Examining the effect of life satisfaction on hedonic eating

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 19 - 36, 01.07.2025

İbrahim Armutoğlu , Pınar Şenel

https://doi.org/10.48119/toleho.1560167

Abstract

Life satisfaction is a key factor in determining an individual's life expectancy, as people with high life satisfaction tend to be satisfied with their living conditions and enjoy their lives. On the other hand, hedonic eating is an action that individuals perform for pleasure. Although life satisfaction has been investigated in the literature concerning cognitive, psychological, socio-cultural, and economic factors, it has been addressed in a limited number of studies regarding eating. In this context, the effect of life satisfaction on the sub-dimensions of hedonic eating—namely, coping, enhancement, social, and conformity—was examined. As a result of the study, a negative relationship was found between life satisfaction and hedonic eating, suggesting that conformity purposes may have a negative impact on life satisfaction. The study aims to contribute to the literature in the fields of gastronomy, nutrition, sociology, and psychology, as well as food and beverage, catering, and recreation businesses and organizations operating in the field of social sociology and psychology.

Keywords

Life satisfaction , Satisfaction , Hedonic Eating , Eating Disorders

Ethical Statement

The data were collected between 29.12.2023 and 25.01.2024 after the approval of Anadolu University Scientific Research Ethics Committee dated 28.12.2023 and protocol number 663920.

References

• Akin, M. (2008). The Effects of Organizational Support, Social Support and Work/Family Conflicts on Life Satisfaction. Erciyes University Journal of Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences 1(25), pp. 141 – 171.
• Ambwani, S., Roche, M. J., Minnick, A. M., & Pincus, A. L. (2015). Negative affect, interpersonal perception, and binge eating behavior: An experience sampling study. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 48(6), pp. 715–726. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22410
• An, B., Sato, M., & Harada, M. (2024). Grit, leisure involvement, and life satisfaction: A case of amateur triathletes in Japan. Leisure Sciences, 46(3), pp. 237 – 253. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2021.1927269
• And, A., Sylvester, M. D., Turan, B., Uysal Irak, D., Ray, M. K., & Boggiano, M. M. (2018). The Turkish Palatable Eating Motives Scale (T-PEMS): Utility in predicting binge-eating eating and obesity risk in university students. Eating and Weight Disorders: EWD, 23(4), pp. 527 – 531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-017-0383-z
• Andrews, F. M., & Crandall, R. (1976). The validity of measures of self-reported well-being. Social Indicators Research, 3(1), pp. 1 – 19. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00286161
• Andrews, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (1974). Developing measures of perceived life quality: Results from several national surveys. Social Indicators Research, 1(1), pp. 1 – 26. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00286419
• Aukan, M. I., Finlayson, G., & Martins, C. (2024). Hedonic hunger, eating behavior, and food reward and preferences 1 year after initial weight loss by diet or bariatric surgery. Obesity, 32(6), pp. 1059 – 1070. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.24021
• Aydin, I., & Gumusboga, I. (2023). The relationship of leisure boredom, uncontrolled eating and life satisfaction in recreational runners. Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science, 6(1), pp. 45 – 61. https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.1301618
• Aymerich, M., Cladellas, R., Castello, A., Casas, F., & Cunill, M. (2021). The evolution of life satisfaction throughout childhood and adolescence: differences in young people’s evaluations according to age and gender. Child Indicators Research, 14(6), pp. 2347 – 2369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-021-09846-9
• Bai, Y., Ocampo, J., Jin, G., Chen, S., Benet-Martinez, V., Monroy, M., Anderson, C., & Keltner, D. (2021). Awe, daily stress, and elevated life satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 120(4), pp. 837 – 860. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000267
• Barrington-Leigh, C. P. (2021). Life satisfaction and sustainability: a policy framework. SN Social Sciences, 1(7), 176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-021-00185-8
• Baumann, M., Tchicaya, A., Lorentz, N., & Le Bihan, E. (2017). Life satisfaction and longitudinal changes in physical activity, diabetes and obesity among patients with cardiovascular diseases. BMC Public Health, 17, pp. 1 – 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4925-0
• Bayram, D. D. N., Sam, D. N., Aytac, P. D. S., & Aytac, P. D. M. (2010). Life satisfaction and social exclusion. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, 12(4), pp. 79 – 92. https://doi.org/10.4026/1303-2860.2010.157.x
• Becchetti, L., Colcerasa, F., Peragine, V., & Pisani, F. (2024). Inequality of opportunity and life satisfaction. Oxford Economic Papers, 76(4), pp. 1204 – 1225. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpae011
• Bekmezci, M. & Mert, I. S. (2018). Turkish validity and reliability study of life satisfaction scale. Journal of Social Sciences, 5(8), pp. 166–177.
