Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Projected Image of Turkey in Travel Blogs

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 5 - 17, 23.06.2021

Adil Bical , Mesude Canan Ozturk

https://doi.org/10.48119/toleho.823838

Öz

Travel and destination information is mostly provided by textual and storytelling communication practices. With the spread of mobile phones, digital tools and Web 2.0, photographs have become an important medium for reflecting destinations. This study analyses how Turkey is visualized and reflected as a destination through photos by the top 100 most-visited travel bloggers. As a result of the research, predictable findings (e.g. the most visited city: Istanbul or the most interesting historical monuments: Sultan Ahmet, Hagia Sophia) were obtained, and unexpected results were also gathered by the researchers. Among these, street cats (31) attract the same level of curiosity as the Topkapi Palace (34), and bloggers shared Cappadocia’s (21%) photos more than all coastal regions involved in intense of tourism (17%). These results imply clues on which destinations or attractions of Turkey should be emphasized and provide some information about Turkey’s image as a destination.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Turkey Destination image Photo Travel blogs

Kaynakça

  • Akehurst, G. (2008). User generated content: The use of blogs for tourism organisations and tourism consumers. Service Business, 3(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11628-008-0054-2
  • Albers, P. C., & James, W. R. (1988). Travel photography: A methodological approach. Annals of tourism Research, 15(1), 134–158.
  • Baldauf, A., Cravens, K. S., Diamantopoulos, A., & Zeugner-Roth, K. P. (2009). The Impact of Product-Country Image and Marketing Efforts on Retailer-Perceived Brand Equity: An Empirical Analysis☆. Journal of Retailing, 85(4), 437–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2009.04.004
  • Baloglu, S. (2001). Image variations of Turkey by familiarity index: informational and experiential dimensions. Tourism Management, 22(2), 127–133.
  • Baloglu, S., & Mangaloglu, M. (2001). Tourism destination images of Turkey, Egypt, Greece, and Italy as perceived by US-based tour operators and travel agents. Tourism Management, 22(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00030-3
  • Baloglu, S., & McCleary, K. W. (2016). U.S. International Pleasure Travelers’ Images of Four Mediterranean Destinations: A Comparison of Visitors and Nonvisitors. Journal of Travel Research, 38(2), 144–152. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759903800207
  • Barich, H., & Kotler, P. (1991). A framework for marketing image management. MIT Sloan Management Review, 32(2), 94.
  • Campo, S., & Alvarez, M. D. (2014). Can tourism promotions influence a country's negative image? An experimental study on Israel's image. Current Issues in Tourism, 17(3), 201–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2013.766156
  • Choi, S., Lehto, X. Y., & Morrison, A. M. (2007). Destination image representation on the web: Content analysis of Macau travel related websites. Tourism Management, 28(1), 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.03.002
  • Connell, J. (2005). Toddlers, tourism and Tobermory: Destination marketing issues and television-induced tourism. Tourism Management, 26(5), 763–776.
  • Cosenza, T. R., Solomon, M. R., & Kwon, W.-s. (2015). Credibility in the blogosphere: A study of measurement and influence of wine blogs as an information source. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 14(2), 71–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1496
  • Cox, C., Burgess, S., Sellitto, C., & Buultjens, J. (2009). The Role of User-Generated Content in Tourists' Travel Planning Behavior. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 18(8), 743–764. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368620903235753
