Öz

Lavanta (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) çiçekleri ve distile ürünleri kozmetik, parfümeri, ilaç ve temizlik endüstrilerinin başlıca hammaddesidir. Lavanta çiçeği üretimi, uçucu yağlar ve nitelikleri, yetiştirme koşullarından ve kullanılan tarım yöntemlerinden etkilenir. Malçlama, yabani otlarla mücadele etmek, toprak sıcaklığını sabit tutmak, topraktaki nem buharlaşmasını ortadan kaldırmak, bol çiçek üretimi için uygun büyüme koşullarını sağlamak ve kaliteli uçucu yağ üretimini iyileştirmek amacıyla bahçecilik üretiminde kullanılan kültürel bir uygulamadır. Bu anlamda plastik malç uygulaması, düşük maliyeti ve dayanıklılığı nedeniyle yetiştiriciler tarafından en çok tercih edilen yöntemdir. Bu çalışmada, Kilis ilinde hem geleneksel (malçsız) hem de malçlama sistemlerinde lavanta çiçeği üretimi, uçucu yağ veriminin değerlendirilmesi için iki yıllık (2014-2015) arazi çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Ayrı ayrı uçucu yağ bileşikleri, Gaz Kromatografisi-Kütle Spektrometresi (GC-MS) kullanılarak tanımlanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, taze ve kuru çiçeklenme verimleri, kuru çiçek verimleri, çiçek uçucu yağ içerikleri ve kompozisyonları (1) plastik malç sistemi (2) geleneksel (malç uygulamadan) sistem olmak üzere farklı yetiştirme yöntemlerinden etkilenmiştir. Taze çiçeklenme değişiklikleri göz önüne alındığında, malçlama ilk yılda verimi %147.84 artırırken, uygulamalar arasında önemli bir farklılık belirlenmemiştir. İlginç bir şekilde, kuru çiçek verimi birinci yılda her iki yetiştirme yöntemi için de önemli bir artış göstermemiştir ancak malçlama ikinci yılda geleneksel uygulamalara göre verimi %9.87 artırmıştır. Sonuçlar, kuru çiçeğin yıllara tekabül eden her iki yetiştirme yönteminden de etkilenmediğini ortaya koymuştur. Uçucu yağ içeriğine gelince, ilk yılda her iki yetiştirme yöntemi için de herhangi bir değişiklik görülmezken, ikinci yılda malçlama içeriği %13.73 oranında artırmıştır. Tarımsal verimde olduğu gibi, malçlama uygulamalarından elde edilen uçucu yağların nöroprotektif aktiviteleri, geleneksel tedavilere kıyasla asetil-kolinesteraz (AChE), butiril-kolinesteraz (BChE) ve tirozinaz (TYRO) enzimlerine karşı daha yüksek inhibitör roller sergilemiştir. Birinci yılda %81.62, %84.12, %73.34 ve ikinci yılda %76.15, %79.80 ve %68.02 olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Nöroprotektif aktivitelerdeki bu kadar yüksek bir varyasyon, bileşiklerin yüzdesi için gözlemlendiği gibi, uçucu yağ içeriğindeki değişiklikleri ile de açıklanabilir. Sonuç olarak bu bulgular, malçlama uygulamasının tarımsal verimin artmasına ve değişen çevre koşullarına ve biyotik stres faktörlerine daha dayanıklı tıbbi ve aromatik bitkilerin yetiştirilmesine önemli ölçüde katkı sağladığını ortaya koymaktadır.

PLASTIC MULCHING OR CONVENTIONAL CULTIVATION OF LAVENDER FLOWER: WHAT INFLUENCE ON THE YIELD, ESSENTIAL OIL AND THEIR NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECTS?