• Berggren, N., & Bjornskov, C. (2020). Institutions and Life Satisfaction. In K. Z. Zimmermann (Ed.), Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics (pp.1 – 48). Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57365-6_192-1
• Bernarto, I., Bachtiar, D., Sudibjo, N., Suryawan, I. N., Purwanto, A., & Asbari, M. (2020). Effect of transformational leadership, perceived organizational support, job satisfaction toward life satisfaction: Evidences from Indonesian teachers. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(3), pp. 5495 – 5503.
• Berthoud, H. R. (2011). Metabolic and hedonic drives in the neural control of appetite: Who is the boss? Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 21(6), pp. 888 – 896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2011.09.004
• Best, S., & Chinta, R. (2021). Work–life balance and life satisfaction among the self-employed. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 28(7), pp. 995 – 1011. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-06-2019-0186
• Biernacki, P., & Waldorf, D. (1981). Snowball sampling: Problems and techniques of chain referral sampling. Sociological Methods & Research, 10(2), pp. 141 – 163. https://doi.org/10.1177/004912418101000205
• Black, W., Babin, B.J. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis: Its Approach, Evolution, and Impact. In: Babin, B.J., Sarstedt, M. (eds), The Great Facilitator: Reflections on the Contributions of Joseph F. Hair, Jr. to Marketing and Business Research (pp. 121 – 130). Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06031-2_16
• Boggiano, M. M., Wenger, L. E., Burgess, E. E., Tatum, M. M., Sylvester, M. D., Morgan, P. R., & Morse, K. E. (2017). Eating tasty foods to cope, enhance reward, socialize or conform: What other psychological characteristics describe each of these motives? Journal of Health Psychology, 22(3), pp. 280-289. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105315600240
• Boggiano, M. M., Wenger, L. E., Turan, B., Tatum, M. M., Sylvester, M. D., Morgan, P. R., Morse, K. E. & Burgess, E. E. (2015). Real-time sampling of reasons for hedonic food consumption: further validation of the Palatable Eating Motives Scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, pp. 744. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00744
• Burgess, E. E., Turan, B., Lokken, K. L., Morse, A., & Boggiano, M. M. (2014). Profiling motives behind hedonic eating. Preliminary validation of the Palatable Eating Motives Scale. Appetite, 72, pp. 66 – 72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2013.09.016
• Camacho, D., Lee, Y., Bhattacharya, A., Vargas, L. X., Kimberly, L., & Lukens, E. (2019). High life satisfaction: Exploring the role of health, social integration and perceived safety among Mexican midlife and older adults. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 62(5), pp. 521 – 542. https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2019.1621975
• Cetiner, H., & Yayla, O. (2021). The effect of activity commitment on life satisfaction and quality of life: A research about cyclists. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (42), pp. 209 – 222. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.746900
• Chmurzynska, A., Mlodzik-Czyzewska, M. A., Radziejewska, A., & Wiebe, D. J. (2021). Hedonic Hunger Is Associated with Intake of Certain High-Fat Food Types and BMI in 20- to 40-Year-Old Adults. The Journal of Nutrition, 151(4), pp. 820 – 825. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa434
• Ciftci, F., & Zencir, E. (2019). Social Entrepreneurship Behaviour, Job Satisfaction and Life Satisfaction of Employees in Turkish Tourism Sector: TaTuTa Project Narkoy Example. Tourism Academic Journal, 6(1), pp. 131 – 145.
• Claydon, E. A., DeFazio, C., Lilly, C. L., & Zullig, K. J. (2020). Life satisfaction among a clinical eating disorder population. Journal of Eating Disorders, 8, pp. 1 – 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-020-00326-z
• Crane, N. T., Butryn, M. L., Gorin, A. A., Lowe, M. R., & LaFata, E. M. (2023). Overlapping and distinct relationships between hedonic hunger, uncontrolled eating, food craving, and the obesogenic home food environment during and after a 12-month behavioral weight loss program. Appetite, 185, 106543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2023.106543
• Devonport, T. J., Nicholls, W., & Fullerton, C. (2019). A systematic review of the association between emotions and eating behaviour in normal and overweight adult populations. Journal of Health Psychology, 24(1), pp. 3 – 24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105317697813
• Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), pp. 71 –75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
• Dockery, A. M. (2003). Happiness, life satisfaction and the role of work: Evidence from two Australian surveys. Working Paper No. 03.10, School of Economics and Finance, Curtin Business School, Curtin University of Technology.
