Araştırma Makalesi
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Dimensions of Body Image: Body Image Scale

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 65, 229 - 247, 01.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1138273

Öz

This study aims at developing a measuring instrument of which validity and reliability for measuring the body images of individuals during adolescence and young adulthood are proven. The study group consists of 384 high school students. The content validity of the study was tested by seeking an expert opinion and the construct validity was tested by applying explanatory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) factor analysis. In the scope of analysis, IBM SPSS Statistics v20.0 and Lisrel 8.80 programs were used. As a result of EFA, a four-factor structure, which explains 62% of the total variance and is composed of 21 items, was obtained. The factors were called “Negative Perception of the Body”, “Evaluation Sensitivity”, “Positive Perception of the Body”, and “Body Change”. As a result of CFA, it was determined that the four-factor structure consisting of 21 items had an adequate fit index. As a consequence of reliability analysis, it was found that the Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficients, calculated for EFA and CFA samples, being .92 and .88 fell within acceptable values. The findings obtained following the item analysis demonstrated that the total score of items listed in the Body Image Scale presented a high level of predictive power and distinctiveness. The Body Image Scale can be defined as a valid and reliable measuring instrument to be used to measure the body image of adolescents and young adults.

Kaynakça

  • Aliyev, B. & Türkmen A. (2014). Parent, peer and media effect on the perception of body image in preadolescent girls and boys. Universal Journal of Psychology, 2(7), 224-230. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujp.2014.020703
  • Andrew, R., Tiggemann, M., & Clark, L. (2014). Positive body image and young women’s health: Implications for sun protection, cancer screening, weight loss and alcohol consumption behaviours. Journal of Health Psychology, 21(1), 28-39. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314520814
  • Anlı, G., Akın, A., Eker, H., & Özçelik, B. (2015). Bedeni Beğenme Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [The validity and reliability of Turkish version of the Body Appreciatıon Scale]. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 36, 505-511. https://doi.org/10.9761/JASSS2906
  • Avalos, L., Tylka, T. L. & Wood-Barcolow, N. (2005). The Body Appreciation Scale: Development and psychometric evaluation. Body Image, 2, 285-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2005.06.002
  • Bakalım, O., & Taşdelen-Karçkay, A. (2016). Body Appreciation Scale: Evaluation of the factor structure and psychometric properties among male and female Turkish university students. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi- Mersin University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 12(1), 410-422. https://doi.org/10.17860/efd.38032
  • Barker, E. T., & Galambos, N. L. (2003). Body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls and boys: Risk and resource factors. Journal of Early Adolescence, 23(2), 141-165. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431603251081
  • Botta, R. A. (1999). Television images and adolescent girls’ body image disturbance. Journal of Communication, 49(2), 22-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02791.x
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2016). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı: İstatistik, araştırma deseni, SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum (22. baskı). Pegem Akademi.
  • Callaghan, G. M., Sandoz, E. K., Darrow, S. M., & Feeney, T. K. (2015). The Body Image Psychological Inflexibility Scale: Development and psychometric properties. Psychiatry Research, 226, 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.039
  • Cash, T. F., & Szymanski, M. L. (1995). The development and validation of the body-image ideals questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 64, 466-477. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6403_6
  • Cash, T. F., Fleming, E. C., Alindogan, J., Steadman, L., & Whitehead, A. (2002). Beyond body image as a trait: The development and validation of the Body Image States Scale. Eating Disorders, 10, 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640260290081678
  • Cash, T. F., Santos, M. T. & Williams, E. F. (2005). Coping with body-image threats and challenges: Validation of the Body Image Coping Strategies Inventory. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58, 191-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2004.07.008
  • Clay, D., Vignoles, V. L., & Dittmar, H. (2005). Body image and self-esteem among adolescents girls: Testing the influence of sociocultural factors. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 15(4), 451-477. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2005.00107.x
  • Cooper, P. J., Taylor, M. J., Cooper, Z., & Fairburn, C. G. (1987). The development and validation of the body shape questionnaire. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 6(4), 485-494. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108x(198707)6:4<485::aid-eat2260060405>3.0.co;2-o
  • Cuzzolaro, M., Vetrone, G., Marano, G., & Garfinkel, P. E. (2006). The Body Uneasiness Test (BUT): Development and validation of a new body image assessment scale. Eating and Weight Disorders, 11, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03327738
  • Çakır, A. (2014). Faktör analizi [Factor Analysis]. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi, İstanbul. https://docplayer.biz.tr/38884504-T-c-istanbul-ticaret-universitesi-sosyal-bilimler-enstitusu-isletme-anabilim-dali-isletme-doktora-programi-faktor-analizi-ayhan-cakir-1250d91213.html
  • DeVellis, R. F. (2014). Ölçek geliştirme kuram ve uygulamalar [Scale development theory and applications] (T. Totan, Çev.). Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Doğan, T. (2010). Sosyal Görünüş Kaygısı Ölçeğinin (SGKÖ) Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Adaptation of the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SAAS) to Turkish: A validity and reliability study]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi- Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 39, 151-159. http://www.efdergi.hacettepe.edu.tr/yonetim/icerik/makaleler/467- published.pdf
  • Doğan, T., Sapmaz, F., & Totan, T. (2011). Beden İmgesi Baş Etme Stratejileri Ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması [Adaptation of the Body Image Coping Strategies Inventory to Turkish: A validity and reliability study]. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi- Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 12, 121-129. https://toad.halileksi.net/sites/default/files/pdf/beden-imgesi-bas-etme-stratejileri- olcegi-toad.pdf
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
  • Grogan, S. (2016). Understanding body image in men, women and children. Routledge.
  • Hargreaves, D. A., & Tiggemann, M. (2004). Idealized media images and adolescent body image: ‘Comparing’ boys and girls. Body Image, 1, 351–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.10.002
  • Helfert, S., & Warschburger, P. (2011). A prospective study on the impact of peer and parental pressure on body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls and boys. Body Image, 8, 101-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.01.004
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Beden İmajının Boyutları: Beden İmajı Ölçeği

