Araştırma Makalesi
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The Effect of the Covid-19 Epidemic on Inequality and Poverty: The Case of Latin America

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 73 - 92, 28.03.2022

Öz

More than 54% of the Latin American workforce earn their living working in the informal sector. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of the Covid-19 epidemic on inequality and poverty in Latin America. “How has the Covid-19 pandemic affected the problem of inequality and poverty in Latin America?” has been determined as the research question. In this context, “What kind of successful public policies have been implemented during the Covid-19 outbreak?” and “In what way has the Covid-19 epidemic outbreak affected the trust of societies in their state?” sub-questions were answered. This study has been carried out through a literature review within the framework of new institutional theory in terms of organizational theories and the theory of punctuated equilibrium in terms of public policy analysis. In this direction, the study consists of the background of inequality and poverty in Latin America, the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on inequality and poverty, and public policies in the Covid-19 pandemic period. In this study, it has been concluded that exiting the Covid-19 pandemic term with a public confidence to the state is directly related to decrease of inequality in the context of emergency social security measures. Finally, confidence increases as inequality decreases.

Kaynakça

  • Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2006). Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Cambridge University Press.
  • Alzúa, M. L., & Gosis, P. (2020). Social and Economic Impact of Covid-19 and Policy Options in Argentina. Erişim adresi https://www.latinamerica.undp.org
  • Auyero, J. (2006). The Political Makings of the 2001 Lootings in Argentina. Journal of Latin American Studies, 38(2), 241-265.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü. (2021). Prevalance of Moderate or Severe Food Insecurity in the Population. Erişim adresi https://www.fao.org/sustainable-development-goals/indicators/212/en/
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Kalkınma Programı. (2021). The 2021 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI). Erişim adresi http://hdr.undp.org/en/2021-MPI
  • Blofield, M., Hoffmann, B., & Llanos, M. (2020). Assessing the Political and Social Impact of the COVID-19 Crisis in Latin America. Erişim adresi http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep24815
  • Burns, E. B. (1980). The Poverty of Progress: University of California Press.
  • CEPAL. (2020). Enfrentar Los Efectos Cada Vez Mayores del Covid-19 para Una Reactivación con Igualdad: Nuevas Proyecciones. Erişim adresi https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/45782/4/S2000471_es.pdf
  • Cottani, J. (2020). The Effects of Covid-19 on Latin America’s Economy. Erişim adresi http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep26999
  • Díaz-Barriga, M., & Dorsey, M. E. (2020). Bleeding Like the State: The Open Veins of Latin America. In Fencing in Democracy (s. 108-117): Duke University Press.
  • DiMaggio, P., & Powell, W. (1983). The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147-160. doi:Doi 10.2307/2095101
  • DiMaggio, P., & Powell, W. (1991). The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • ECLAC. (2019). Social Panorama of Latin America. Erişim adresi https://www.cepal.org/en/publications/44989-social-panorama-latin-america-2019
  • ECLAC. (2020). Social Panorama in Latin America 2020. Erişim adresi https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/46688/8/S2100149_en.pdf
  • Esteves, P. (2020). Latin America’s Uncoordinated Response in Tackling COVID-19. Erişim adresi http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep29594
  • Frankema, E. (2010). The Colonial Roots of Land Inequality: Geography, Factor Endowments, or Institutions? The Economic History Review, 63(2), 418-451. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00479.x
  • Galor, O., & Zeira, J. (1993). Income Distribution and Macroeconomics. The Review of Economic Studies, 60(1), 35-52. doi:10.2307/2297811