• Draper, N. R., & Smith, H. (1998). Applied Regression Analysis (3rd Ed.). USA: John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118625590
• Dulai, J. & Jaspal, R. (2024). Social connectedness and identity resilience buffer against minority stress and enhance life satisfaction in ethnic and sexual minorities in the UK. Trends in Psychology, pp. 1 - 29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43076-024-00375-2
• Dunbar, R. I. M. (2017). Breaking bread: The functions of social eating. Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology, 3(3), pp. 198 – 211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40750-017-0061-4
• Duong, C. D. (2021). The impact of fear and anxiety of COVID-19 on life satisfaction: Psychological distress and sleep disturbance as mediators. Personality and Individual Differences, 178, 110869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110869
• Ertem, Y. M., & Karakas, M. (2021). Relationship between emotional eating and coping with stress of nursing students. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 57(2), pp. 433 – 442. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12599
• Evers, C., Dingemans, A., Junghans, A. F., & Boevé, A. (2018). Feeling bad or feeling good, does emotion affect your consumption of food? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 92, pp. 195 – 208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.028
• Galmiche, M., Déchelotte, P., Lambert, G., & Tavolacci, M. P. (2019). Prevalence of eating disorders over the 2000–2018 period: a systematic literature review. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 109(5), pp. 1402 – 1413. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy342
• Glaz, S. (2024). The relationship between meaning in life, life satisfaction, and job satisfaction with religious experience in the life of Polish nurses. Journal of Religion and Health, 63(3), pp. 1710 – 1731. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01589-3
• Gokce, A., & Ozer, A. (2021). The relationship between problematic cell phone use, eating disorders and social anxiety among university students. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 37(4), pp. 1201 – 1205. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.4.4124
• Gonzalez, C. E. F., Chavez-Servín, J. L., Torre-Carbot, K., Ronquillo Gonzalez, D., Aguilera Barreiro, M. D. L. Á., & Ojeda Navarro, L. R. (2022). Relationship between emotional eating, consumption of hyperpalatable energy‐dense foods, and indicators of nutritional status: A systematic review. Journal of Obesity, 2022(1), 4243868. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4243868
• Graca, L., & Brandao, T. (2024). Religious/spiritual coping, emotion regulation, psychological well-being, and life satisfaction among university students. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 52(3), pp. 342 – 358. https://doi.org/10.1177/00916471231223920
• Gu, X., Luo, W., Zhao, X., Chen, Y., Zheng, Y., Zhou, J., Zeng, X., Yan, L., Chen, Y., Zhang, X., Lv, J., Lang, Y., Wang, Z., Gao, C., Jiang, Y. & Li, R. (2022). The effects of loving‐kindness and compassion meditation on life satisfaction: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 14(3), pp. 1081 -1101. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12367
• Gurkan, K. P., Aydogdu, N. G., Dokuzcan, D. A., & Yalcinkaya, A. (2022). The effects of nurses' perceived stress and life satisfaction on their emotional eating behaviors. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 58(3), pp. 1048 – 1054. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12897
• He, J., Zhao, Y., Zhang, H., & Lin, Z. (2021). Orthorexia nervosa is associated with positive body image and life satisfaction in Chinese elderly: Evidence for a positive psychology perspective. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 54(2), pp. 212 – 221. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23400
• He, X., Zhou, Y., Yuan, X., & Zhu, M. (2024). The coordination relationship between urban development and urban life satisfaction in Chinese cities-An empirical analysis based on multi-source data. Cities, 150, 105016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2024.105016
• Herman, C. P., Polivy, J., Pliner, P., & Vartanian, L. R. (2019). Social Influences on Eating. Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28817-4
• Herren, O. M., Agurs-Collins, T., Dwyer, L. A., Perna, F. M., & Ferrer, R. (2021). Emotion suppression, coping strategies, dietary patterns, and BMI. Eating Behaviors, 41, 101500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2021.101500
• Jeong, H. N., Chang, S. J., & Kim, S. (2024). Associations with smartphone usage and life satisfaction among older adults: mediating roles of depressive symptoms and cognitive function. Geriatric Nursing, 55, pp. 168 – 175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2023.11.013
