A multiple integrated spatial decision-making approach for soil degradation mapping under the impact of climate and intensive lake drought

Waleed Mohsen Elahei; Bakhtiar Feizizadeh; Maryam Bayati Khatibi; Behnam Khorrami

doi:10.31127/tuje.1933687

A multiple integrated spatial decision-making approach for soil degradation mapping under the impact of climate and intensive lake drought

Abstract

The primary aim of this research was to chart the risk of land degradation in the plains around Urmia Lake, which is exacerbated by the widespread dispersal of salt and dust due to the lake's drought. We aimed to develop spatiotemporal maps indicating soil degradation risk through GIS-based spatial decision analysis, based on the integrated data-driven approaches and spatial decision support systems, and particularly the GIS-based multicriteria analysis (GIS-MCDA) approach. For this purpose, relevant indicators were used as causal criteria for land degradation. Accordingly, the causal criteria were evaluated to determine their significance using the integrated fuzzy analytical network. We also applied a sensitivity analysis using a Monte Carlo simulation and global sensitivity analysis to robust the efficiency of the GIS-MCDA modeling approach. Results of this study indicate that the drought of Urmia Lake leads to the development of vast salt lands and affects the fertility of agricultural lands. The detailed results show that about 38.46% of the study area faces a high or very high risk of soil degradation, posing a significant threat to sustainable food production in ULB, which is known as one of the most critical food-producing areas in Iran. The implementation of GIS-based decision rules enables effective monitoring, observation, and mapping of soil salinization and degradation risk. The outcomes of this study will offer crucial information for decision-makers, authorities, and local stakeholders in their efforts to mitigate the environmental impacts of the lake's drought and maintain food production for the 7.3 million residents of the region.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in Planning

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Waleed Mohsen Elahei
0009-0005-5886-0120
Iraq

Bakhtiar Feizizadeh ^*
0000-0007-8635-3606
Germany

Maryam Bayati Khatibi
0000-0001-2345-6789
Iran

Behnam Khorrami
0000-0003-3265-372X
Iran

Publication Date

July 6, 2026

Submission Date

April 19, 2026

Acceptance Date

June 2, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 10 Number: 3

DOI

https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.1933687

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA84YD26BW

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Mohsen Elahei, W., Feizizadeh, B., Bayati Khatibi, M., & Khorrami, B. (2026). A multiple integrated spatial decision-making approach for soil degradation mapping under the impact of climate and intensive lake drought. Turkish Journal of Engineering, 10(3), 1103-1115. https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.1933687

AMA

1.Mohsen Elahei W, Feizizadeh B, Bayati Khatibi M, Khorrami B. A multiple integrated spatial decision-making approach for soil degradation mapping under the impact of climate and intensive lake drought. TUJE. 2026;10(3):1103-1115. doi:10.31127/tuje.1933687

Chicago

Mohsen Elahei, Waleed, Bakhtiar Feizizadeh, Maryam Bayati Khatibi, and Behnam Khorrami. 2026. “A Multiple Integrated Spatial Decision-Making Approach for Soil Degradation Mapping under the Impact of Climate and Intensive Lake Drought”. Turkish Journal of Engineering 10 (3): 1103-15. https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.1933687.

EndNote

Mohsen Elahei W, Feizizadeh B, Bayati Khatibi M, Khorrami B (July 1, 2026) A multiple integrated spatial decision-making approach for soil degradation mapping under the impact of climate and intensive lake drought. Turkish Journal of Engineering 10 3 1103–1115.

IEEE

[1]W. Mohsen Elahei, B. Feizizadeh, M. Bayati Khatibi, and B. Khorrami, “A multiple integrated spatial decision-making approach for soil degradation mapping under the impact of climate and intensive lake drought”, TUJE, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 1103–1115, July 2026, doi: 10.31127/tuje.1933687.

ISNAD

Mohsen Elahei, Waleed - Feizizadeh, Bakhtiar - Bayati Khatibi, Maryam - Khorrami, Behnam. “A Multiple Integrated Spatial Decision-Making Approach for Soil Degradation Mapping under the Impact of Climate and Intensive Lake Drought”. Turkish Journal of Engineering 10/3 (July 1, 2026): 1103-1115. https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.1933687.

JAMA

1.Mohsen Elahei W, Feizizadeh B, Bayati Khatibi M, Khorrami B. A multiple integrated spatial decision-making approach for soil degradation mapping under the impact of climate and intensive lake drought. TUJE. 2026;10:1103–1115.

MLA

Mohsen Elahei, Waleed, et al. “A Multiple Integrated Spatial Decision-Making Approach for Soil Degradation Mapping under the Impact of Climate and Intensive Lake Drought”. Turkish Journal of Engineering, vol. 10, no. 3, July 2026, pp. 1103-15, doi:10.31127/tuje.1933687.

Vancouver

1.Waleed Mohsen Elahei, Bakhtiar Feizizadeh, Maryam Bayati Khatibi, Behnam Khorrami. A multiple integrated spatial decision-making approach for soil degradation mapping under the impact of climate and intensive lake drought. TUJE. 2026 Jul. 1;10(3):1103-15. doi:10.31127/tuje.1933687