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 65, 229 - 247, 01.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1138273

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, ergenlik ve genç yetişkinlik dönemlerindeki bireylerin beden imajını ölçmeye ilişkin geçerliği ve güvenirliği kanıtlanmış bir ölçme aracı geliştirmektir. Araştırma grubunu 384 lise öğrencisi oluşturmuştur. Çalışmada uzman görüşüne başvurularak kapsam geçerliği; açımlayıcı (AFA) ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) uygulanarak yapı geçerliği test edilmiştir. Analizler kapsamında IBM SPSS Statistics v20.0 ve Lisrel 8.80 programlarından faydalanılmıştır. AFA sonucunda, toplam varyansın %62’sini açıklayan ve 21 maddeden oluşan 4 faktörlü bir yapıya ulaşılmıştır. Faktörler “Bedeni Olumsuz Algılama”, “Değerlendirme Duyarlılığı”, “Bedeni Olumlu Algılama” ve “Bedeni Değiştirme” olarak isimlendirilmiştir. DFA sonucunda, 21 madde ve 4 faktörlü yapının yeterli uyum indekslerine sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Güvenirlik analizlerinde AFA ve DFA örneklemleri için hesaplanan Cronbach Alfa iç tutarlık katsayılarının .92 ile .88 olarak kabul edilebilir değerler arasında yer aldığı görülmüştür. Madde analizi sonucunda ulaşılan bulgular, Beden İmajı Ölçeği’ndeki maddelerin toplam puanı yordama gücünün ve ayırt edicilik düzeylerinin yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir. Beden İmajı Ölçeği’nin ergenler ve genç yetişkinlerin beden imajını ölçmek amacıyla kullanılabilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu belirtilebilir.