  • Currie, R. R., Wesley, F., & Sutherland, P. (2008). Going where the Joneses go: Understanding how others influence travel decision‐making. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 2(1), 12–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/17506180810856112
  • Çakmak, E., & Isaac, R. K. (2012). What destination marketers can learn from their visitors’ blogs: An image analysis of Bethlehem, Palestine. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 1(1-2), 124–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2012.09.004
  • Echtner, C. M., & Ritchie, J. B.R. (1993). The Measurement of Destination Image: An Empirical Assessment. Journal of Travel Research, 31(4), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759303100402
  • Gaman, G., & Răcășan, B. S. (2015). Tourist Image Of Romania Reviewed By International Travel Guides. Comparative Study: English, French And German Editions. Revista de turism-studii si cercetari in turism. (19), 60–73.
  • Garrod, B. (2008). Understanding the Relationship between Tourism Destination Imagery and Tourist Photography. Journal of Travel Research, 47(3), 346–358. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287508322785
  • Han, C. M. (1989). Country image: halo or summary construct? Journal of marketing research, 26(2), 222.
  • Hsieh, M.-H., Pan, S.-L., & Setiono, R. (2004). Product-, Corporate-, and Country-Image Dimensions and Purchase Behavior: A Multicountry Analysis. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 32(3), 251–270. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070304264262
  • Joyner, J. (2008). Bloggers as Opinion Leaders. Retrieved from http://www.outsidethebeltway.com/bloggers_as_opinion_leaders/
  • Kim, H., & Richardson, S. L. (2003). Motion picture impacts on destination images. Annals of tourism Research, 30(1), 216–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00062-2
  • Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159. https://doi.org/10.2307/2529310
  • Lee, R., & Lockshin, L. (2012). Reverse country-of-origin effects of product perceptions on destination image. Journal of Travel Research, 51(4), 502–511.
  • Li, D., Lu Wang, C., Jiang, Y., R. Barnes, B., & Zhang, H. (2014). The asymmetric influence of cognitive and affective country image on rational and experiential purchases. European Journal of Marketing, 48(11/12), 2153–2175. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-09-2012-0505
  • Li, X., & Wang, Y. (2011). China in the eyes of western travelers as represented in travel blogs. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 28(7), 689–719.
  • Light, D. (2007). Dracula tourism in Romania Cultural identity and the state. Annals of tourism Research, 34(3), 746–765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2007.03.004
  • Ma, Y., Xiang, Z., Du, Q., & Fan, W. (2018). Effects of user-provided photos on hotel review helpfulness: An analytical approach with deep leaning. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 71, 120–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.12.008
  • MacKay, K. J., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (1997). Pictorial element of destination in image formation. Annals of tourism Research, 24(3), 537–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00011-X
  • Markwell, K. W. (1997). Dimensions of photography in a nature-based tour. Annals of tourism Research, 24(1), 131–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(96)00053-9
  • Markwick, M. (2001). Postcards from Malta. Annals of tourism Research, 28(2), 417–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(00)00049-9
  • Martínez, S. C., & Alvarez, M. D. (2010). Country Versus Destination Image in a Developing Country. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 27(7), 748–764. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2010.519680
  • Mossberg, L., & Kleppe, I. A. (2005). Country and destination image – different or similar image concepts? The Service Industries Journal, 25(4), 493–503. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642060500092147
