<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>TroyAcademy</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">2718-0905</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2717-753X</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31454/troyacademy.894348</article-id>
                                                                                                                                                                                            <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>Bizans Dönemi Taş Eserlerinde Refrigerium Sahneleri</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7135-6878</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Karademir</surname>
                                    <given-names>Tuğçe</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>ÇANAKKALE ONSEKİZ MART ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20210331">
                    <day>03</day>
                    <month>31</month>
                    <year>2021</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>6</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>158</fpage>
                                        <lpage>186</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20200724">
                        <day>07</day>
                        <month>24</month>
                        <year>2020</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20210102">
                        <day>01</day>
                        <month>02</month>
                        <year>2021</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016, TroyAcademy</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2016</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>TroyAcademy</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Roma döneminde yemek sahneleri olarak tasvir edilen refrigerium sahneleri, Bizans sanatında freskolarda, mozaiklerde ve taş eserlerde, çoğunlukla bir kantharostan su içen  tavus kuşu sahnelerine dönüşmüştür. Ancak, sahnenin merkezinde yer alan kantharos yerine kimi zaman bir çeşme veya hayat ağacı kimi zaman da haç ya da christogram geldiği görülür. Refrigerium teriminin Türkçe’de tam bir karşılığı yoktur. Hıristiyanlığın erken döneminde, hem ölen kişinin anısına mezarlığın yakınında kutlanan ziyafet hem de ölünün manevi rahatlığını ifade eden ferahlık anlamında kullanıldığı söylenebilir. Bizans dönemi taş eserleri üzerinde görülen refrigerium sahneleri incelenirken bu sahnelerin Hıristiyan ikonografisi içerisindeki yerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaca yönelik çalışmalarımızda, refrigerium sahnesi içeren, Erken ve Orta Bizans dönemine ait farklı eser türlerinde toplam 32 tane taş eser tespit edilmiştir. Refrigerium sahnelerini incelerken, yaygın bir şekilde tavus kuşlarıyla gösterilen bu sahnelerin, ayrıca saflığı ve masumiyeti sembolize eden güvercin figürü, “kanatlı ruhun” sembolü olarak kullanılan kuş figürü, yenilenme ve vaftizle ilişkili olan geyik figürü ile de kullanılmış olduğu tespit edilmiştir.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Refrigerium</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Tavus kuşu</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Taş eser</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Erken Hıristiyan sanatı</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Altunay, E. (2015). Paganizm: Mezopotamya- Mısır, C.2, İstanbul.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Andıç, A. (2012). İzmir Arkeoloji Müzesi’ndeki Bizans Dönemi Taş Eserleri,
Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış
Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çanakkale.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Armağan, M. E. (2010). Kuşadası Kadıkalesi’ndeki Bizans Dönemi Taş Eserleri,
Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi,
İzmir.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Arslan, A. (2014). Konya Çevresi Bizans Dönemi Mimari Plastiği, Anadolu
Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Eskişehir.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aydın, A. (2002). “Ankara Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi’ndeki Bir Kiliseye Ait
Mimari Parçalar”, Belleten, LXVI, 245, 50-66.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bulgaria in the Byzantine World (2011). Exhibition at 22nd International Congress of
Byzantine Studies, (katalog çalışması: Snezhana Goryanova) Sofia, 24th Ağustos-
30th Eylül 2011.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bülbüloglu, B. (1972). Bizans Sanatında Tavus kuşu Motifleri, İstanbul Üniversitesi
Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınlanmamış Lisans Tezi, İstanbul.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Christei, N. (2008). From Constantine to Charlemagne An Archaelogy of Italy AD 300-800, Cornwall.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cumont, F. (1911). The Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism,Chicago.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Crown and Veil (2008).: Female Monasticism From the Fifth to the Fifteenth Centuries
(ed. Jeffrey F. Hamburger- Susan Marti), New York.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Çoraklı, B. (2012). “Çini ve Seramiklerde Tavus kuşu Figürü” Mimar Sinan Güzel
Sanatlar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı:6, İstanbul, 7-16.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Encountering the Sacred The Debate on Christian Pilgrimage in Late Antiquity (2005). (ed. Peter Brown), İngiltere.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Feld, O. (1975) Christliche Denkmäler aus Milet und seiner Umgebung, İstMitt 25, Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Abteilung Istanbul.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ferguson, G. (1961). Signs &amp; Symbols in Christian Art, New York.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Fıratlı, N. (1990). La Sculpture byzantine figurée au Musée archéologique d&#039;Istanbul,
Paris.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Goff, J. L. (1984). The Birth of Purgatory (çev. Arthur Goldhammer), ABD.