  • Gargarella, R. (2020). Frente al Coronavirus, ¿Es Necesario Restringer las Libertades Compulsivamente? Erişim adresi https://www.clarin.com/opinion/frente-coronavirus-necesario-restringir-libertades-compulsivamente-_0_7-hXC6hjy.html
  • Gootenberg, P., & Hershberg, E. (2010). Latin American Inequalities: New Perspectives from History, Politics, and Culture. P. Gootenberg & L. Reygadas (Eds.), Indelible Inequalities in Latin America (s. 3-22): Duke University Press.
  • International Crisis, G. (2020). Fighting Crime in the Time of COVID-19. Erişim adresi http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep31475.7
  • International Monetary Fund. (2021). World Economic Outlook Database. Erişim adresi https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October
  • Jaramillo, G., & Nopo, H. (2020). Covid-19 and External Shock: Economic Impacts and Policy Options in Peru. Erişim adresi https://www.latinamerica.undp.org
  • Jones, B. D., & Baumgartner, F. R. (2012). From There to Here: Punctuated Equilibrium to the General Punctuation Thesis to A Theory of Government Information Processing. Policy Studies Journal, 40(1), 1-20.
  • March, J. G., & Olsen, J. P. (1984). The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life. The American Political Science Review, 78(3), 734-749. doi:10.2307/1961840
  • Meyer, J. W., & Rowan, B. (1977). Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony. American Journal of Sociology, 83(2), 340-363. doi:10.1086/226550
  • Morley, S. (2001). Distribution and Growth in Latin America in An Era of Structural Reform: The Impact of Globalisation. Erişim adresi https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/distribution-and-growth-in-latin-america-in-an-era-of-structural-reform_632187765702
  • Osborne, D., & Gaebler, T. (1992). Reinventing Government: How The Entrepreneurial Spirit Is Transforming The Public Sector: Basic Books.
  • Palacio Ludeña, M., & Díaz Sr, F. A. (2020). The ‘Great Regression’ and the Protests to Come in Latin America. Erişim adresi https://europepmc.org/article/sr/sr241730
  • Regazzoni, C. J., Bernes, T., Brozus, L., Hatuel-Radoshitzky, M., Heistein, A., Greco, E., . . . Caballero-Anthony, M. (2020). How COVID-19 Could Send Latin America Back in Time. Erişim adresi http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep24934.11
  • Reygadas, L., & Hershberg, E. (2010). The Construction of Latin American Inequality. L. Reygadas & P. Gootenberg (Eds.), Indelible Inequalities in Latin America (s. 23-50): Duke University Press.
  • Scott, W. R., & Davis, G. F. (2015). Organizations and Organizing: Rational, Natural and Open Systems Perspectives: Routledge.
  • Selznick, P. (1949). TVA and the Grass Roots. Berkeley and California: University of California Press.
  • Selznick, P. (1957). Leadership in Administration: A Sociological Interpretation: Row, Peterson.
  • Selznick, P. (1996). Institutionalism ''Old'' and ''New''. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(2), 270-277. doi:10.2307/2393719
  • Serulnikov, S. (1994). When Looting Becomes A Right: Urban Poverty and Food Riots in Argentina. Latin American Perspectives, 21(3), 69-89. doi:10.1177/0094582x9402100305
  • Serulnikov, S. (2017). Pobreza y Revuelta de Subsistencia. Los Saqueos de 1989 en Argentina. Historia Social(88), 63-85.
  • Teichert, P. C. M. (1962). Latin America in the 1960's: An Analysis of Its Socio-Economic Problems. The Centennial Review, 6(3), 297-322.
  • Thurner, M. (1997). From Two Republics to One Divided: Contradictions of Postcolonial Nationmaking in Andean Peru.
  • Tilly, C. (1998). Durable inequality: University of California Press.
  • Trivelli, C., Yancari Cueva, J., & Ríos Farfán, C. d. l. (2009). Crisis and Rural Poverty in Latin America.
  • van Teijlingen, K., & Hogenboom, B. (2020). COVID-19 Impact on the Value Chain in Latin America. Erişim adresi http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep25676
  • Weber, M. (1978). Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology (Vol. 1): Univ of California Press.
  • Werner, A. (2020). Outlook for Latin America and the Caribbean: An Intensifying Pandemic. Erişim adresi https://blogs.imf.org/2020/06/26/outlook-for-latin-america-and-the-caribbean-an-intensifying-pandemic/