Abstract

Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) flowers and its distilled products are of major raw materials for cosmetic, perfumery, medicine and cleaning industries. Lavender flower production, essential oils and their qualities are affected by growing conditions and used agricultural methods. Mulching is a cultural application used for horticultural production in order to combat weeds, keep the soil temperature constant, eliminate soil moisture evaporation, provide favourable growth conditions for ample flower production, and improve the quality essential oil production. In this sense, plastic mulch application is the mainly preferred method by the growers, due to its low costs and durability. In the present study, two-year field (2014-2015) studies were carried out to evaluate the lavender flower production, essential oil yield in both conventional (without mulch) and plastic mulching systems in city of Kilis-Turkey. The individual essential oil compounds were identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). Essential oils obtained from dried flowers were assayed for their neuroprotective effects. According to the results, fresh and dry inflorescence yields, dry flower yields, flower essential oil contents and compositions were affected by different growing methods, including (1) plastic mulching system and (2) conventional (without mulch) system. Considering the fresh inflorescence changes, mulching increased the yield by 147.84% in the first year while no significant changes were noted between treatments. Interestingly, dry inflorescence yield did not show a significant increase for both growing systems at first year but mulching enhanced the yield by 9.87% in the second year, in related to the traditional treatment. The results revealed that dry flower was not affected by both growing systems corresponding to the years. As for essential oil content, no changes were noted for both growing systems in the first year, whilst mulching increased the content by 13.73% in the second year. As the case of agricultural yield, the neuroprotective activities of essential oils obtained from mulching conditions exerted higher inhibitory roles against Acetyl-cholinesterase (AChE), butyryl-cholinesterase (BChE), and tyrosinase (TYRO) enzymes, in relative to the traditional treatments by 81.62%, 84.12%, 73.34% in the first year and by 76.15%, 79.80% and 68.02% in the second year. Such a high variation in neuroprotective activities can be explained by changes in essential oil contents, as observed for the percentage of the compounds. Consequently, these findings reveal that mulching application significantly contributes to the increase of agricultural yield and the growing of medicinal and aromatic plants that are more resistant to changing environmental conditions and biotic stress factors.

Keywords

• Lavandula angustifolia Mill
• terpenoid
• Secondary metabolites
• Medicinal and aromatic plants
• Cosmetics

References

1. 1. Adamczewska-Sowinska, K. & Turczuk, J. 2018. Effects of plastic and biodegradable mulch films in field tomato cultivation. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus, 17: 123-133.
2. 2. Amare, G. & Desta, B. 2021. Coloured plastic mulches: impact on soil properties and crop productivity. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture, 8(1): 1-9.
3. 3. Arabaci, O. & Bayram, E. 2005. Aydın ekolojik koşullarında lavanta (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.)’ nın bazı agronomic ve kalite özellikleri üzerine bitki sıklığı ve azotlu gübrenin etkisi. ADÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2:13-19.
4. 4. Asanuma, M., Miyazaki, I. & Ogawa, N. 2003. Dopamine-or L-DOPA-induced neurotoxicity: the role of dopamine quinone formation and tyrosinase in a model of Parkinson’s disease. Neurotoicology Research, 5: 165-176.
5. 5. Ayaz, M., Sadiq, A., Junaid, M., Ullah, F., Subhan, F. & Ahmed, J. 2017. Neuroprotective and anti-aging potentials of essential oils from aromatic and medicinal plants. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 9 (168): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00168
6. 6. Baharum, S.N., Bunawan, H., Ghani, M.A.A., Mustapha, W.A.W. & Noor, N.M. 2010. Analysis of the chemical composition of the essential oil of Polygonum minus Huds. Using two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF MS). Molecules. 15(10): 7006-7015.
7. 7. Biasi, L. A., Kowalski, A. P. D. J., Signor, D., Alves, M. A., de Lima, F. I. & Deschamps, C. 2009. Types of mulching and harvesting time on lemon balm production. Horticultura Brasileira, 27: 314-318.
8. 8. Brar, S.K., Gill, B.S., Brar, A.S. & Kaur, T. 2014. Planting date and Straw mulch affect biomass yield, oil yield and oil quality of Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L.) harvested at successive intervals. Journal of Essent Oil Bearing, Plants, 17(4): 676-695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2014.958549