• Kalaitzaki, A., Tsouvelas, G., & Koukouli, S. (2021). Social capital, social support and perceived stress in college students: The role of resilience and life satisfaction. Stress and Health, 37(3), pp. 454 – 465. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.3008
• Kan, M. E., & Kantar, G. (2024). The relationship of the strategic plans of municipalities with the development plan in Turkey: A research on 3 major cities through the 11th Development Plan. HUMANITAS – International Journal of Social Sciences 12 (Special Issue of the 100th Anniversary of the Republic), pp. 142 – 166. https://doi.org/10.20304/humanitas.1430511
• Kapteyn, A., Smith, J. P. & van Soest, A. (2010). Life satisfaction. In E. Diener, D. Kahneman & J. Helliwell (Eds.), International Differences in Well-being (pp. 70 – 104). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732739.001.0001
• Kaur, K., & Jensen, C. D. (2022). Does hedonic hunger predict eating behavior and body mass in adolescents with overweight or obesity? Children's Health Care, 51(2), pp. 184 – 198. https://doi.org/10.1080/02739615.2021.1983435
• Keller, F. C. (2019). Do we love food equally? The relationship between identification with an eating culture and hedonic activation in response to palatable food, Unpublished Master's Thesis, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. https://studenttheses.uu.nl/handle/20.500.12932/34771
• Kerry, N., Chhabra, R., & Clifton, J. D. W. (2023). Being Thankful for What You Have: A Systematic Review of Evidence for the Effect of Gratitude on Life Satisfaction. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 16, pp. 4799–4816. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S372432
• Khodabakhsh, S. (2022). Factors affecting life satisfaction of older adults in Asia: A systematic review. Journal of Happiness Studies, 23(3), pp. 1289 – 1304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-021-00433-x
• Kim, E. S., Delaney, S. W., Tay, L., Chen, Y., Diener, E. D., & Vanderweele, T. J. (2021). Life satisfaction and subsequent physical, behavioral, and psychosocial health in older adults. The Milbank Quarterly, 99(1), pp. 209 – 239. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12497
• Kodas, D., Ozturk, E., & Deniz, S. (2021). The Relationship Between Local Resident Perceptions of Tourism Impact, Support for Tourism Development and Life Satisfaction: A Case of Mardin. Journal of Turkish Tourism Research, 5(4), pp. 2613–2629. https://doi.org/10.26677/TR1010.2021.889
• Kohinor, M. J., Stronks, K., Nicolaou, M., & Haafkens, J. A. (2011). Considerations affecting dietary behavior of immigrants with type 2 diabetes: A qualitative study among Surinamese in the Netherlands. Ethnicity & Health, 16(3), pp. 245 – 258. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2011.563557
• Komura, T., Cowden, R. G., Chen, R., Andrews, R. M., & Shiba, K. (2023). Estimating the heterogeneous effect of life satisfaction on cognitive functioning among older adults: evidence of US and UK national surveys. SSM-Mental Health, 4, 100260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmmh.2023.100260
• Konttinen, H. (2020). Emotional eating and obesity in adults: the role of depression, sleep and genes. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 79(3), pp. 283 – 289. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0029665120000166
• Kusbiantari, D., Fitriana, E., Hinduan, Z., & Srisayekti, W. (2020). Binge eating and quality of life: Analysis of gender and ethnicity. MIMBAR: Jurnal Sosial dan Pembangunan, 36(2), pp. 351 – 360. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1166-6142
• Lau, B. K., Cota, D., Cristino, L., & Borgland, S. L. (2017). Endocannabinoid modulation of homeostatic and non-homeostatic feeding circuits. Neuropharmacology, 124, pp. 38 –51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.05.033
• Lee, P. C., & Dixon, J. B. (2017). Food for thought: reward mechanisms and hedonic overeating in obesity. Current Obesity Reports, 6(4), pp. 353 – 361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-017-0280-9
• Liu, J., Wei, W., Peng, Q., Xue, C., & Yang, S. (2021). The roles of life satisfaction and community recreational facilities in the relationship between loneliness and depression in older adults. Clinical Gerontologist, 45(2) pp. 366 – 389. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317115.2021.1901166
• Livovsky, D. M., Pribic, T., & Azpiroz, F. (2020). Food, eating, and the gastrointestinal tract. Nutrients, 12(4), pp. 986. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040986
• Long, L. M. (2017). Comfort Food in Culinary Tourism: Negotiating “Home” as Exotic and Familiar. In M. O. Jones & L. M. Long (Eds.), Comfort Food: Meanings and Memories (pp. 126 – 149). Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. https://doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496810847.003.0008
