Sotiriadis, M. & Shen, S. (2017). The contribution of partnership and branding to destination management in a globalized context: The case of the UNWTO Silk Road Programme. Journal of Tourism, Heritage & Services Marketing, 3 (2), pp. 8-16.
• Tarasionak, A. (2014). Strategic planning of tourist destinations: new approach towards territorial organization of tourism in Belarus, Retrieved from http://www.gamtostyrimai.lt/uploads/publications/docs/11805_8020491f2b94159aae7d7f1512841058.pdf.
• Tempesta M. (2013). Guide for quick evaluation of management in Mediterranean Marine Protection Areas (MPAs), Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/257868006_Guide_for_quick_evaluatin_of_management_in_Mediterranean_MPAs.
• Thiel-Ellul, D.F. & Navarro-Jurado, E. (2016). Destination lifecycle. In Encylopedia of Tourism (Jafari J., Xiao H. eds). Cham: Springer.
• UNEP. (2003a). Tourism and Local Agenda 21, The role of local authorities in sustainable tourism, Retrieved from http://www.unep.fr/shared/publications/pdf/3207-TourismAgenda.pdf.
• UNEP. (2003b). Tourism and biodiversity: mapping tourism’s global footprint, Retrieved from https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/tourism-andbiodiversity- mapping-tourisms-global-footprint.
• UNEP. (2005). Making tourism more sustainable, Retrieved from https://www.unpei.org/sites/default/files/PDF/policy interventions-programmedev/Making-tourismmore-sustainableENpart1.pdf.
• UNEP. (2009). Sustainable Coastal Tourism-An integratedplanning and management approach, Retrieved from http://www.unep.fr/shared/publications/pdf/DTIx1091xPA-SustainableCoastalTourism-Planning.pdf.
• UNOSD. (2013). Bridging Knowledge and Capacity Gaps for Sustainability Transition: A Framework for Action,Retrieved from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/ 1681Framework%20for%20Action.pdf.
• UNWTO. (2004). Sustainable Development of Tourism -Conceptual Definition, Retrieved from https://sdt.unwto.org/content/about-us-5.
• UNWTO. (2007). Destination management organizations,Retrieved from http://www2.unwto.org/category/technical-product-target/destination-managementorganizations.
• UNWTO. (2019), Baseline Report on the Integration of Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns into Tourism Policies, Retrieved from https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284420605.
• Williams A. (2010). Definitions and typologies of coastal tourism beach destinations, Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285822536_ Definitions_and_typologies_of_coastal_tourism_beach_destinations.
• WWF. (2000). Responsible Tourism in the Mediterranean: current threats and opportunities, World Wide Fund for Nature, Rome, Retrieved from http://www.monachusguardian.org/catalog.htm.
• WWF. (2019a). Living beyond nature’s limits, Retrieved fromhttp://d2ouvy59p0dg6k.cloudfront.net/downloads/wwf_eu_overshoot_day___living_beyond_nature_s_ limits_web.pdf.
• WWF. (2019b), Ecological Footprint, available at https://wwf.panda.org/knowledge_hub/teacher_resources/webfieldtrips/ecological_balance/eco_footprint/.
• WWF. (2019c), Why is our ocean at risk? available at http://
• wwf.panda.org/ what_we_do/ how_we_work/our_global_goals/oceans/ocean_risk/.
• WWF. (2019d), Problems: Tourism & coastal development, World Wide Fund for Nature, available at http://www. panda.org/.