Travelling Companions: A Constraint Analysis of Pet Owners in Turkey

Sebahattin Dilek; Nur Kulakoğlu Dilek; David A. Fennell

Research Article

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 4 - 13, 18.06.2020

Sebahattin Dilek , Nur Kulakoğlu Dilek , David A. Fennell

Abstract

References

Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: Assessed in the strange situation and at home. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Albert, A., & Bulcroft, K. (1988). Pets, families, and the life course. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50(2), 543- 552.
Alves, R. R. N., & Albuquerque, U. P. (2018). Introduction: animals in our lives. In Romulo Romeu Nobrega Alves & Ulysses Paulino Albuquerque (eds.), Ethnozoology (pp. 1-7). Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.
American Veterinary Medical Association. (2009). Traveling with your pet. Retrieved from: https://ebusiness.avma. org/EBusiness50/files/productdownloads/traveling_ brochure. pdf (Accessed: 06 Sep 2019).
APPA (2019a). 2019-2020. National Pet Owner Survey Report. Retrieved from: https://www.americanpetproducts. org/press_releasedetail.asp?id=192 (Accessed: 22 April 2019).
APPA (2019b). Pet Industry Market Size & Ownership Statistics. Retrieved from: https://www.americanpetproducts. org/press_industrytrends.asp (Accessed: 05 Sep 2019).
Berger, J. (1980). About looking. London: Writers and Readers.
Carr, N. (2009) Animals in the tourism and leisure experience. Current Issues in Tourism, 12(5-6), 409-411.
Carr, N., & Cohen, S. (2009). Holidaying with the family pet: No dogs allowed!. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 9(4), 290-304.
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) (2019). About pets & people. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc. gov/healthypets/health-benefits/index.html (Accessed: 14 Sep 2019).
Chen, A. H., Peng, N., & Hung, K. P. (2014). Developing a pet owners’ tourism constraints scale–the constraints to take dogs to tourist activities. International Journal of Tourism Research, 16(4), 315-324.
Chen, A.H., Hung, K.P., & Peng, N. (2011). Planned leisure behaviour and pet attachment. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4), 1653-1657.
Chen, Y. (2018). Accommodating Travellers with Pets: Is Auckland Ready? (Doctoral dissertation), Auckland University of Technology. Retrieved from: https:// openrepository.aut.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10292/11867/ ChenY.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y (Accessed: 21 Sep 2019).
Cohen, S. P. (2002). Can pets function as family members?. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 24(6), 621-638.
Crawford, D., & Godbey, G. (1987). Reconceptualizing barriers to family leisure. Leisure Sciences, 9, 119-127.
Crawford, D. W., Jackson, E. L., & Godbey, G. (1991). A hierarchical model of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences, 13(4), 309-320.
Fennell, D. A. (2012b). Tourism and animal rights. Tourism Recreation Research, 37(2), 157-166.
Fennell, D. A. (2013). Tourism and animal welfare. Tourism Recreation Research, 38(3), 325-340.
Fennell, D.A. (2012a). Tourism and animal ethics. New York, NY: Routledge.
Fennell, D. A. (2018) (2nd Ed.). Tourism ethics. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
Friedmann, E., & Son, H. (2009). The human–companion animal bond: how humans benefit. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 39(2), 293-326.
George, D. & Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference, 17.0 update (10a ed.) Boston: Pearson.
Gillespie, D. L., Leffler, A., & Lerner, E. (2002). If it weren‘t for my hobby, I’d have a life: dog sports, serious leisure, and boundary negotiations. Leisure Studies, 21(3-4), 285-304.
Gilbert, D., & Hudson, S. (2000). Tourism demand constraints: A skiing participation. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(4), 906-925.
Greenebaum, J. (2004). It’s a dog’s life: Elevating status from pet to” fur baby” at yappy hour. Society & Animals, 12(2), 117-135.
Gunlu Kucukaltan, E. & Dilek, S.E. (2019). A Philosophical Approach to Animal Rights and Welfare in the Tourism Sector. Journal of Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality, 1 (1), 4-14. Retrieved from http://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/toleho/issue/49085/571320
Herzog, H. (2011). The impact of pets on human health and psychological well-being: Fact, fiction, or hypothesis?. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(4), 236- 239.
Herzog, H. (2010). Some we love, some we hate, some we eat: Why it’s so hard to think straight about animals. New York: Harper.
Hultsman, W. Z. (2012). Couple involvement in serious leisure: Examining participation in dog agility. Leisure Studies, 31(2), 231-253.