• Lv, R., Yang, L., Li, J., Wei, X., Ren, Y., Wang, W., Hou, J. & Fang, X. (2024). Relationship between social participation and life satisfaction in community-dwelling older adults: Multiple mediating roles of depression and cognitive function. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 117, 105233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2023.105233
• Macit, M. (2021). Burnout and Life Satisfaction Amongst University Students: A Study on KSU Students. Optimum Journal of Economics and Management Sciences, 8(2), pp. 263 – 290. https://doi.org/10.17541/optimum.872828
• Mason, T. B., Dunton, G. F., Gearhardt, A. N., & Leventhal, A. M. (2020). Emotional disorder symptoms, anhedonia, and negative urgency as predictors of hedonic hunger in adolescents. Eating Behaviors, 36, 101343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2019.101343
• Meneguzzo, P., Collantoni, E., Bonello, E., Vergine, M., Behrens, S. C., Tenconi, E., & Favaro, A. (2020). The role of sexual orientation in the relationships between body perception, body weight dissatisfaction, physical comparison, and eating psychopathology in the cisgender population. Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 26, pp. 1985 – 2000. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-020-01047-7
• Milosevic, T., Bhroin, N. N., Ólafsson, K., Staksrud, E., & Wachs, S. (2024). Time spent online and children’s self-reported life satisfaction in Norway: The socio-ecological perspective. New Media & Society, 26(5), pp. 2407 – 2428. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221082651
• Mo, Q. Z. L., & Bai, B. Y. (2024). Explicit attitudes toward obesity and life satisfaction in Chinese adolescents: the mediating role of weight dissatisfaction and moderating role of weight status. Current Psychology, 43(4), pp. 3047 – 3055. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04556-7
• Morales-Garcia, W. C., Vallejos, M., Sairitupa-Sanchez, L. Z., Morales-Garcia, S. B., Rivera-Lozada, O., & Morales-Garcia, M. (2024). Depression, professional self-efficacy, and job performance as predictors of life satisfaction: the mediating role of work engagement in nurses. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1268336. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1268336
• Motteli, S., Siegrist, M., & Keller, C. (2017). Women's social eating environment and its associations with dietary behavior and weight management. Appetite, 110, pp. 86 – 93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.12.014
• Narjabadifam, M., Bonyadi, M., Rafat, S. A., Mahdavi, R., & Aliasghari, F. (2021). Association study of rs17782313 polymorphism near MC4R gene with obesity/overweight, BMI, and hedonic hunger among women from northwestern Iran. Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 14(4), pp. 353 – 364. https://doi.org/10.3233/MNM-200530
• Nevarez, D. R. S. (2016). Association between diet and life satisfaction in Finnish elderly women. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:uef-20161304
• Nevitt, J., & Hancock, G. R. (2004). Evaluating small sample approaches for model test statistics in structural equation modeling. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(3), pp. 439 – 478. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1207/S15327906MBR3903_3
• Nicolaou, M., Doak, C., Van Dam, R., Hosper, K., Seidell, J., & Stronks, K. (2008). Body size preference and body weight perception among two migrant groups of non-Western origin. Public Health Nutrition, 11(12), pp. 1332 – 1341. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980008002966
• Noy, C. (2008). Sampling knowledge: The hermeneutics of snowball sampling in qualitative research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 11(4), pp. 327 – 344. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645570701401305
• Nymo, S., Børresen Skjølsvold, O., Aukan, M., Finlayson, G., Græslie, H., Mårvik, R., Kulseng, B., Sandvik, J. & Martins, C. (2022). Suboptimal weight loss 13 years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: is hedonic hunger, eating behaviour and food reward to blame? Obesity Surgery, 32(7), pp. 2263 – 2271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-022-06075-z
• Oh, A., Erinosho, T., Dunton, G., Perna, F. M., & Berrigan, D. (2014). Cross-sectional examination of physical and social contexts of episodes of eating and drinking in a national sample of US adults. Public Health Nutrition, 17(12), pp. 2721 – 2729. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980013003315
• Ortega, A., Bejarano, C. M., Hesse, D. R., Reed, D., & Cushing, C. C. (2023). Temporal discounting modifies the effect of microtemporal hedonic hunger on food consumption: An ecological momentary assessment study. Eating Behaviors, 48, 101697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2022.101697
• Ozdevecioglu, M., & Aktas, A. (2007). The Effects of Career Commitment, Occupational Commitment and Organizational Commitment on Life Satisfaction: The Role of Work-Family Conflict. Erciyes University Journal of Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 28, pp. 1 – 20.