Covid-19 Salgınının Eşitsizlik ve Yoksulluğa Etkisi: Latin Amerika Örneği

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 73 - 92, 28.03.2022

Öz

Latin Amerikalı iş gücünün %54’ten fazlası kayıt dışı sektörde çalışarak hayatını kazanmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Latin Amerika’da Covid-19 salgınının eşitsizlik ve yoksulluğa etkisini incelemektedir. Araştırma sorusu “Covid-19 salgını Latin Amerika’da eşitsizlik ve yoksulluk sorununu nasıl etkilemiştir?” olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu bağlamda “Covid-19 salgını sürecinde ne tür başarılı kamu politikaları uygulanmıştır?” ve “Covid-19 salgını süreci toplumların devletlerine güvenini hangi yönde etkilemiştir?” alt sorularına cevap verilmiştir. Bu çalışma, örgüt teorileri yönünden yeni kurumsal, kamu politikaları analizi bakımından ise sıçramalı evrim kuramları çerçevesinde yazın taraması üzerinden gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda çalışma, Latin Amerika’da eşitsizlik ve yoksulluğun arka planı, Covid-19 salgınının eşitsizlik ve yoksulluğa etkisi ve Covid-19 döneminde kamu politikaları başlıklarından oluşmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Covid-19 sürecinden toplumun devlete güveni artmış bir şekilde çıkmanın eşitsizliğin acil sosyal güvenlik tedbirleriyle azaltılması ile doğrudan ilişkili olduğu kanaatine ulaşılmıştır. Sonuçta, eşitsizlik azaldıkça güven artmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2006). Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Cambridge University Press.
  • Alzúa, M. L., & Gosis, P. (2020). Social and Economic Impact of Covid-19 and Policy Options in Argentina. Erişim adresi https://www.latinamerica.undp.org
  • Auyero, J. (2006). The Political Makings of the 2001 Lootings in Argentina. Journal of Latin American Studies, 38(2), 241-265.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü. (2021). Prevalance of Moderate or Severe Food Insecurity in the Population. Erişim adresi https://www.fao.org/sustainable-development-goals/indicators/212/en/
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Kalkınma Programı. (2021). The 2021 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI). Erişim adresi http://hdr.undp.org/en/2021-MPI
  • Blofield, M., Hoffmann, B., & Llanos, M. (2020). Assessing the Political and Social Impact of the COVID-19 Crisis in Latin America. Erişim adresi http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep24815
  • Burns, E. B. (1980). The Poverty of Progress: University of California Press.
  • CEPAL. (2020). Enfrentar Los Efectos Cada Vez Mayores del Covid-19 para Una Reactivación con Igualdad: Nuevas Proyecciones. Erişim adresi https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/45782/4/S2000471_es.pdf
  • Cottani, J. (2020). The Effects of Covid-19 on Latin America’s Economy. Erişim adresi http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep26999
  • Díaz-Barriga, M., & Dorsey, M. E. (2020). Bleeding Like the State: The Open Veins of Latin America. In Fencing in Democracy (s. 108-117): Duke University Press.
  • DiMaggio, P., & Powell, W. (1983). The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147-160. doi:Doi 10.2307/2095101
  • DiMaggio, P., & Powell, W. (1991). The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • ECLAC. (2019). Social Panorama of Latin America. Erişim adresi https://www.cepal.org/en/publications/44989-social-panorama-latin-america-2019
  • ECLAC. (2020). Social Panorama in Latin America 2020. Erişim adresi https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/46688/8/S2100149_en.pdf
  • Esteves, P. (2020). Latin America’s Uncoordinated Response in Tackling COVID-19. Erişim adresi http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep29594
  • Frankema, E. (2010). The Colonial Roots of Land Inequality: Geography, Factor Endowments, or Institutions? The Economic History Review, 63(2), 418-451. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00479.x
  • Galor, O., & Zeira, J. (1993). Income Distribution and Macroeconomics. The Review of Economic Studies, 60(1), 35-52. doi:10.2307/2297811
  • Gargarella, R. (2020). Frente al Coronavirus, ¿Es Necesario Restringer las Libertades Compulsivamente? Erişim adresi https://www.clarin.com/opinion/frente-coronavirus-necesario-restringir-libertades-compulsivamente-_0_7-hXC6hjy.html
