<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>tsa</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">1301-370X</issn>
                                                                                                        <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Akademisyenler Birliği Derneği</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id/>
                                                                                                                                                                                            <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS DECISION MAKING APPROACHES: TRANSITION TO DATA-BASED DECISION MAKING</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>OKUL YÖNETİCİLERİNİN KARAR ALMA YAKLAŞIMLARI: VERİYE DAYALI KARAR ALMAYA GEÇİŞ</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3923-5133</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Tabak</surname>
                                    <given-names>Hasan</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>AKSARAY ÜNİVERSİTESİ, EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ, EĞİTİM BİLİMLERİ BÖLÜMÜ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6579-2550</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Şahin</surname>
                                    <given-names>Fatih</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>GAZİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ, GAZİ EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ, EĞİTİM BİLİMLERİ BÖLÜMÜ, EĞİTİM YÖNETİMİ ANABİLİM DALI</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8153-2767</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Yavuz Tabak</surname>
                                    <given-names>Burcu</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>AKSARAY ÜNİVERSİTESİ, EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ, EĞİTİM BİLİMLERİ BÖLÜMÜ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20201215">
                    <day>12</day>
                    <month>15</month>
                    <year>2020</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>24</volume>
                                        <issue>3</issue>
                                        <fpage>713</fpage>
                                        <lpage>725</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20200426">
                        <day>04</day>
                        <month>26</month>
                        <year>2020</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20200629">
                        <day>06</day>
                        <month>29</month>
                        <year>2020</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015, Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2015</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>In this study, it was aimed to examine how school administrators solve the problems they encounter and how they decide on macro or micro-level issues with a data-based approach according to the opinions of teachers. The research is a qualitative study in the phenomenology pattern. The study group was determined according to the appropriate sampling from purposeful sampling techniques. In this context, 19 teachers from different provinces of Turkey and different levels of education were included in the study group. In the research, a semi-structured interview form developed by the researchers was used as a data collection tool, and remote interviews in a virtual environment mostly provided the interviews. Research data were analyzed by using content analysis method. When the average depth levels of the codes revealed in the study were examined, it was seen that school administrators did not go beyond the law or regulation and the limits drawn by the legislator according to the perceptions of teachers. Findings revealed that data-based decision making was minimal, and there was a tendency towards more collaborative, experience-based, or listening stakeholders in data-based decision-making. It is thought that there needs to be a change of perspective in decision making and effective use of school-based data systems to be established in Turkey with digital transformation, and that school employees should gain competence in data use.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>Bu çalışmada, öğretmen görüşlerine göre okul yöneticilerin karşılaştıkları karar alma yaklaşımlarını incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma olgubilim (fenomenoloji) deseninde nitel bir çalışmadır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu amaçlı örnekleme tekniklerinden uygun örneklemeye göre belirlenmiştir. Bu kapsamda Türkiye’nin farklı illerinden ve eğitimin farklı kademelerinden 19 öğretmen çalışma grubuna dâhil edilmiştir. Araştırmada, veri toplama aracı olarak araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılmış, görüşmeler daha çok elektronik ortamda uzaktan görüşmelerle sağlanmıştır. Araştırma verileri içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılarak çözümlenmiştir. Analiz sonucunda ortaya çıkan kodların ortalama derinlik seviyelerine incelendiğinde öğretmen algılarına göre okul yöneticilerinin karar vermede kanun veya yönetmeliğin dışına çıkmadıkları ve yasa koyucunun çizdiği sınırların dışına çıkılmaması yönünde eğilim gösterdikleri görülmüştür. Elde edilen bulgular veriye dayalı karar almanın oldukça sınırlı olduğunu ve veriye dayalı karar vermede daha çok iş birliği, tecrübeye başvurma veya tarafları dinleme yönünde bir eğilimin olduğu görülmüştür. Karar almada bakış açısının değiştirilmesine ve Türkiye’de dijital dönüşümle birlikte kurulacak okul merkezli veri sistemlerinin etkili bir şekilde kullanılmasına gerek olduğu ve veri kullanımı konusunda okul çalışanlarının yeterlik kazanması gerektiği düşünülmektedir.