• Ozer, K. & Kucuk, Z. (2024). The Mediating Role of Life Satisfaction in the Relationship Between Mindfulness Level and Perceived Stress Level in Pilots. Human Factors in Aviation and Aerospace, 1(1), pp. 20 – 41. https://doi.org/10.26650/hfaa.2024.1470309
• Pannicke, B., Kaiser, T., Reichenberger, J., & Blechert, J. (2021). Networks of stress, affect and eating behaviour: anticipated stress coping predicts goal-congruent eating in young adults. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 18(9), pp. 1 – 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-01066-8
• Parker, M. N., Wilkinson, M. L., Hunt, R. A., Ortiz, A., Manasse, S. M., & Juarascio, A. S. (2022). Eating expectancies and hedonic hunger among individuals with bulimia‐spectrum eating disorders who plan binge‐eating episodes. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 55(1), pp. 120 – 124. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23628
• Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (2008). The Satisfaction with Life Scale and the emerging construct of life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3(2), pp. 137 – 152. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760701756946
• Polatci, S. (2015). The Effects of Perceived Organizational and Social Support on Life Satisfaction: The Mediation Role of Job and Marriage Satisfaction. The International Journal of Economic and Social Research, 11(2), pp. 25 – 44.
• Polivy, J., Herman, C. P., & Mills, J. S. (2020). What is restrained eating and how do we identify it? Appetite, 155, 104820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2020.104820
• Proctor, C., Linley, P. A., Maltby, J. (2017). Life Satisfaction. In R. Levesque (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Adolescence (pp. 1606 – 1614). New York, NY: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1695-2_125
• Rawlings, J. O., Pantula, S. G., & Dickey, D. A. (Eds.). (1998). Applied Regression Analysis: A Research Tool. New York, NY: Springer.
• Reichenberger, J., Schnepper, R., Arend, A. K., & Blechert, J. (2020). Emotional eating in healthy individuals and patients with an eating disorder: evidence from psychometric, experimental and naturalistic studies. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 79(3), pp. 290 – 299. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0029665120007004
• Rogowska, A. M., Kuśnierz, C., & Bokszczanin, A. (2020). Examining anxiety, life satisfaction, general health, stress, and coping styles during Covıd-19 pandemic in a Polish sample of university students. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 13(1), pp. 797 –811. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S266511
• Sadler, G. R., Lee, H. C., Lim, R. S. H., & Fullerton, J. (2010). Recruitment of hard‐to‐reach population subgroups via adaptations of the snowball sampling strategy. Nursing & Health Sciences, 12(3), pp. 369 – 374. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2018.2010.00541.x
• Santilli, S., Valbusa, I., Rinaldi, B., & Ginevra, M. C. (2024). Life Satisfaction, Courage, and Career Adaptability in a Group of Italian Workers. Social Sciences, 13(2), 106. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13020106
• Schnettler, B., Lobos, G., Orellana, L., Grunert, K., Sepúlveda, J., Mora, M., Denegri, M. & Miranda, H. (2015). Analyzing food-related life satisfaction and other predictors of life satisfaction in Central Chile. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 18, E38. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2015.32
• Schnettler, B., Rojas, J., Grunert, K. G., Lobos, G., Miranda-Zapata, E., Lapo, M., & Hueche, C. (2021). Family and food variables that influence life satisfaction of mother-father-adolescent triads in a South American country. Current Psychology, 40, pp. 3747 – 3764. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00328-4
• Seconda, L., Péneau, S., Bénard, M., Allès, B., Hercberg, S., Galan, P., Lairon, D., Baudry, J., & Kesse-Guyot, E. (2017). Is organic food consumption associated with life satisfaction? A cross-sectional analysis from the NutriNet-Sante study. Preventive Medicine Reports, 8, pp. 190 – 196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.10.014
• Serinikli, N. (2020). Serial multiple mediation of organizational cynicism and life satisfaction in the relationship between job autonomy and job performance in health employees. Journal of Business Research-Turk, 12(2), pp. 1693 – 1711. https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2020.938