Kaynakça

  • Aliyev, B. & Türkmen A. (2014). Parent, peer and media effect on the perception of body image in preadolescent girls and boys. Universal Journal of Psychology, 2(7), 224-230. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujp.2014.020703
  • Andrew, R., Tiggemann, M., & Clark, L. (2014). Positive body image and young women’s health: Implications for sun protection, cancer screening, weight loss and alcohol consumption behaviours. Journal of Health Psychology, 21(1), 28-39. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314520814
  • Anlı, G., Akın, A., Eker, H., & Özçelik, B. (2015). Bedeni Beğenme Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [The validity and reliability of Turkish version of the Body Appreciatıon Scale]. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 36, 505-511. https://doi.org/10.9761/JASSS2906
  • Avalos, L., Tylka, T. L. & Wood-Barcolow, N. (2005). The Body Appreciation Scale: Development and psychometric evaluation. Body Image, 2, 285-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2005.06.002
  • Bakalım, O., & Taşdelen-Karçkay, A. (2016). Body Appreciation Scale: Evaluation of the factor structure and psychometric properties among male and female Turkish university students. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi- Mersin University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 12(1), 410-422. https://doi.org/10.17860/efd.38032
  • Barker, E. T., & Galambos, N. L. (2003). Body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls and boys: Risk and resource factors. Journal of Early Adolescence, 23(2), 141-165. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431603251081
  • Botta, R. A. (1999). Television images and adolescent girls’ body image disturbance. Journal of Communication, 49(2), 22-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02791.x
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2016). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı: İstatistik, araştırma deseni, SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum (22. baskı). Pegem Akademi.
  • Callaghan, G. M., Sandoz, E. K., Darrow, S. M., & Feeney, T. K. (2015). The Body Image Psychological Inflexibility Scale: Development and psychometric properties. Psychiatry Research, 226, 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.039
  • Cash, T. F., & Szymanski, M. L. (1995). The development and validation of the body-image ideals questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 64, 466-477. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6403_6
  • Cash, T. F., Fleming, E. C., Alindogan, J., Steadman, L., & Whitehead, A. (2002). Beyond body image as a trait: The development and validation of the Body Image States Scale. Eating Disorders, 10, 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640260290081678
  • Cash, T. F., Santos, M. T. & Williams, E. F. (2005). Coping with body-image threats and challenges: Validation of the Body Image Coping Strategies Inventory. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58, 191-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2004.07.008
  • Clay, D., Vignoles, V. L., & Dittmar, H. (2005). Body image and self-esteem among adolescents girls: Testing the influence of sociocultural factors. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 15(4), 451-477. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2005.00107.x
  • Cooper, P. J., Taylor, M. J., Cooper, Z., & Fairburn, C. G. (1987). The development and validation of the body shape questionnaire. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 6(4), 485-494. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108x(198707)6:4<485::aid-eat2260060405>3.0.co;2-o
  • Cuzzolaro, M., Vetrone, G., Marano, G., & Garfinkel, P. E. (2006). The Body Uneasiness Test (BUT): Development and validation of a new body image assessment scale. Eating and Weight Disorders, 11, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03327738
  • Çakır, A. (2014). Faktör analizi [Factor Analysis]. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi, İstanbul. https://docplayer.biz.tr/38884504-T-c-istanbul-ticaret-universitesi-sosyal-bilimler-enstitusu-isletme-anabilim-dali-isletme-doktora-programi-faktor-analizi-ayhan-cakir-1250d91213.html
  • DeVellis, R. F. (2014). Ölçek geliştirme kuram ve uygulamalar [Scale development theory and applications] (T. Totan, Çev.). Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Doğan, T. (2010). Sosyal Görünüş Kaygısı Ölçeğinin (SGKÖ) Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Adaptation of the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SAAS) to Turkish: A validity and reliability study]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi- Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 39, 151-159. http://www.efdergi.hacettepe.edu.tr/yonetim/icerik/makaleler/467- published.pdf
  • Doğan, T., Sapmaz, F., & Totan, T. (2011). Beden İmgesi Baş Etme Stratejileri Ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması [Adaptation of the Body Image Coping Strategies Inventory to Turkish: A validity and reliability study]. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi- Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 12, 121-129. https://toad.halileksi.net/sites/default/files/pdf/beden-imgesi-bas-etme-stratejileri- olcegi-toad.pdf
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
  • Grogan, S. (2016). Understanding body image in men, women and children. Routledge.
  • Hargreaves, D. A., & Tiggemann, M. (2004). Idealized media images and adolescent body image: ‘Comparing’ boys and girls. Body Image, 1, 351–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.10.002
  • Helfert, S., & Warschburger, P. (2011). A prospective study on the impact of peer and parental pressure on body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls and boys. Body Image, 8, 101-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.01.004
  • Hormes, J. M., Lytle, L. A., Gross, C. R., Ahmed, R. L., Troxel, A. B., & Schmitz, K. H. (2008). The Body Image And Relationships Scale: Development and validation of a measure of body image in female breast cancer survivors. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 26(8), 1269–1274. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.14.2661
  • Hovardaoğlu, S. (1993). Vücut Algısı Ölçeği [Body-cathexis scale]. Psikiyatri, Psikoloji, Psikofarmakoloji Dergisi-Journal of Psychiatry Psychology Psychopharmacology, 1, 26.
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  • Jones, D. C. (2002). Social comparison and body image: Attractiveness comparisons to models and peers among adolescent girls and boys. Sex Roles, 45, 645–664. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014815725852