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Okul Yöneticisi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Problem Çözme</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Karar Alma</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Veriye Dayalı Karar Alma</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>School administrator</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  problem-solving</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  decision making</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  data-based decision making</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Altun, S. A., &amp; Memişoğlu, S. P. (2011). Çoklu veri kaynağına dayalı değerlendirmenin okul iklimine etkisi. İlköğretim Online, 10(2), 743-756.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Arnold, J. G. (2007). School capacity for data-driven decision making and student achievement. Doctoral dissertation, University of South Carolina, UMI Number: 3280295</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aslan, H., &amp; Karip, E. (2014). Okul müdürlerinin liderlik standartlarının geliştirilmesi. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi Dergisi, 20(3), 255-279.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Balcı, A. (2011). Eğitim yönetiminin değişen bağlamı ve eğitim yönetimi programlarına etkisi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 36(162), 196-208.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Balyer, A. (2012). Çağdaş okul müdürlerinin değişen rolleri. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(2), 75-93.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Brown, C., Schildkamp, K., &amp; Hubers, M. D. (2017). Combining the best of two worlds: a conceptual proposal for evidence-informed school improvement. Educational Research, 59(2), 154-172. DOI: 10.1080/00131881.2017.1304327</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Campbell, C., &amp; Levin, B. (2009). Using data to support educational improvement. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, 21(1), 47-65.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Coburn, C. E., &amp; Turner, E. O. (2011). Research on data use: A framework and analysis. Measurement: Interdisciplinary Research &amp; Perspective, 9(4), 173-206. DOI: 10.1080/15366367.2011.626729</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cohen, L., Manion, L., &amp; Morrison, K. (2018). Research methods in education (8th Edition). Routledge.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cosner, S. (2011). Teacher learning, instructional considerations and principal communication: Lessons from a longitudinal study of collaborative data use by teachers. Educational Management Administration &amp; Leadership, 39(5), 568-589. DOI: 10.1177/1741143211408453</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Çalık, T., Tabak, H., &amp; Tabak Yavuz, B. (2018). School Violence: School Administrators’ Perspectives and Ways of Solution in Turkey. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 10(5), 611-620.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Datnow, A., Park, V., &amp; Kennedy-Lewis, B. (2013). Affordances and constraints in the context of teacher collaboration for the purpose of data use. Journal of Educational Administration, 51(3), 341-362. DOI 10.1108/09578231311311500</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Demir, K. (2009). İlköğretim okullarında verilere dayalı karar verme. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 59, 367-398.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dunn, K. E., Airola, D. T., Lo, W. J., &amp; Garrison, M. (2013). Becoming data driven: The influence of teachers’ sense of efficacy on concerns related to data-driven decision making. The Journal of Experimental Education, 81(2), 222-241.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Güçlü, N., Şahin, F., Tabak Yavuz, B., &amp; Sönmez, E. (2016). Türkiye’de okul yöneticisi görevlendirmeye ilişkin yönetici adayı görüşleri. Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 36(1), 51-71.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ikemoto, G. S., &amp; Marsh, J. A. (2007). Cutting Through the “Data‐Driven” Mantra: Different Conceptions of Data‐Driven Decision Making. Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education, 106(1), 105-131.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kerr, K. A., Marsh, J. A., Ikemoto, G. S., Darilek, H., &amp; Barney, H. (2006). Strategies to promote data use for instructional improvement: Actions, outcomes, and lessons fromthree urban districts. American Journal of Education, 112(4), 496-520.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Knapp, M. S., Copland, M. A., &amp; Swinnerton, J. A. (2007). Understanding the Promise and Dynamics of Data‐Informed Leadership. Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education, 106(1), 74-104.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mandinach, E. B. (2012). A perfect time for data use: Using data-driven decision making to inform practice. Educational Psychologist, 47(2), 71-85. DOI: 10.1080/00461520.2012.667064</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Marsh, J. A., &amp; Farrell, C. C. (2015). How leaders can support teachers with data-driven decision making: A framework for understanding capacity building. Educational Management Administration &amp; Leadership, 43(2), 269-289. DOI: 10.1177/1741143214537229</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Marton, F. (1988). Phenomenography: a research approach to ınvestigating different understandings of reality. In R. R. Sherman &amp; R.B.Webb (Eds). Qualitative research in education: Focus and education (pp. 140-160). London: Routledge.