Gonzales, E. (2014). The Fate of the Dead in Early Third Century North African
Christianity: The Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas and Tertullian (Studien und
Texte zu Antike und Christentum 83), Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Grabar, A. (1963). Sculptures Byzantines de Constantinople IVe-Xe, Paris.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Grabar, A. (1976). Sculptures Byzantines Du Moyen Age II, Paris.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Graves, R. (2010). Yunan Mitleri Tanrılar, Kahramanlar, Söylenceler, (çev. Uğur
Akpur), İstanbul.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Guidobaldi, F. B.; Guidobaldi, C.; Guiglia, A. (1992). San Clemente La Scultura Del VI Secolo, Roma.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hippolyte, D. (1926). “Refrigirare, Refrigerium”, Journal des savants, Kasım 1926. s. 385-390.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jensen, R. M. (2008). Dining with the Dead: From the Mensa to the Altar in Christian Late Antiquity, Commemorating the Dead Texts and Artifacts in Context (ed. Laurie Brink, O.P, Deborah Green), New York.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">“Kalanlar” (2007). 12. ve 13. Yüzyıllarda Türkiye’de Bizans (ed. Ayla Ödekan), İstanbul.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Karademir, T. (2019) Bizans Resim Sanatında Refrigerium Sahneleri, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çanakkale.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Laurie, B.; O.P; Green, D. (2008). Commemorating the Dead: Texts and Artifacts in Context, Berlin.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Leeuw, G. van der (1936). “Refrigerium”,Mnemosyne, Third Series, Vol.3,Fasc.2, 125-148.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Liliane, E. (1991). “Les inscriptions funéraires chrétiennes de Carthage”. III.
Carthage intra et extra muros Rome : École Française de Rome, 3-397.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Marucchi, O. (1912)  Christian Epigraphy; an Elementary Treatise, with a Collection of Ancient Christian Inscriptions Mainly of Roman Origin (çev. J. Armine Willis), Cambridge.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mendel, G. (1914). Catalogue des Sculptures Grecques, Romaines et Byzantines, c.II.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mercangöz, Z. (1996). “Milas Müzesi’ndeki Bizans Ambon Elemanları” Sanat Tarihi Dergisi, S.8, 81-98.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Milburn, R. (1988). Early Christian Art and Architecture, İngiltere.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mohrmann, C. (1958). “Locus refrigerii, lucis et pacis” Questions liturgiques et
paroissiales, 39, Paris, 196-214.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Niewöhner, P. (2013). Phrygian marble and stonemasonry as markers of regional distinctiveness in Late Antiquity. In P. Thonemann (Ed.), Roman Phrygia: Culture and Society, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, s.215-248.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özkan, E. (1990). “Bizans’ın Kültür Hayatı Üzerine” Sanat Tarihi Araştırmaları
Dergisi, C.3, S.8, İstanbul, 28-38.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özyurt, H. Ö. (2011). “Examples of Architectural Sculpture with figurative and
floral Decaration of the Byzantine period at Muğla, Bodrum and Milas
Archaeolagical Museum”, OLBA XIX, 390-418.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Papanikola- Bakirtzi, Demetra; (2002). Everyday Life in Byzantium, Athens.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Parman, E. (1993). “Bizans Sanatında Tavus kuşu İkonografisi” Sanat Tarihinde İkonografik Araştırmalar, Güner İnal’a Armağan,Ankara, 387-412.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Parman, E. (2002). Ortaçağda Bizan Dönemi’nde Frigya (Phyrgia) ve Bölge
Müzelerindeki Bizans Taş Eserleri, Eskişehir.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Parrot, A. (1937). Le &quot;Refrigerium&quot; dans l&#039;au- delâ, Paris.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ruggieri, A. (2012) “Sculture di Ravenna fra V e VI secolo”, ArcheoArte, Rivista elettronica di Archeologia e Arte, Supplemento 2012 al numero 1, Cagliari, 577- 590.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Snively, C. S. (2013) &quot;Golemo Gradište at Konjuh: An Unidentified Late Antique City and Its Churches.” Acta XV Congressus Internationalis Archaeologiae Christiana 2008, ss. 403-414.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Spencer, J. (1878). Epitaphs of the Catacombs; or, Christian inscriptions in Rome
during the first four centuries. İngiltere.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tarih Boyunca İznik (2004). (ed. Işıl Akbaygil, Halil İnacık, Oktay Aslanapa), İstanbul.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Temple, Ç. (2013). Konya/Ikonion ve Çevresinde Bulunan Bizans Dönemi Taş
Eserleri, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayınlanmamış
Doktora Tezi, Ankara.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Türker Çaylak, A. (2009). “Byzantine Architectural Sculpture from Akköy on the
Middle Scamander Valley in Hellespontus” Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat
Fakültesi Dergisi, C.26, S.1, Ankara, 206-207.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Türker Çaylak, A. (2012).“Byzantine Liturgical Stone Works In Çanakkale Archaeology Museum: Marble Slabs&quot;, ASMOSIA X, ITALYA, 21-26 May 2012, 385-392.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Türker Çaylak, A. (2018). Byzantine Architectural Sculpture in Çanakkale, Ankara.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Usman Anabolu, M. (1988). “Batı Anadolu’da Bulunmuş Olan Yayınlanmamış
Tavus kuşu Motifli Mimarlık Elemanları”, Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi, Sayı: XXVII,
Ankara, 101-112.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