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  • Karaman, H. (2015). Açımlayıcı faktör analizinde kullanılan faktör çıkartma yöntemlerinin karşılaştırılması [The comparison of factor extraction methods used in exploratory factor analysis]. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Kılıç, S. (2016). Cronbach’ın alfa güvenirlik katsayısı [Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient]. Journal of Mood Disorders, 6(1), 47-48. https://doi.org/10.5455/jmood.20160307122823
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  • Maezono, J., Hamada, S., Sillanmäki, L., Kaneko, H., Ogura, M., Lempinen, L., & Sourander, A. (2019) Cross-cultural, population-based study on adolescent body image and eating distress in Japan and Finland. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 60, 67–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12485
  • McCabe, M., & Ricciardelli, L. (2004). A longitudinal study of pubertal timing and extreme body change behaviors among adolescent boys and girl. Adolescence, 39(153), 145-166.
  • McCabe, M. P., & Ricciardelli, L. A. (2003). Sociocultural influences on body image and body changes among adolescent boys and girls. The Journal of Social Psychology, 143(1), 5-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540309598428
  • McCabe, M. P., Ricciardelli, L. A., & Finemore, J. (2002). The role of puberty, media and popularity with peers on strategies to increase weight, decrease weight and increase muscle tone among adolescent boys and girls. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 52, 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3999(01)00272-0
  • McKinley, N. M., & Hyde, J. S. (1996). The Objectified Body Consciousness Scale: Development and validation. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20, 181–215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1996.tb00467.x
  • Mendelson, B., Mendelson, M., & White, D. (2001). Body-Esteem Scale for adolescents and adults. Journal of Personality Assessment, 76(1), 90-106. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa7601_6
  • Murray, K. M., Bryne, D. G., & Rieger, E. (2011). Investigating adolescent stress and body image. Journal of Adolescence, 34, 269–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.05.004
  • Oktan, V. (2012). Beden imajı ve reddedilme duyarlılığının öznel iyi oluşu yordama gücü [The predictive power of body image and rejection sensitivity on subjective well-being]. Eğitim Bilimleri ve Uygulama, 11(22), 119-134. https://www.idealonline.com.tr/IdealOnline/pdfViewer/index.xhtml?uId=8952&ioM=Paper&preview=true&isViewer=true#pagemode=bookmarks
  • Oktan, V., & Şahin, M. (2010). Kız ergenlerde beden imajı ile benlik saygısı arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Examination of the relationship between the body image and self-esteem of female adolescents]. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi- International Journal of Human Science, 7(2), 553-556. http://www.insanbilimleri.com/
  • Orçan, F. (2018). Açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi: İlk hangisi kullanılmalı? [Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Which one to use first?] Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi- Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology, 9(4), 413-421. https://doi.org/10.21031/epod.394323
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  • Rucker, C. E., & Cash, T. F. (1992). Body images, body-size perceptions, and eating behaviors among African American and White college women. lnternational journal of Eating Disorders, 12(3), 291-299. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108x(199211)12:3<291::aid-eat2260120309>3.0.co;2-a
  • Rust J., & Golombok S. (1997). Modern Psychometrics: The science of psychological assessment. New York: Routledge.
  • Secord, P. F., & Jourard, S. M. (1953). The appraisal of body-cathexis: Body-cathexis and the self. Journal of Counsulting Psychology, 17(5), 343-347. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0060689
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  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidel, L. S. (2015). Çok değişkenli istatistiklerin kullanımı [Using Multivariate Statistics] (M. Baloğlu, Çev.). Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Tiggemann, M., & Slater, A. (2017). Facebook and body image concern in adolescent girls: A prospective study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 50(1), 80–83. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22640
  • Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2015). The Body Appreciation Scale-2: Item refinement and psychometric evaluation. Body Image, 12, 53–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.09.006
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  • Yaşar, M. (2014). İstatistiğe Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği: Geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Attitudes Toward Statistics Scale: Validity and reliability study]. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi-Pamukkale University Journal of Education, 36, 59-75. https://doi.org/10.9779/PUJE640
  • Yeşilyurt, S., & Çapraz, C. (2018). Ölçek geliştirme çalışmalarında kullanılan kapsam geçerliği için bir yol haritası [A road map for the content validity used in scale development studies]. Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi- Erzincan University Journal of Education Faculty, 20(1), 251-264. https://doi.org/10.17556/erziefd.297741
  • Yıldız, D., & Uzunsakal, E. (2018). Alan araştırmalarında güvenilirlik testlerinin karşılaştırılması ve tarımsal veriler üzerine bir uygulama [A comparison of reliability tests in field researches and an application on agricultural data]. Uygulamalı Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi- Applied Social Sciences Journal of Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 1, 14-28. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/507218
  • Yurdugül, H. (2005, Eylül 28-30). Ölçek geliştirme çalışmalarında kapsam geçerliği için kapsam geçerlik indekslerinin kullanılması [Using content validity indexes for content validity in instrument development studies]. XIV. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kongresi, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi, Denizli, Türkiye. https://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~yurdugul/3/indir/PamukkaleBildiri.pdf
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Psikoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ezgi Saylan

Vesile Soyyiğit Bu kişi benim

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Haziran 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 65

Kaynak Göster

APA Saylan, E., & Soyyiğit, V. (2022). Dimensions of Body Image: Body Image Scale. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 12(65), 229-247. https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1138273

!! From 30 November 2023, English language proofreading will be required for accepted articles to ensure language quality.