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">McNamara, K., Dennis, A. R., &amp; Carte, T. A. (2008). It&#039;s the thought that counts: The mediating effects of information processing in virtual team decision making. Information Systems Management, 25(1), 20-32. DOI: 10.1080/10580530701777123</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı [MEB] (2018). 2023 eğitim vizyonu. http://2023vizyonu.meb.gov.tr/doc/2023_EGITIM_VIZYONU.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Minas, R. K., Potter, R. F., Dennis, A. R., Bartelt, V., &amp; Bae, S. (2014). Putting on the thinking cap: using NeuroIS to understand information processing biases in virtual teams. Journal of Management Information Systems, 30(4), 49-82. DOI: 10.2753/MIS0742-1222300403</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Papamichail, G. P. (1997). An Experimental Investigation on the Impact of Mediated Group Memory on Collaborative Small Group Decision-Making. Journal of Decision Systems, 6(4), 333-351. DOI: 10.1080/12460125.1997.10511733</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Park, V., &amp; Datnow, A. (2009). Co-constructing distributed leadership: District and school connections in data-driven decision-making. School Leadership and Management, 29(5), 477-494. DOI: 10.1080/13632430903162541</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Prenger, R., &amp; Schildkamp, K. (2018). Data-based decision making for teacher and student learning: a psychological perspective on the role of the teacher. Educational Psychology, 38(6), 734-752. DOI: 10.1080/01443410.2018.1426834</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pridmore, J., &amp; Phillips-Wren, G. (2011). Assessing decision making quality in face-to-face teams versus virtual teams in a virtual world. Journal of Decision Systems, 20(3), 283-308. DOI: 10.3166/jds.20.283-308</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Reynolds, K. A., Triant, J. H., &amp; Reeves, T. D. (2019). Patterns in how pre-service elementary teachers formulate evidence-based claims about student cognition. Journal of Education for Teaching, 45(2), 140-154. DOI: 10.1080/02607476.2018.1548170</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Schildkamp, K. (2019). Data-based decision-making for school improvement: Research insights and gaps. Educational Research, 1-17. DOI:10.1080/00131881.2019.1625716</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Schildkamp, K., Poortman, C. L., &amp; Handelzalts, A. (2016). Data teams for school improvement. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 27(2), 228-254. DOI:10.1080/09243453.2015.1056192</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Schildkamp, K., Poortman, C., Luyten, H., &amp; Ebbeler, J. (2017). Factors promoting and hindering data-based decision making in schools. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 28(2), 242-258. DOI: 10.1080/09243453.2016.1256901</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sezgin, F., &amp; Erdoğan, O. (2017). Okullarda Problem Çözmede Kanıta Dayalı Yaklaşım. Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(1), 427-455.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Spillane, J. P. (2012). Data in practice: Conceptualizing the data-based decision-making phenomena. American Journal of Education, 118(2), 113-141.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Supovitz, J. A., &amp; Tognatta, N. (2013). The impact of distributed leadership on collaborative team decision making. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 12(2), 101-121. DOI: 10.1080/15700763.2013.810274</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Şahin, F. (2019). Veriye dayalı karar verme ve örgütsel öğrenme. İçinde, N. Cemaloğlu (Ed.), Veriye dayalı yönetim (ss. 207-226). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Van der Kleij, F. M., Vermeulen, J. A., Schildkamp, K., &amp; Eggen, T. J. (2015). Integrating data-based decision making, assessment for learning and diagnostic testing in formative assessment. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy &amp; Practice, 22(3), 324-343. DOI: 10.1080/0969594X.2014.999024</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Wayman, J. C., Jimerson, J. B., &amp; Cho, V. (2012). Organizational considerations in establishing the data-informed district. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 23(2), 159-178. DOI: 10.1080/09243453.2011.652124</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Weiss, C. H. (1998). Have we learned anything new about the use of evaluation?. American Journal of Evaluation, 19(1), 21-33.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Wohlstetter, P., Datnow, A., &amp; Park, V. (2008). Creating a system for data-driven decision-making: Applying the principal-agent framework. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 19(3), 239-259. DOI: 10.1080/09243450802246376</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yenel, K. (2019). Veri kültürü oluşturma. İçinde, N. Cemaloğlu (Ed.), Veriye dayalı yönetim (ss. 123-138). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2008). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (7. Baskı). Ankara: Seçkin.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Young, V. M. (2006). Teachers’ use of data: Loose coupling, agenda setting, and team norms. American Journal of Education, 112(4), 521-548.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zhang, D., Lowry, P. B., Zhou, L., &amp; Fu, X. (2007). The impact of individualism—collectivism, social presence, and group diversity on group decision making under majority influence. Journal of Management Information Systems, 23(4), 53-80. DOI:10.2753/MIS0742-1222230404</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
