Spatio-temporal variability of ambient air quality under the influence of private vehicle-dominated traffic activity in Yogyakarta Urban Area (Indonesia)

Suhadi Purwantara; Arif Ashari; Grace Helena Amaranthois Kapisan

doi:10.31127/tuje.1841472

Spatio-temporal variability of ambient air quality under the influence of private vehicle-dominated traffic activity in Yogyakarta Urban Area (Indonesia)

Abstract

Air quality is one of the environmental issues that has become a global concern and a priority in the Sustainable Development Goals. This study aims to evaluate the ambient air quality on secondary roads in the urban area of Yogyakarta under the influence of traffic levels. The air quality variables in this study include PM2.5, PM10, CO2, HCHO, and TVOC. Data collection was conducted through observation and literature study. A total of 134 data points were collected from 37 measurement locations in this study. The data were analyzed using matching, geographic information systems (GIS), statistical methods, and descriptive approaches. The results indicate that CO2 is the only parameter significantly correlated with traffic activity. More specifically, CO2 is significantly related to motorcycles, where an increase in the number of motorcycles corresponds to a rise in CO2 levels. Spatially, there is a difference in average CO2 levels between urban and suburban areas. CO2 levels are higher in suburban areas than in the city center due to commuter traffic from surrounding areas. HCHO and TVOC do not show a significant correlation with traffic levels. Meanwhile, the number and intensity of cars on the road, although not as numerous as motorcycles, contribute to increased levels of PM2.5 and PM10. This study provides new insights into the relationship between private vehicle activity and air quality in non-industrial cities, contributing to the development of regional theories in Southeast Asia on the environmental impact of transportation activity on secondary roads. Additionally, the findings of this study imply the need for spatiotemporal traffic management, not only to prevent traffic congestion but also to control pollution levels.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta

Thanks

The authors would like to thank Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta for funding this study through the 2025 Professor Research Grant. Additionally, thanks are due to the research assistants who assisted with field observations.

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Air Pollution Modelling and Control

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Suhadi Purwantara
0000-0001-9953-2215
Indonesia

Arif Ashari ^*
0000-0003-2028-6125
Indonesia

Grace Helena Amaranthois Kapisan
0009-0007-4141-4751
Indonesia

Publication Date

July 6, 2026

Submission Date

December 13, 2025

Acceptance Date

June 2, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 10 Number: 3

DOI

https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.1841472

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA57TK85FP

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Purwantara, S., Ashari, A., & Kapisan, G. H. A. (2026). Spatio-temporal variability of ambient air quality under the influence of private vehicle-dominated traffic activity in Yogyakarta Urban Area (Indonesia). Turkish Journal of Engineering, 10(3), 1010-1025. https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.1841472

AMA

1.Purwantara S, Ashari A, Kapisan GHA. Spatio-temporal variability of ambient air quality under the influence of private vehicle-dominated traffic activity in Yogyakarta Urban Area (Indonesia). TUJE. 2026;10(3):1010-1025. doi:10.31127/tuje.1841472

Chicago

Purwantara, Suhadi, Arif Ashari, and Grace Helena Amaranthois Kapisan. 2026. “Spatio-Temporal Variability of Ambient Air Quality under the Influence of Private Vehicle-Dominated Traffic Activity in Yogyakarta Urban Area (Indonesia)”. Turkish Journal of Engineering 10 (3): 1010-25. https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.1841472.

EndNote

Purwantara S, Ashari A, Kapisan GHA (July 1, 2026) Spatio-temporal variability of ambient air quality under the influence of private vehicle-dominated traffic activity in Yogyakarta Urban Area (Indonesia). Turkish Journal of Engineering 10 3 1010–1025.

IEEE

[1]S. Purwantara, A. Ashari, and G. H. A. Kapisan, “Spatio-temporal variability of ambient air quality under the influence of private vehicle-dominated traffic activity in Yogyakarta Urban Area (Indonesia)”, TUJE, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 1010–1025, July 2026, doi: 10.31127/tuje.1841472.

ISNAD

Purwantara, Suhadi - Ashari, Arif - Kapisan, Grace Helena Amaranthois. “Spatio-Temporal Variability of Ambient Air Quality under the Influence of Private Vehicle-Dominated Traffic Activity in Yogyakarta Urban Area (Indonesia)”. Turkish Journal of Engineering 10/3 (July 1, 2026): 1010-1025. https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.1841472.

JAMA

1.Purwantara S, Ashari A, Kapisan GHA. Spatio-temporal variability of ambient air quality under the influence of private vehicle-dominated traffic activity in Yogyakarta Urban Area (Indonesia). TUJE. 2026;10:1010–1025.

MLA

Purwantara, Suhadi, et al. “Spatio-Temporal Variability of Ambient Air Quality under the Influence of Private Vehicle-Dominated Traffic Activity in Yogyakarta Urban Area (Indonesia)”. Turkish Journal of Engineering, vol. 10, no. 3, July 2026, pp. 1010-25, doi:10.31127/tuje.1841472.

Vancouver

1.Suhadi Purwantara, Arif Ashari, Grace Helena Amaranthois Kapisan. Spatio-temporal variability of ambient air quality under the influence of private vehicle-dominated traffic activity in Yogyakarta Urban Area (Indonesia). TUJE. 2026 Jul. 1;10(3):1010-25. doi:10.31127/tuje.1841472