  • Munar, A. M., & Jacobsen, J. K. S. (2014). Motivations for sharing tourism experiences through social media. Tourism Management, 43, 46–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.01.012
  • Nadeau, J., Heslop, L., O’Reilly, N., & Luk, P. (2008). Destination in a country image context. Annals of tourism Research, 35(1), 84–106.
  • Pharr, J. M. (2015). Synthesizing Country-of-Origin Research from the Last Decade: Is the Concept Still Salient in an Era of Global Brands? Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 13(4), 34–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/10696679.2005.11658557
  • Phau, I., Shanka, T., & Dhayan, N. (2010). Destination image and choice intention of university student travellers to Mauritius. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 22(5), 758–764. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596111011053846
  • Ren, M., Vu, H. Q., Li, G., & Law, R. (2020). Large-scale comparative analyses of hotel photo content posted by managers and customers to review platforms based on deep learning: İmplications for hospitality marketers. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2020.1765226
  • Song, X., Chi, Y., Hino, K., & Tseng, B. (2007). Identifying opinion leaders in the blogosphere. In M. J. Silva, A. O. Falcão, A. A. F. Laender, R. Baeza-Yates, D. L. McGuinness, B. Olstad, & Ø. H. Olsen (Eds.), Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM conference on Conference on information and knowledge management - CIKM '07 (p. 971). New York, New York, USA: ACM Press. https://doi.org/10.1145/1321440.1321588
  • Stepchenkova, S., & Mills, J. E. (2010). Destination Image: A Meta-Analysis of 2000–2007 Research. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 19(6), 575–609. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2010.493071
  • Stepchenkova, S., & Morrison, A. M. (2006). The destination image of Russia: From the online induced perspective. Tourism Management, 27(5), 943–956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.10.021
  • Stepchenkova, S., & Zhan, F. (2013). Visual destination images of Peru: Comparative content analysis of DMO and user-generated photography. Tourism Management, 36, 590–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.08.006
  • Şimşek, H., & Yıldırım, A. (2016). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri (10th ed.). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Torun, C. (Director). (2016). Kedi [Motion picture]. Türkiye: Termite Films.
  • Tudor, R. (2012). The image of tourist destinations represented in travel blog photography. Case study: Romania's image reflected in French bloggers photos. Revista de turism-studii si cercetari in turism. (13).
  • Turkey:Home Tanıtım Kampanyası. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvTRgukcw_8
  • Yüksel, A., & Akgül, O. (2007). Postcards as affective image makers: An idle agent in destination marketing. Tourism Management, 28(3), 714–725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.04.026
  • Zehrer, A., Crotts, J. C., & Magnini, V. P. (2011). The perceived usefulness of blog postings: An extension of the expectancy-disconfirmation paradigm. Tourism Management, 32(1), 106–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.06.013
  • Zhang, H., Xu, F., Leung, H. H., & Cai, L. A. (2015). The Influence of Destination-Country Image on Prospective Tourists’ Visit Intention: Testing Three Competing Models. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 21(7), 811–835. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2015.1075566
  • Zhang, K., Chen, Y., & Li, C. (2019). Discovering the tourists' behaviors and perceptions in a tourism destination by analyzing photos' visual content with a computer deep learning model: The case of Beijing. Tourism Management, 75, 595–608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.07.002