Hung, K. P., Chen, A., & Peng, N. (2016). Taking dogs to tourist activities: Incorporating attachment into a pet-related constraint-negotiation model. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 40(3), 364-395.
Hung, K., & Petrick, J. F. (2010). Developing a measurement scale for constraints to cruising. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(1), 206-228.
Ivanov, S. H. (2018). Tourism beyond humans–robots, pets and Teddy bears. Paper presented at the International Scientific Conference “Tourism and Innovations”, 14-15th September 2018, College of Tourism – Varna, Varna, Bulgaria.
Jackson, E. (1990). Trends in leisure preferences: alternative constraints-related explanations. Journal of Applied Recreation Research, 15 (3), 129-145.
Jackson, E. (1990). Variations in the desire to begin a leisure activity: evidence of antecedent constraints? Journal of Leisure Research, 22 (1), 55-70.
Jackson, E. & Dunn, E. (1991). Is constrained leisure an internally homogeneous concept? Leisure Sciences, 13, 167-184.
Jackson, E., & Witt, P. (1994). Change and stability in leisure constraints: A comparison of two surveys conducted four years apart. Journal of Leisure Research, 26 (4), 322-336.
Johnson, T. P., Garrity, T. F., & Stallones, L. (1992). Psychometric evaluation of the Lexington attachment to pets scale (LAPS). Anthrozoös, 5(3), 160-175.
Leggat, P. A., & Speare, R. (2000). Traveling with pets. Journal of Travel Medicine, 7(6), 325.
Miller, R.K., & Washington, K. (2013). The 2013-2014 Travel & Tourism Market Research Handbook. Richard K. Miller & Associates.
Miller, R., & Howell, G. V. (2008). Regulating consumption with bite: building a contemporary framework for urban dog management. Journal of Business Research, 61(5), 525-531.
Mueller, M. K., Gee, N. R., & Bures, R. M. (2018). Humananimal interaction as a social determinant of health: descriptive findings from the health and retirement study. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 305.
Nyaupane, G. P., Morais, D. B., & Graefe, A. R. (2004). Nature tourism constraints: A cross-activity comparison. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3), 540-555.
Nyaupane, G. P., & Andereck, K. L. (2008). Understanding travel constraints: Application and extension of a leisure constraints model. Journal of Travel Research, 46(4), 433-439.
Peng, N., Chen, A., & Hung, K. P. (2014). Including pets when undertaking tourist activities: incorporating pet attachment into the TPB Model. Tourism Analysis, 19(1), 69-84.
Poresky, R. H., Hendrix, C., Mosier, J. E., & Samuelson, M. L. (1987). The companion animal bonding scale: Internal reliability and construct validity. Psychological Reports, 60(3), 743-746.
Ridgway, N. M., Kukar-Kinney, M., Monroe, K. B., & Chamberlin, E. (2008). Does excessive buying for self relate to spending on pets?. Journal of Business Research, 61(5), 392-396.
Robinson, L. & Segal, J. (2019). The mood-boosting power of pets. Retrieved from: https://www.helpguide.org/ articles/mental-health/mood-boosting-power-of-dogs.htm (Accessed: 12 Sep 2019).
Sanders, C. R. (1990). The animal ‘other’: Self-definition, social identity, and companion animals. Advances in Consumer Research, 17, 662–668.
Samdahl, D. (1991). Issues in the management of leisure: a comparison of theoretical and connotative meanings. Leisure Sciences, 13, 33-49.
Samdahl, D. M., & Jekubovich, N. J. (1997). A critique of leisure constraints: Comparative analyses and understandings. Journal of Leisure Research, 29(4), 430-452.
Serpell JA. 2003. Anthropomorphism and anthropomorphic selection – beyond the ‘cute response’. Society and Animals, 11(1), 83–100.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2006). Using multivariate statistics. Boston, MA: Pearson Education.
Taillon, J., MacLaurin, T., & Yun, D. (2015). Hotel pet policies: an assessment of willingness to pay for travelling with a pet. Anatolia, 26(1), 89-91.
Urry, J. (2002). Tourist gaze. New York, NY: Sage Publications.
Wade, M. (1985). Constraints on leisure. Springfield. Illinois: Charles C. Thomas.
Walsh, F. (2009). Human‐animal bonds I: The relational significance of companion animals. Family Process, 48(4), 462-480.
White, K. M., Thomas, I., Johnston, K. L., & Hyde, M. K. (2008). Predicting attendance at peer-assisted study sessions for statistics: Role identity and the theory of planned behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology, 148(4), 473-492.
Witt, P., & Goodale, T. (1981). The relationship between barriers to leisure enjoyment and family stages. Leisure Sciences, 4 (1), 29-49.
Zilcha-Mano, S., Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2011). An attachment perspective on human–pet relationships: Conceptualization and assessment of pet attachment orientations. Journal of Research in Personality, 45(4), 345-357.