9. 9. Chacón, I. D. L. C., Riley-Saldaña, C. A., & González-Esquinca, A. R. (2013). Secondary metabolites during early development in plants. Phytochemistry reviews, 12(1): 47-64.
10. 10. Chen, S.Y., Zhang, X.Y., Pei, D., Sun, H.Y. & Chen, S.L. 2007. Effects of straw mulching on soil temperature, evaporation and yield of winter wheat: Field experiments on the North China Plain. Annals of Applied Biology, 150: 261-268.
11. 11. Çimen, G. 2016. Lavantanın çiçek verimi ve uçucu yağ bileşenlerine malç uygulamasının etkisi / Effect of mulching on the flower yield and essential oil composition, MSc thesis, Kilis 7 Aralik University, 42 pp.
12. 12. Coelho, L.S., Correa-Netto, N.F., Masukawa, M.Y., Lima, A.C., Maluf, S., Linardi, A. & Santos-Junior, J.G. 2017. Inhaled Lavandula angustifolia essential oil inhibits consolidation of contextual-but not tone-fear conditioning in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 215; 34-41.
13. 13. Deng, H.L., Xiong, Y. C., Zhang, H.J., Li, F. Q., Zhou, H., Wang, Y.C. & Deng, Z.R. 2019. Maize productivity and soil properties in the Loess Plateau in response to ridge-furrow cultivation with polyethylene and straw mulch. Science Report 9, 3090. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39637-w
14. 14. El-Gamal, S. & Ahmed, H. M. I. 2017. Influence of Different Maturity Stages on Fruit Yield and Essential Oil Content of Some Apiaceae Family Plants B: Fennel (Foeniculu mvulgare Mill.). Journal of Plant Production, 8(1). 127-133.
15. 15. Ellman, G.L., Courtney, K.D., Andres Jr, V. & Featherstone, R.M. 1961. A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochemistry Pharmacology, 7: 88-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(61)90145-9
16. 16. Fadil, M., Farah, A., Ihssane, B., Haloui, T., Lebrazi, S., Zghari, B., et al. 2016. Chemometric investigation of lightshade effects on essential oil yield and morphology of Moroccan Myrtus communis L. Springer Plus. 5:1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-1659-2
17. 17. Faradonbeh, M.M., Mashhadi, A.A., Bakhshandeh, A. & Jalal-abadi, A.L. 2013. Evaluation of the effects of different mulch material on quantity and quality yield of garlic populations (Allium sativum L.). International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 5: 2660-2665.
18. 18. Fernandes VF, de-Almeida LB, Feijo EV\RS, Silva DC, Oliveira RA, Mielke MS, et al. 2013. Light intensity on growth, leaf, micromorphology and essential oil production of Ocimum gratissimum. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 23: 419-424.
19. 19. Filly, A., Fabiano-Tixier, A. S., Louis, C., Fernandez, X. & Chemat, F. 2016. Water as a green solvent combined with different techniques for extraction of essential oil from lavender flowers. Comptes Rendus Chimie, 19(6): 707-717.
20. 20. Gezici S. & Sekeroglu, N. 2019. Neuroprotective potential and phytochemical composition of acorn fruits. Industrial Crops and Products, 128: 13–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.10.082
21. 21. Gezici, S. & Sekeroglu, N. 2021. Comparative biological analyses on kenger and kenger coffee as novel functional food products. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 1-11.
22. 22. Gezici, S. 2018. Promising anticancer activity of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) Essential oil through induction of both apoptosis and necrosis. Annals of Phytomedicine, 7: 38-45. https://doi.org/10.21276/ap.2018.7.2.5
23. 23. Ghosh, P.K., Dayal, D., Bandyopadhyay, K.K. & Mohanty, M. 2016. Evaluation of straw and polythene mulch for enhancing productivity of irrigated summer groundnut. Field Crop Research, 99: 76-86.
24. 24. Giray, F.H. 2018. An Analysis of World Lavender Oil Markets and Lessons for Turkey. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 21(6): 1612-1623. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2019.1574612