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 5 - 17, 23.06.2021

Adil Bical , Mesude Canan Ozturk

https://doi.org/10.48119/toleho.823838

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Akehurst, G. (2008). User generated content: The use of blogs for tourism organisations and tourism consumers. Service Business, 3(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11628-008-0054-2
  • Albers, P. C., & James, W. R. (1988). Travel photography: A methodological approach. Annals of tourism Research, 15(1), 134–158.
  • Baldauf, A., Cravens, K. S., Diamantopoulos, A., & Zeugner-Roth, K. P. (2009). The Impact of Product-Country Image and Marketing Efforts on Retailer-Perceived Brand Equity: An Empirical Analysis☆. Journal of Retailing, 85(4), 437–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2009.04.004
  • Baloglu, S. (2001). Image variations of Turkey by familiarity index: informational and experiential dimensions. Tourism Management, 22(2), 127–133.
  • Baloglu, S., & Mangaloglu, M. (2001). Tourism destination images of Turkey, Egypt, Greece, and Italy as perceived by US-based tour operators and travel agents. Tourism Management, 22(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00030-3
  • Baloglu, S., & McCleary, K. W. (2016). U.S. International Pleasure Travelers’ Images of Four Mediterranean Destinations: A Comparison of Visitors and Nonvisitors. Journal of Travel Research, 38(2), 144–152. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759903800207
  • Barich, H., & Kotler, P. (1991). A framework for marketing image management. MIT Sloan Management Review, 32(2), 94.
  • Campo, S., & Alvarez, M. D. (2014). Can tourism promotions influence a country's negative image? An experimental study on Israel's image. Current Issues in Tourism, 17(3), 201–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2013.766156
  • Choi, S., Lehto, X. Y., & Morrison, A. M. (2007). Destination image representation on the web: Content analysis of Macau travel related websites. Tourism Management, 28(1), 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.03.002
  • Connell, J. (2005). Toddlers, tourism and Tobermory: Destination marketing issues and television-induced tourism. Tourism Management, 26(5), 763–776.
  • Cosenza, T. R., Solomon, M. R., & Kwon, W.-s. (2015). Credibility in the blogosphere: A study of measurement and influence of wine blogs as an information source. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 14(2), 71–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1496
  • Cox, C., Burgess, S., Sellitto, C., & Buultjens, J. (2009). The Role of User-Generated Content in Tourists' Travel Planning Behavior. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 18(8), 743–764. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368620903235753
  • Currie, R. R., Wesley, F., & Sutherland, P. (2008). Going where the Joneses go: Understanding how others influence travel decision‐making. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 2(1), 12–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/17506180810856112
  • Çakmak, E., & Isaac, R. K. (2012). What destination marketers can learn from their visitors’ blogs: An image analysis of Bethlehem, Palestine. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 1(1-2), 124–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2012.09.004
  • Echtner, C. M., & Ritchie, J. B.R. (1993). The Measurement of Destination Image: An Empirical Assessment. Journal of Travel Research, 31(4), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759303100402
  • Gaman, G., & Răcășan, B. S. (2015). Tourist Image Of Romania Reviewed By International Travel Guides. Comparative Study: English, French And German Editions. Revista de turism-studii si cercetari in turism. (19), 60–73.
  • Garrod, B. (2008). Understanding the Relationship between Tourism Destination Imagery and Tourist Photography. Journal of Travel Research, 47(3), 346–358. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287508322785
  • Han, C. M. (1989). Country image: halo or summary construct? Journal of marketing research, 26(2), 222.
  • Hsieh, M.-H., Pan, S.-L., & Setiono, R. (2004). Product-, Corporate-, and Country-Image Dimensions and Purchase Behavior: A Multicountry Analysis. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 32(3), 251–270. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070304264262
  • Joyner, J. (2008). Bloggers as Opinion Leaders. Retrieved from http://www.outsidethebeltway.com/bloggers_as_opinion_leaders/
  • Kim, H., & Richardson, S. L. (2003). Motion picture impacts on destination images. Annals of tourism Research, 30(1), 216–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00062-2
  • Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159. https://doi.org/10.2307/2529310
  • Lee, R., & Lockshin, L. (2012). Reverse country-of-origin effects of product perceptions on destination image. Journal of Travel Research, 51(4), 502–511.
  • Li, D., Lu Wang, C., Jiang, Y., R. Barnes, B., & Zhang, H. (2014). The asymmetric influence of cognitive and affective country image on rational and experiential purchases. European Journal of Marketing, 48(11/12), 2153–2175. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-09-2012-0505
  • Li, X., & Wang, Y. (2011). China in the eyes of western travelers as represented in travel blogs. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 28(7), 689–719.
  • Light, D. (2007). Dracula tourism in Romania Cultural identity and the state. Annals of tourism Research, 34(3), 746–765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2007.03.004