• Sholihin, M., Hardivizon, H., Wanto, D. & Saputra, H. (2022). The effect of religiosity on life satisfaction: A meta-analysis. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies, 78(4), a7172. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v78i4.7172
• Sinha, R. (2018). Role of addiction and stress neurobiology on food intake and obesity. Biological Psychology, 131, pp. 5 – 13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.05.001
• Spence, C. (2017). Comfort food: A review. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 9, pp. 105 – 109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgfs.2017.07.001
• Strahler, J., & Stark, R. (2020). Perspective: Classifying orthorexia nervosa as a new mental illness-Much discussion, little evidence. Advances in Nutrition, 11(4), pp. 784 – 789. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmaa012
• Stroebe, W. (2022). The goal conflict model: a theory of the hedonic regulation of eating behavior. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 48, 101203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2022.101203
• Suldo, S. M., Huebner, E. S., Friedrich, A. A., & Gilman, R. (2009). Life satisfaction. In R. Gilman, E. S. Huebner, & M. J. Furlong (Eds.), Handbook of Positive Psychology in Schools (pp. 27–36). New York, NY: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003013778
• Sun, Z., Lin, J., Ta, N., & Wu, J. (2025). Gender differences in the impact of green space exposure on life satisfaction. Cities, 158, 105678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2024.105678
• Szczesniak, M., Mazur, P., Rodzen, W., & Szpunar, K. (2021). Influence of life satisfaction on self-esteem among young adults: The mediating role of self-presentation. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 14, pp. 1473 – 1482. https://doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s322788
• Tan, E. J., Cistullo, L., Castle, D. J., Rossell, S. L., Jenkins, Z. M., & Phillipou, A. (2022). Depression, perceived disability and unemployment are associated with reduced life satisfaction in anorexia nervosa. Eating Disorders, 30(3), pp. 323 – 330. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2020.1836890
• Wagner, H. S., Ahlstrom, B., Redden, J. P., Vickers, Z., & Mann, T. (2014). The myth of comfort food. Health Psychology, 33(12), pp. 1552 – 1557. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000068
• Watson, H. J., Von Holle, A., Knoph, C., Hamer, R. M., Torgersen, L., Reichborn‐Kjennerud, T., Stoltenberg, C., Magnus, P. & Bulik, C. M. (2015). Psychosocial factors associated with bulimia nervosa during pregnancy: An internal validation study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 48(6), pp. 654 – 662. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22361
• Yassibas, E., Bolukbaşi, H., Turan, I. E., Demirel, A. M., & Gurler, E. (2024). Hedonic hunger, food addiction, and night eating syndrome triangle in adolescents and its relationship with body mass index. Journal of Eating Disorders, 12(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-024-00980-7
• Yerlisu, L. T., Agyar, E., & Bahadır, Z. (2012). Life Satisfaction, Leisure Motivation, Leisure Participation: An Analysis on Physical Education and Sport Teachers (Kayseri City Example). Spormetre The Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 10(2), pp. 53 – 59. https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000220
• Yiengprugsawan, V., Banwell, C., Takeda, W., Dixon, J., Seubsman, S. A., & Sleigh, A. C. (2015). Health, happiness and eating together: What can a large Thai cohort study tell us? Global Journal of Health Science, 7(4), 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v7n4p270
• Zhang, S. X., Wang, Y., Rauch, A., & Wei, F. (2020). Unprecedented disruption of lives and work: Health, distress and life satisfaction of working adults in China one month into the COVID-19 outbreak. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112958
• Zhou, S., Shapiro, M. A., & Wansink, B. (2017). The audience eats more if a movie character keeps eating: An unconscious mechanism for media influence on eating behaviors. Appetite, 108, pp. 407 – 415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.10.028
• Zhu, B., Chen, X., Park, C. G., Zhu, D., & Izci-Balserak, B. (2020). Fatigue and Sleep Quality Predict Eating Behavior Among People with Type 2 Diabetes. Nursing Research, 69(6), 419 – 426. https://doi.org/10.1097/nnr.0000000000000447