Wood-Based Hybrid Construction and Circular Economy: A Three-Level Framework for Component, System, and Building Design

Markku Karjalainen; Hüseyin Emre Ilgın; Teemu Hirvilammi; Sami Pajunen

doi:10.31127/tuje.1963744

Wood-Based Hybrid Construction and Circular Economy: A Three-Level Framework for Component, System, and Building Design

Abstract

Hybrid construction is a key strategy for increasing the use of wood in contemporary buildings while meeting structural and regulatory requirements, particularly as building-level carbon reporting and embodied-carbon requirements are becoming increasingly important in Finland and other regulatory contexts. This study aims to examine how wood-based hybrid construction can be systematically structured to support low-carbon and circular building practice, distinguishing single component level, system level, and building level strategies. This research builds on a research, development, and education learning materials project at Tampere University and adopts a qualitative, non-experimental methodology based on a structured synthesis of peer-reviewed literature, technical sources, and documented application examples. The main contribution of this study is a three-level decision-support framework that clarifies how wood-based hybridization can be evaluated across different design scales in relation to structural performance, circular economy mechanisms, and early-stage design decision-making. The results suggest that hybridization effectiveness is scale-dependent, that higher hybridization levels may provide broader strategic opportunities for regulatory alignment and lifecycle-oriented design when supported by appropriate system configuration, and that circular economy performance depends on connection logic, adaptability, and material separability rather than material choice alone. The findings provide a practical reference for architectural design, professional practice, and education.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Construction Materials

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Markku Karjalainen
0000-0003-4374-3122
Finland

Hüseyin Emre Ilgın ^*
0000-0001-8033-7823
Finland

Teemu Hirvilammi
0000-0003-1621-9245
Finland

Sami Pajunen
0000-0003-2498-8749
Finland

Publication Date

October 16, 2026

Submission Date

June 10, 2026

Acceptance Date

July 20, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 10 Number: 4

DOI

https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.1963744

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA82YM97FE

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Karjalainen, M., Ilgın, H. E., Hirvilammi, T., & Pajunen, S. (2026). Wood-Based Hybrid Construction and Circular Economy: A Three-Level Framework for Component, System, and Building Design. Turkish Journal of Engineering, 10(4), 1251-1264. https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.1963744

AMA

1.Karjalainen M, Ilgın HE, Hirvilammi T, Pajunen S. Wood-Based Hybrid Construction and Circular Economy: A Three-Level Framework for Component, System, and Building Design. TUJE. 2026;10(4):1251-1264. doi:10.31127/tuje.1963744

Chicago

Karjalainen, Markku, Hüseyin Emre Ilgın, Teemu Hirvilammi, and Sami Pajunen. 2026. “Wood-Based Hybrid Construction and Circular Economy: A Three-Level Framework for Component, System, and Building Design”. Turkish Journal of Engineering 10 (4): 1251-64. https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.1963744.

EndNote

Karjalainen M, Ilgın HE, Hirvilammi T, Pajunen S (October 1, 2026) Wood-Based Hybrid Construction and Circular Economy: A Three-Level Framework for Component, System, and Building Design. Turkish Journal of Engineering 10 4 1251–1264.

IEEE

[1]M. Karjalainen, H. E. Ilgın, T. Hirvilammi, and S. Pajunen, “Wood-Based Hybrid Construction and Circular Economy: A Three-Level Framework for Component, System, and Building Design”, TUJE, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 1251–1264, Oct. 2026, doi: 10.31127/tuje.1963744.

ISNAD

Karjalainen, Markku - Ilgın, Hüseyin Emre - Hirvilammi, Teemu - Pajunen, Sami. “Wood-Based Hybrid Construction and Circular Economy: A Three-Level Framework for Component, System, and Building Design”. Turkish Journal of Engineering 10/4 (October 1, 2026): 1251-1264. https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.1963744.

JAMA

1.Karjalainen M, Ilgın HE, Hirvilammi T, Pajunen S. Wood-Based Hybrid Construction and Circular Economy: A Three-Level Framework for Component, System, and Building Design. TUJE. 2026;10:1251–1264.

MLA

Karjalainen, Markku, et al. “Wood-Based Hybrid Construction and Circular Economy: A Three-Level Framework for Component, System, and Building Design”. Turkish Journal of Engineering, vol. 10, no. 4, Oct. 2026, pp. 1251-64, doi:10.31127/tuje.1963744.

Vancouver

1.Markku Karjalainen, Hüseyin Emre Ilgın, Teemu Hirvilammi, Sami Pajunen. Wood-Based Hybrid Construction and Circular Economy: A Three-Level Framework for Component, System, and Building Design. TUJE. 2026 Oct. 1;10(4):1251-64. doi:10.31127/tuje.1963744