Travelling Companions: A Constraint Analysis of Pet Owners in Turkey

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 4 - 13, 18.06.2020

Sebahattin Dilek , Nur Kulakoğlu Dilek , David A. Fennell

Abstract

The aim of this research are to explore the constraints that pets have on tourist travel, as well as the influence of these barriers on owners’ intentions of taking pets with them as travel companions. In this study, the scale developed by Chen, Peng and Hung (2014) was used as a data collection tool. The sample area included Turkey’s three largest cities: Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir, with the study being the first of its kind in Turkey. The responses of 393 Turkish pet owners were examined through exploratory factor analysis. The results revealed three dimensions of pet-related tourism constraint, namely specific, interpersonal and structural. In addition, the contraints were determined to negatively affect owners’ previous travel experience in having pets included on tourist activities.

Keywords

References

Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: Assessed in the strange situation and at home. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Albert, A., & Bulcroft, K. (1988). Pets, families, and the life course. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50(2), 543- 552.
Alves, R. R. N., & Albuquerque, U. P. (2018). Introduction: animals in our lives. In Romulo Romeu Nobrega Alves & Ulysses Paulino Albuquerque (eds.), Ethnozoology (pp. 1-7). Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.
American Veterinary Medical Association. (2009). Traveling with your pet. Retrieved from: https://ebusiness.avma. org/EBusiness50/files/productdownloads/traveling_ brochure. pdf (Accessed: 06 Sep 2019).
APPA (2019a). 2019-2020. National Pet Owner Survey Report. Retrieved from: https://www.americanpetproducts. org/press_releasedetail.asp?id=192 (Accessed: 22 April 2019).
APPA (2019b). Pet Industry Market Size & Ownership Statistics. Retrieved from: https://www.americanpetproducts. org/press_industrytrends.asp (Accessed: 05 Sep 2019).
Berger, J. (1980). About looking. London: Writers and Readers.
Carr, N. (2009) Animals in the tourism and leisure experience. Current Issues in Tourism, 12(5-6), 409-411.
Carr, N., & Cohen, S. (2009). Holidaying with the family pet: No dogs allowed!. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 9(4), 290-304.
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) (2019). About pets & people. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc. gov/healthypets/health-benefits/index.html (Accessed: 14 Sep 2019).
Chen, A. H., Peng, N., & Hung, K. P. (2014). Developing a pet owners’ tourism constraints scale–the constraints to take dogs to tourist activities. International Journal of Tourism Research, 16(4), 315-324.
Chen, A.H., Hung, K.P., & Peng, N. (2011). Planned leisure behaviour and pet attachment. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4), 1653-1657.
Chen, Y. (2018). Accommodating Travellers with Pets: Is Auckland Ready? (Doctoral dissertation), Auckland University of Technology. Retrieved from: https:// openrepository.aut.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10292/11867/ ChenY.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y (Accessed: 21 Sep 2019).
Cohen, S. P. (2002). Can pets function as family members?. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 24(6), 621-638.
Crawford, D., & Godbey, G. (1987). Reconceptualizing barriers to family leisure. Leisure Sciences, 9, 119-127.
Crawford, D. W., Jackson, E. L., & Godbey, G. (1991). A hierarchical model of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences, 13(4), 309-320.
Fennell, D. A. (2012b). Tourism and animal rights. Tourism Recreation Research, 37(2), 157-166.
Fennell, D. A. (2013). Tourism and animal welfare. Tourism Recreation Research, 38(3), 325-340.
Fennell, D.A. (2012a). Tourism and animal ethics. New York, NY: Routledge.
Fennell, D. A. (2018) (2nd Ed.). Tourism ethics. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
Friedmann, E., & Son, H. (2009). The human–companion animal bond: how humans benefit. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 39(2), 293-326.
George, D. & Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference, 17.0 update (10a ed.) Boston: Pearson.
Gillespie, D. L., Leffler, A., & Lerner, E. (2002). If it weren‘t for my hobby, I’d have a life: dog sports, serious leisure, and boundary negotiations. Leisure Studies, 21(3-4), 285-304.
Gilbert, D., & Hudson, S. (2000). Tourism demand constraints: A skiing participation. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(4), 906-925.
Greenebaum, J. (2004). It’s a dog’s life: Elevating status from pet to” fur baby” at yappy hour. Society & Animals, 12(2), 117-135.
Gunlu Kucukaltan, E. & Dilek, S.E. (2019). A Philosophical Approach to Animal Rights and Welfare in the Tourism Sector. Journal of Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality, 1 (1), 4-14. Retrieved from http://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/toleho/issue/49085/571320