25. 25. Halbritter, D.A. & Wheeler, G.S. 2019. Organic mulch can increase the survival of a weed biological control agent during laboratory mass rearing. Biocontrol Science and Technology. 1-8.
26. 26. Hancianu, M., Cioanca, O., Mihasan, M. & Hritcu, L. 2013. Neuroprotective effects of inhaled lavender oil on scopolamine-induced dementia via anti-oxidative activities in rats. Phytomedicine, 20: 446-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2012.12.005
27. 27. Hoeberechts, J., Nicola, S. & Fontana, E. 2004. Growth of lavender (Lavandula officinalis) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) in response to different mulches. Acta Horticulturae, 649: 245-251.
28. 28. Iqbal, R., Raza, M. A. S., Valipour, M., Saleem, M. F., Zaheer, M. S., Ahmad, S., Toleikiene, M., Haider, I., Aslam, M.U. & Nazar, M. A. 2020. Potential agricultural and environmental benefits of mulches-a review. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 44: 1-16.
29. 29. Kara, N. & Baydar, H. 2013. Determination of lavender and lavandin cultivars (Lavandula sp.) containing high quality essential oil in Isparta, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 18(1): 58-65.
30. 30. Kara, N. & Baydar, H. 2012. Essential oil contents and composition of lavenders and lavandins cultivated in Turkey. Research on Crops, 13(2): 675-681.
31. 31. Kara, N. & Baydar, H. 2013. Determination of lavender and lavandin cultivars (Lavandula sp.) containing high quality essential oil in Isparta, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 18: 58-65.
32. 32. Kara, N. & H. Baydar. 2011. Essential oil characteristics of lavandins (Lavandula x intermedia emeric ex loisel.) of Isparta province, kuyucak district, where lavender production center of Turkey. Journal of Selcuk Agricultre and Food Sciences, 25(4): 41-45.
33. 33. Kearney, S.P., Fonte, S.J., García, E., Siles, P., Chan, K.M.A. & Smukler, S.M. 2019. Evaluating ecosystem service trade-offs and synergies from slash-and-mulch agroforestry systems in El Salvador. Ecological Indicators, 105: 264-278.
34. 34. Küçükyumuk, C. & Kelen, M., 2006. Organik tarımda malç kullanımı, pp. 1-4. Paper presented at the Türkiye III. Organik Tarım Sempozyumu, 1-3 November, Yalova-Turkey.
35. 35. Kulak, M., Ozkan, A. & Bindak, R. 2019. A bibliometric analysis of the essential oil-bearing plants exposed to the water stress: How long way we have come and how much further? Scientia Horticulturae, 246: 418-436.
36. 36. Kulak, M. 2020. Recurrent drought stress effects on essential oil profile of Lamiaceae plants: An approach regarding stress memory. Industrial Crops and Products, 154: 112695.
37. 37. Lafmajani, Z.N. & Tabaei-Aghdaei, S.R. 2012. Studying the essential oil of some damask rose genotypes under dry farming and irrigated conditions. Annals of Biological Research, 3: 3037-3042.
38. 38. Mendonça, M.C., Santos, M.F., Simões, R.A., Silva-Mann, R. & Blank, A.F. 2005. Production and entomofauna associated to lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) cultivated with synthetic mulch. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais Botucatu, 8: 63-67.
39. 39. Ozguven, M., Kirpik, M. & Sekeroglu, N. 2002. Determination of the optimal sowing time and nitrogen fertilization for lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) in the Çukurova conditions. pp. 217-223. Paper presented at the Workshop on Agricultural and Quality Aspects of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 29 May-01 June, Adana-Turkey.
40. 40. Ranjan, P., Patle, G. T., Prem, M. & Solanke, K. R. 2017. Organic mulching-A water saving technique to increase the production of fruits and vegetables. Current Agriculture Research Journal, 5(3): 371-380.
41. 41. Ricotta, J.A. & Masiunas, J.B. 1991. The effects of black plastic mulch and weed control strategies on herb yield. Hortscience, 26: 539-541.