  • Gootenberg, P., & Hershberg, E. (2010). Latin American Inequalities: New Perspectives from History, Politics, and Culture. P. Gootenberg & L. Reygadas (Eds.), Indelible Inequalities in Latin America (s. 3-22): Duke University Press.
  • International Crisis, G. (2020). Fighting Crime in the Time of COVID-19. Erişim adresi http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep31475.7
  • International Monetary Fund. (2021). World Economic Outlook Database. Erişim adresi https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October
  • Jaramillo, G., & Nopo, H. (2020). Covid-19 and External Shock: Economic Impacts and Policy Options in Peru. Erişim adresi https://www.latinamerica.undp.org
  • Jones, B. D., & Baumgartner, F. R. (2012). From There to Here: Punctuated Equilibrium to the General Punctuation Thesis to A Theory of Government Information Processing. Policy Studies Journal, 40(1), 1-20.
  • March, J. G., & Olsen, J. P. (1984). The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life. The American Political Science Review, 78(3), 734-749. doi:10.2307/1961840
  • Meyer, J. W., & Rowan, B. (1977). Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony. American Journal of Sociology, 83(2), 340-363. doi:10.1086/226550
  • Morley, S. (2001). Distribution and Growth in Latin America in An Era of Structural Reform: The Impact of Globalisation. Erişim adresi https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/distribution-and-growth-in-latin-america-in-an-era-of-structural-reform_632187765702
  • Osborne, D., & Gaebler, T. (1992). Reinventing Government: How The Entrepreneurial Spirit Is Transforming The Public Sector: Basic Books.
  • Palacio Ludeña, M., & Díaz Sr, F. A. (2020). The ‘Great Regression’ and the Protests to Come in Latin America. Erişim adresi https://europepmc.org/article/sr/sr241730
  • Regazzoni, C. J., Bernes, T., Brozus, L., Hatuel-Radoshitzky, M., Heistein, A., Greco, E., . . . Caballero-Anthony, M. (2020). How COVID-19 Could Send Latin America Back in Time. Erişim adresi http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep24934.11
  • Reygadas, L., & Hershberg, E. (2010). The Construction of Latin American Inequality. L. Reygadas & P. Gootenberg (Eds.), Indelible Inequalities in Latin America (s. 23-50): Duke University Press.
  • Scott, W. R., & Davis, G. F. (2015). Organizations and Organizing: Rational, Natural and Open Systems Perspectives: Routledge.
  • Selznick, P. (1949). TVA and the Grass Roots. Berkeley and California: University of California Press.
  • Selznick, P. (1957). Leadership in Administration: A Sociological Interpretation: Row, Peterson.
  • Selznick, P. (1996). Institutionalism ''Old'' and ''New''. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(2), 270-277. doi:10.2307/2393719
  • Serulnikov, S. (1994). When Looting Becomes A Right: Urban Poverty and Food Riots in Argentina. Latin American Perspectives, 21(3), 69-89. doi:10.1177/0094582x9402100305
  • Serulnikov, S. (2017). Pobreza y Revuelta de Subsistencia. Los Saqueos de 1989 en Argentina. Historia Social(88), 63-85.
  • Teichert, P. C. M. (1962). Latin America in the 1960's: An Analysis of Its Socio-Economic Problems. The Centennial Review, 6(3), 297-322.
  • Thurner, M. (1997). From Two Republics to One Divided: Contradictions of Postcolonial Nationmaking in Andean Peru.
  • Tilly, C. (1998). Durable inequality: University of California Press.
  • Trivelli, C., Yancari Cueva, J., & Ríos Farfán, C. d. l. (2009). Crisis and Rural Poverty in Latin America.
  • van Teijlingen, K., & Hogenboom, B. (2020). COVID-19 Impact on the Value Chain in Latin America. Erişim adresi http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep25676
  • Weber, M. (1978). Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology (Vol. 1): Univ of California Press.
  • Werner, A. (2020). Outlook for Latin America and the Caribbean: An Intensifying Pandemic. Erişim adresi https://blogs.imf.org/2020/06/26/outlook-for-latin-america-and-the-caribbean-an-intensifying-pandemic/
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyaset Bilimi, Yöneylem
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Alper Ekmekcioğlu 0000-0002-7322-4879

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Mart 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Ekmekcioğlu, A. (2022). Covid-19 Salgınının Eşitsizlik ve Yoksulluğa Etkisi: Latin Amerika Örneği. Türkiye Siyaset Bilimi Dergisi, 5(1), 73-92.

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