Abstract

Esas olarak Ilyonectria Chaverri & Salgado ve Dactylonectria L. Lombard & Crous türlerinin neden olduğu karabacak hastalığı, dünyanın şarap ve üzüm üreten bölgelerinin çoğunda, özellikle fidanlıklarda ve genç bağlarda ciddi yıkımlara sebep olmaktadır. Bu çalışma ile karabacak hastalığının, asma fidanlıklarındaki (Vitis Vinifera L.) durumunun saptanması, etmenlerinin morfolojik ve moleküler düzeyde tanılanması ve patojenisite testlerinde en virülent olarak belirlenen türlerin mücadelesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu çalışma aynı zamanda Türkiye’de asma fidanlarında karabacak hastalığının mücadelesine yönelik olarak ilk girişimi temsil etmektedir. İlk olarak, 2019-2020 yıllarında Ege Bölgesi’ndeki 21 asma fidanlığında sürveyler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Asma fidanlarından elde edilen karabacak türleri, morfolojik ve moleküler yöntemler kullanılarak Ilyonectria liriodendri (Halleen, Rego & Crous), Dactylonectria macrodidyma (Halleen, Schroers & Crous) ve D. torresensis (A. Cabral, Rego & Crous) olarak tanımlanmıştır. Patojenisite çalışmaları sonucunda en virülent izolatların I. liriodendri türüne ait olduğu belirlenmiştir. Şu ana kadar Türkiye'de karabacak hastalığına karşı ruhsatlı bir fungisit bulunmamaktadır. On iki kimyasal ve bir biyolojik fungisit, I. liriodendri izolatlarının miselyal inhibisyonu için in vitro olarak taranmıştır. Deney, her bir kimyasal fungisit için üç tekerrür halinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kontroller için fungisit solüsyonu yerine steril distile su kullanılmıştır. Cyprodinil + fludioxonil, thiabendazole + fludioxonil + metalaxyl–m + azoxystrobin ve azoxystrobin + metalaxyl-m + fludioxonil karışımları, I. liriodendri izolatlarının miselyal inhibisyonunda test edilen en etkili kimyasal fungisitler olmuştur. Kimyasal fungisit karışımları boscalid + kresoxim-methyl, promocarb hidroklorür (HCL) + fosetyl-al, azoxystrobin + difenoconazole, fludioxonil + metalaxyl–m ve tekli fungisitler cyprodinil, fluoxapyroxad, hymexazole, fenhexamid ve 8-hidroksikinolin sülfat, I. liriodendri'nin miselyal inhibisyonu üzerinde etkili bulunmamıştır. Trichoderma harzianum Rifai KRL-AG2 ırkının, I. liriodendri’ye karşı in vitro biyokontrol aktiviteside değerlendirilmiştir. Deney, her izolat için dört tekrarlı olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sadece I. liriodendri miselyal diskleri olan petri kapları kontrol olarak kullanılmıştır. Denemede, Trichoderma harzianum Rifai KRL-AG2 ırkı ile muamele I. liriodendri izolatlarına karşı %60.1 ve %80.6’lık miselyal inhibisyon sağlamıştır. Ayrıca in vitro’da test edilen en etkili fungisitler, 1103 Paulsen asma anaçlarının köklenme işlemi sırasında I. liriodendri'nin olası enfeksiyonlarına karşı kontrollü koşullarda 2020 ve 2021 yıllarında test edilmiştir. 2020 ve 2021 yıllarında yapılan deneylerde thiabendazol + fludioxonil + metalaxyl–m + azoxystrobin ve cyprodinil + fludioxonil en etkili fungisitler olmuş, bunu azoxystrobin + metalaxyl-m + fludioxonil ve Trichoderma harzianum Rifai KRL-AG2 ırkı izlemiştir.

Project Number

TAGEM/BSAD/A/20/A2/P1/1559

MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF BLACK FOOT DISEASE PATHOGENS IN GRAPEVINE NURSERIES AND EVALUATION OF SOME FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROL OF THE MOST VIRULENT ISOLATES

Abstract

Black foot disease, which is mainly caused by Ilyonectria Chaverri & Salgado and Dactylonectria L. Lombard & Crous species, causes serious destruction in most of the wine and grape producing regions of the world, particularly in nurseries and young vineyards. The aim of this research was to evaluate the present situation of black foot disease in grapevine nurseries (Vitis Vinifera L.), to identify its potential agents at morphological and molecular levels and to develop a control strategy against isolates found as the major virulent ones in pathogenicity tests. This study also represents the first attempt to control black foot disease in grapevine saplings in Turkey. Preliminary surveys were carried out in 21 grapevine nurseries in the Aegean Region during 2019 growing season. Black foot species obtained from vine saplings were identified as Ilyonectria liriodendri (Halleen, Rego & Crous), Dactylonectria macrodidyma (Halleen, Schroers & Crous) and D. torresensis (A. Cabral, Rego & Crous), using morphological and molecular methods. The pathogenicity studies revealed that the most virulent isolates belonged to I. liriodendri. Twelve chemical and one biological fungicides were screened in vitro for mycelial inhibition of I. liriodendri isolates. The experiments were performed in three replicates for each of the chemical fungicides. Sterile distilled water, instead of fungicide solution, was used for control trials. Mixtures of cyprodinil + fludioxonil, thiabendazole + fludioxonil + metalaxyl–m + azoxystrobin and azoxystrobin + metalaxyl-m + fludioxonil were the most effective chemical fungicides tested in mycelial inhibition of I. liriodendri isolates. Chemical fungicides mixtures of boscalid + kresoxim-methyl, promocarb hydrochloride (HCL) + fosetyl-al, azoxystrobin + difenoconazole, fludioxonil + metalaxyl–m and individual fungicides; cyprodinil, fluoxapyroxad, hymexazole, fenhexamid and 8-hydroxyquinoline sulphate were not effective on mycelial inhibition. Biocontrol activity of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai KRL-AG2 strain against I. liriodendri was evaluated. The experiment was performed in four replicates for each isolate. Petri dishes with only I. liriodendri mycelial discs used as controls. Treatment with Trichoderma harzianum Rifai KRL-AG2 strain provided 60.1% to 80.6% inhibition against I. liriodendri isolates. The most effective fungicides tested in vitro were evaluated in 2020 and 2021 under controlled conditions against possible infections of I. liriodendri during the rooting process of 1103 Paulsen grapevine rootstocks. Mixtures of thiabendazol + fludioxonil + metalaxyl–m + azoxystrobin and cyprodinil + fludioxonil were the most effective fungicides in the experiments conducted in 2020 and 2021, followed by azoxystrobin + metalaxyl-m + fludioxonil and Trichoderma harzianum Rifai KRL-AG2 strain. 

Keywords

• Vitis vinifera L.
• black foot disease
• Ilyonectria liriodendri
• nursery
• fungicide
• control

Supporting Institution

Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies

Project Number

TAGEM/BSAD/A/20/A2/P1/1559

Thanks

Study results were obtained from the PhD thesis of Murat Yıldız conducted in Viticulture Research Institute Yunusemre, Manisa, Türkiye and Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey.

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