42. 42. Sarrou, E., Chatzopoulou, P., Koutsos, T. V. & Katsiotis, S. 2016. Herbage yield and essential oil composition of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under the influence of different mulching materials and fertilizers. Journal of Medical Plants Studies, 4(1): 111-117.
43. 43. Sekeroglu, N., Senol, F.S., Orhan, I.E., Gulpinar, A.R., Kartal, M. & Sener, B. 2012. In vitro prospective effects of various traditional herbal coffees consumed in Anatolia linked to neurodegeneration. Food Research International, 45(1): 197-203.
44. 44. Senol F.S., Sekeroglu, N., Gezici S., Kilic E. & Erdogan Orhan, I. 2018. Neuroprotective potential of the fruit (acorn) from Quercus coccifera L. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 42(2): 82-87.
45. 45. Silva, A.C., Blank, A.F., Melo dos Santos, W., Prata, P.S., Alves, P.B. & Arrigoni-Blank, M.F. 2014. Fertilization and colours of plastic mulch affect biomass and essential oil of sweet-scented geranium. The Scientific World Journal, 1-7.
46. 46. Singh, M. 2013. Influence of organic mulching and nitrogen application on essential oil yield and nitrogen use efficiency of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). Archives of Agronomy Soil Sciences, 59: 273-279.
47. 47. Szabó, K., Zubay, P., & Németh-Zámboriné, É. 2020. What shapes our knowledge of the relationship between water deficiency stress and plant volatiles? Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 42(8): 1-11.
48. 48. Tarara, J. M. 2000. Microclimate modification with plastic mulch. Horticultures Science, 35(2): 169-180.
49. 49. Tarhan, Y., Aciksoz, S. & Celik, D. 2019. Lavanta tarımı ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma: Isparta/Keçiborlu-Kuyucak Köyü örneği. Bartın University International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 2(2): 216-227.
50. 50. Telci, I., Demirtas, I. & Sahin, A. 2009. Variation in plant properties and essential oil composition of sweet fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) fruits during stages of maturity. Industrial Crops and Products, 30(1): 126-130.
51. 51. Thakur, M. & Kumar, R. 2021. Mulching: Boosting crop productivity and improving soil environment in herbal plants. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 20: 100287.
52. 52. Thakur, M., Bhatt, V. & Kumar, R. 2019. Effect of shade level and mulch type on growth, yield and essential oil composition of damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) under mid hill conditions of Western Himalayas. PloS one,14(4): e0214672.
53. 53. Trewavas, A. 2001. Urban myths of organic farming. Nature. 410: 409-410.
54. 54. Tundis, R., Bonesi, M., Menichini, F. & R Loizzo, M. 2016. Recent knowledge on medicinal plants as source of cholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of dementia. Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 16(8): 605-618.
55. 55. Wada, Y., Van Beek, L. P. H., Viviroli, D., Dürr, H. H., Weingartner, R. & Bierkens, M. F. 2011. Global monthly water stress: 2. Water demand and severity of water stress. Water Resources Research, 47(7): 1-17.
56. 56. Wróblewska, K., Szumny, A., Żarowska, B., Kromer, K., Dębicz, R. & Fabian, S. 2019. Impact of mulching on growth essential oil composition and its biological activity in Monarda didyma L. Industrial Crops and Products, 129: 299-308.
57. 57. Yang, J., Zhang, T., Zhang, R., Huang, Q. & Li, H. 2019. Long-term cover cropping seasonally affects soil microbial carbon metabolism in an apple orchard. Bioengineered, 10: 207-217.
58. 58. Yin, W., Fan, Z., Hu, F., Yu, A., Zhao, C., Chai, Q. & Coulter, J.A. 2019. Innovation in alternate mulch with straw and plastic management bolsters yield and water use efficiency in wheat-maize intercropping in arid conditions. Scientific Reports, 9(1): 1-14.