Herzog, H. (2011). The impact of pets on human health and psychological well-being: Fact, fiction, or hypothesis?. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(4), 236- 239.
Herzog, H. (2010). Some we love, some we hate, some we eat: Why it’s so hard to think straight about animals. New York: Harper.
Hultsman, W. Z. (2012). Couple involvement in serious leisure: Examining participation in dog agility. Leisure Studies, 31(2), 231-253.
Hung, K. P., Chen, A., & Peng, N. (2016). Taking dogs to tourist activities: Incorporating attachment into a pet-related constraint-negotiation model. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 40(3), 364-395.
Hung, K., & Petrick, J. F. (2010). Developing a measurement scale for constraints to cruising. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(1), 206-228.
Ivanov, S. H. (2018). Tourism beyond humans–robots, pets and Teddy bears. Paper presented at the International Scientific Conference “Tourism and Innovations”, 14-15th September 2018, College of Tourism – Varna, Varna, Bulgaria.
Jackson, E. (1990). Trends in leisure preferences: alternative constraints-related explanations. Journal of Applied Recreation Research, 15 (3), 129-145.
Jackson, E. (1990). Variations in the desire to begin a leisure activity: evidence of antecedent constraints? Journal of Leisure Research, 22 (1), 55-70.
Jackson, E. & Dunn, E. (1991). Is constrained leisure an internally homogeneous concept? Leisure Sciences, 13, 167-184.
Jackson, E., & Witt, P. (1994). Change and stability in leisure constraints: A comparison of two surveys conducted four years apart. Journal of Leisure Research, 26 (4), 322-336.
Johnson, T. P., Garrity, T. F., & Stallones, L. (1992). Psychometric evaluation of the Lexington attachment to pets scale (LAPS). Anthrozoös, 5(3), 160-175.
Leggat, P. A., & Speare, R. (2000). Traveling with pets. Journal of Travel Medicine, 7(6), 325.
Miller, R.K., & Washington, K. (2013). The 2013-2014 Travel & Tourism Market Research Handbook. Richard K. Miller & Associates.
Miller, R., & Howell, G. V. (2008). Regulating consumption with bite: building a contemporary framework for urban dog management. Journal of Business Research, 61(5), 525-531.
Mueller, M. K., Gee, N. R., & Bures, R. M. (2018). Humananimal interaction as a social determinant of health: descriptive findings from the health and retirement study. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 305.
Nyaupane, G. P., Morais, D. B., & Graefe, A. R. (2004). Nature tourism constraints: A cross-activity comparison. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3), 540-555.
Nyaupane, G. P., & Andereck, K. L. (2008). Understanding travel constraints: Application and extension of a leisure constraints model. Journal of Travel Research, 46(4), 433-439.
Peng, N., Chen, A., & Hung, K. P. (2014). Including pets when undertaking tourist activities: incorporating pet attachment into the TPB Model. Tourism Analysis, 19(1), 69-84.
Poresky, R. H., Hendrix, C., Mosier, J. E., & Samuelson, M. L. (1987). The companion animal bonding scale: Internal reliability and construct validity. Psychological Reports, 60(3), 743-746.
Ridgway, N. M., Kukar-Kinney, M., Monroe, K. B., & Chamberlin, E. (2008). Does excessive buying for self relate to spending on pets?. Journal of Business Research, 61(5), 392-396.
Robinson, L. & Segal, J. (2019). The mood-boosting power of pets. Retrieved from: https://www.helpguide.org/ articles/mental-health/mood-boosting-power-of-dogs.htm (Accessed: 12 Sep 2019).
Sanders, C. R. (1990). The animal ‘other’: Self-definition, social identity, and companion animals. Advances in Consumer Research, 17, 662–668.
Samdahl, D. (1991). Issues in the management of leisure: a comparison of theoretical and connotative meanings. Leisure Sciences, 13, 33-49.
Samdahl, D. M., & Jekubovich, N. J. (1997). A critique of leisure constraints: Comparative analyses and understandings. Journal of Leisure Research, 29(4), 430-452.
Serpell JA. 2003. Anthropomorphism and anthropomorphic selection – beyond the ‘cute response’. Society and Animals, 11(1), 83–100.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2006). Using multivariate statistics. Boston, MA: Pearson Education.
Taillon, J., MacLaurin, T., & Yun, D. (2015). Hotel pet policies: an assessment of willingness to pay for travelling with a pet. Anatolia, 26(1), 89-91.
Urry, J. (2002). Tourist gaze. New York, NY: Sage Publications.
Wade, M. (1985). Constraints on leisure. Springfield. Illinois: Charles C. Thomas.
Walsh, F. (2009). Human‐animal bonds I: The relational significance of companion animals. Family Process, 48(4), 462-480.
White, K. M., Thomas, I., Johnston, K. L., & Hyde, M. K. (2008). Predicting attendance at peer-assisted study sessions for statistics: Role identity and the theory of planned behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology, 148(4), 473-492.
Witt, P., & Goodale, T. (1981). The relationship between barriers to leisure enjoyment and family stages. Leisure Sciences, 4 (1), 29-49.
Zilcha-Mano, S., Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2011). An attachment perspective on human–pet relationships: Conceptualization and assessment of pet attachment orientations. Journal of Research in Personality, 45(4), 345-357.