  • Ma, Y., Xiang, Z., Du, Q., & Fan, W. (2018). Effects of user-provided photos on hotel review helpfulness: An analytical approach with deep leaning. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 71, 120–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.12.008
  • MacKay, K. J., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (1997). Pictorial element of destination in image formation. Annals of tourism Research, 24(3), 537–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00011-X
  • Markwell, K. W. (1997). Dimensions of photography in a nature-based tour. Annals of tourism Research, 24(1), 131–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(96)00053-9
  • Markwick, M. (2001). Postcards from Malta. Annals of tourism Research, 28(2), 417–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(00)00049-9
  • Martínez, S. C., & Alvarez, M. D. (2010). Country Versus Destination Image in a Developing Country. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 27(7), 748–764. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2010.519680
  • Mossberg, L., & Kleppe, I. A. (2005). Country and destination image – different or similar image concepts? The Service Industries Journal, 25(4), 493–503. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642060500092147
  • Munar, A. M., & Jacobsen, J. K. S. (2014). Motivations for sharing tourism experiences through social media. Tourism Management, 43, 46–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.01.012
  • Nadeau, J., Heslop, L., O’Reilly, N., & Luk, P. (2008). Destination in a country image context. Annals of tourism Research, 35(1), 84–106.
  • Pharr, J. M. (2015). Synthesizing Country-of-Origin Research from the Last Decade: Is the Concept Still Salient in an Era of Global Brands? Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 13(4), 34–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/10696679.2005.11658557
  • Phau, I., Shanka, T., & Dhayan, N. (2010). Destination image and choice intention of university student travellers to Mauritius. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 22(5), 758–764. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596111011053846
  • Ren, M., Vu, H. Q., Li, G., & Law, R. (2020). Large-scale comparative analyses of hotel photo content posted by managers and customers to review platforms based on deep learning: İmplications for hospitality marketers. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2020.1765226
  • Song, X., Chi, Y., Hino, K., & Tseng, B. (2007). Identifying opinion leaders in the blogosphere. In M. J. Silva, A. O. Falcão, A. A. F. Laender, R. Baeza-Yates, D. L. McGuinness, B. Olstad, & Ø. H. Olsen (Eds.), Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM conference on Conference on information and knowledge management - CIKM '07 (p. 971). New York, New York, USA: ACM Press. https://doi.org/10.1145/1321440.1321588
  • Stepchenkova, S., & Mills, J. E. (2010). Destination Image: A Meta-Analysis of 2000–2007 Research. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 19(6), 575–609. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2010.493071
  • Stepchenkova, S., & Morrison, A. M. (2006). The destination image of Russia: From the online induced perspective. Tourism Management, 27(5), 943–956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.10.021
  • Stepchenkova, S., & Zhan, F. (2013). Visual destination images of Peru: Comparative content analysis of DMO and user-generated photography. Tourism Management, 36, 590–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.08.006
  • Şimşek, H., & Yıldırım, A. (2016). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri (10th ed.). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Torun, C. (Director). (2016). Kedi [Motion picture]. Türkiye: Termite Films.
  • Tudor, R. (2012). The image of tourist destinations represented in travel blog photography. Case study: Romania's image reflected in French bloggers photos. Revista de turism-studii si cercetari in turism. (13).
  • Turkey:Home Tanıtım Kampanyası. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvTRgukcw_8
  • Yüksel, A., & Akgül, O. (2007). Postcards as affective image makers: An idle agent in destination marketing. Tourism Management, 28(3), 714–725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.04.026
  • Zehrer, A., Crotts, J. C., & Magnini, V. P. (2011). The perceived usefulness of blog postings: An extension of the expectancy-disconfirmation paradigm. Tourism Management, 32(1), 106–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.06.013
  • Zhang, H., Xu, F., Leung, H. H., & Cai, L. A. (2015). The Influence of Destination-Country Image on Prospective Tourists’ Visit Intention: Testing Three Competing Models. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 21(7), 811–835. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2015.1075566
  • Zhang, K., Chen, Y., & Li, C. (2019). Discovering the tourists' behaviors and perceptions in a tourism destination by analyzing photos' visual content with a computer deep learning model: The case of Beijing. Tourism Management, 75, 595–608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.07.002
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Turizm (Diğer)
Bölüm Peer-reviewed Articles
Yazarlar

Adil Bical 0000-0001-6139-5497

Mesude Canan Ozturk 0000-0002-2677-6902

Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Haziran 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Kasım 2020
Kabul Tarihi 14 Ocak 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Bical, A., & Ozturk, M. C. (2021). Projected Image of Turkey in Travel Blogs. Journal of Tourism Leisure and Hospitality, 3(1), 5-17. https://doi.org/10.48119/toleho.823838
 Kapak Resmi İndir

Abstracting & Indexing

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