There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Tourism (Other)
Journal Section	Peer-reviewed Articles
Authors	Sebahattin Dilek 0000-0001-7830-1928 Nur Kulakoğlu Dilek 0000-0002-2115-301X David A. Fennell 0000-0002-7256-1152
Publication Date	June 18, 2020
Submission Date	March 29, 2020
Acceptance Date	April 5, 2020
Published in Issue	Year 2020 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA	Dilek, S., Kulakoğlu Dilek, N., & Fennell, D. A. (2020). Travelling Companions: A Constraint Analysis of Pet Owners in Turkey. Journal of Tourism Leisure and Hospitality, 2(1), 4-13.

Download Cover Image

Article Files

Full Text

Abstracting & Indexing

| | | | |

Making Submissions via DergiPark

The article—prepared according to author guidelines (covering text, references, tables, and figures)—should be sent to Journal of TOLEHO via DergiPark.

Please, use the links below to access the visual descriptions of the submission steps;

Full Open Access Strategy

Journal of TOLEHO is fully sponsored by Anadolu University Faculty of Tourism. Therefore there aren't any article submission, processing or publication charges.

There are also no charges for rejected articles, no proofreading charges, and no surcharges based on the length of an article, figures or supplementary data etc. All items (editorials, corrections, addendums, retractions, comments, etc.) are published free of charge.

Journal of TOLEHO is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the users or institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of open access.

Therefore, all articles published will be immediately and permanently free to read and download. All items has their own unique URL and PDF file.

All items published by the Journal of Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

The licence permits others to use, reproduce, disseminate or display the article in any way, including for commercial purposes, so long as they credit the author for the original creation.

Authors retain copyright and grant the journal exclusive right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal’s published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.

However, Anadolu University Press can also demand to make an additional license agreement with the corresponding author of the study after first publication, in order to publish the manuscript in full text on various other platforms (web page, databases, indexes, promotion circles and etc.).